Self-Powering Sensory Device with Multi-Spectrum Image Realization for Smart Indoor Environments.

The development of organic-based optoelectronic technologies for the indoor Internet of Things market, which relies on ambient energy sources, has increased, with organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and photodetectors (OPDs) considered promising candidates for sustainable indoor electronic devices. However, the manufacturing processes of standalone OPVs and OPDs can be complex and costly, resulting in high production costs and limited scalability, thus limiting their use in a wide range of indoor applications. This study uses a multi-component photoactive structure to develop a self-powering dual-functional sensory device with effective energy harvesting and sensing capabilities. The optimized device demonstrates improved free-charge generation yield by quantifying charge carrier dynamics, with a high output power density of over 81 and 76 µW cm-2 for rigid and flexible OPVs under indoor conditions (LED 1000 lx (5200 K)). Furthermore, a single-pixel image sensor is demonstrated as a feasible prototype for practical indoor operating in commercial settings by leveraging the excellent OPD performance with a linear dynamic range of over 130 dB in photovoltaic mode (no external bias). This apparatus with high-performance OPV-OPD characteristics provides a roadmap for further exploration of the potential, which can lead to synergistic effects for practical multifunctional applications in the real world by their mutual relevance.

Chiral Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymers with Intramolecular Rotation-Isomeric Conformation Asymmetry for Near-Infrared Circularly Polarized Light-Sensing Organic Phototransistors.

Recent advances in chiral nanomaterials interacting with circularly polarized (CP) light open new expectations for optoelectronics in various research fields such as quantum- and biology-related technology. To fully utilize the great potential of chiral optoelectronic devices, the development of chiral optoelectronic devices that function in the near-infrared (NIR) region is required. Herein, we demonstrate a NIR-absorbing, chiroptical, low-band-gap polymer semiconductor for high-performance NIR CP light phototransistors. A newly synthesized diketopyrrolopyrrole-based donor-acceptor-type chiral π-conjugated polymer with an asymmetric alkyl side chain exhibits strong chiroptical activity in a wavelength range of 700-1000 nm. We found that the attachment of an enantiomerically pure stereogenic alkyl substituent to the π-conjugated chromophore backbone led to strong chiroptical activity through symmetry breaking of the π-conjugation of the backbone in a molecular rotational motion while maintaining the coplanar backbone conformation for efficient charge transport. The NIR CP light-sensing phototransistors based on a chiral π-conjugated polymer photoactive single channel layer exhibit a high photoresponsivity of 26 A W-1 under NIR CP light irradiation at 920 nm, leading to excellent NIR CP light distinguishability. This study will provide a rationale and strategy for designing chiral π-conjugated polymers for high-performance NIR chiral optoelectronics.

Chiroptical Synaptic Heterojunction Phototransistors Based on Self-Assembled Nanohelix of π-Conjugated Molecules for Direct Noise-Reduced Detection of Circularly Polarized Light.

High-performance chiroptical synaptic phototransistors are successfully demonstrated using heterojunctions composed of a self-assembled nanohelix of a π-conjugated molecule and a metal oxide semiconductor. To impart strong chiroptical activity to the device, a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based π-conjugated molecule decorated with chiral glutamic acid is newly synthesized; this molecule is capable of supramolecular self-assembly through noncovalent intermolecular interactions. In particular, nanohelix formed by intertwinded fibers with strong and stable chiroptical activity in a solid-film state are obtained through hydrogen-bonding-driven, gelation-assisted self-assembly. Phototransistors based on interfacial charge transfer at the heterojunction from the chiroptical nanohelix to the metal oxide semiconductor show excellent chiroptical detection with a high photocurrent dissymmetry factor of 1.97 and a high photoresponsivity of 218 A W-1 . The chiroptical phototransistor demonstrates photonic synapse-like, time-dependent photocurrent generation, along with persistent photoconductivity, which is attributed to the interfacial charge trapping. Through the advantage of synaptic functionality, a trained convolutional neural network successfully recognizes noise-reduced circularly polarized images of handwritten alphabetic characters with better than 89.7% accuracy.

Negative Photoresponse Switching via Electron-Hole Recombination at The Type III Junction of MoTe2 Channel/SnS2 Top Layer.

Extensive study on 2D van der Waals (vdW) heterojunctions has primarily focused on PN diodes for fast-switching photodetection, while achieving the same from 2D channel phototransistors is rare despite their other advantages. Here, a high-speed phototransistor featuring a type III junction between p-MoTe2 channel and n-SnS2 top layer is designed. The photodetecting device operates with a basis of negative photoresponse (NPR), which originates from the recombination of photoexcited electrons in n-SnS2 and accumulated holes in the p-MoTe2 channel. For the NPR to occur, high-energy photons capable of exciting SnS2 (band gap ≈2.2 eV) are found to be effective because lower-energy photons simply penetrate the SnS2 top layer only to excite MoTe2 , leading to normal positive photoresponse (PPR) which is known to be slow due to the photogating effects. The NPR transistor showcases 0.5 ms fast photoresponses and a high responsivity over 5000 A W-1 . More essentially, such carrier recombination mechanism is clarified with three experimental evidences. The phototransistor is finally modified with Au contact on n-SnS2 , to be a more practical device displaying voltage output. Three different photo-logic states under blue, near infrared (NIR), and blue-NIR mixed photons are demonstrated using the voltage signals.

Probing Optical Multi-Level Memory Effects in Single Core-Shell Quantum Dots and Application Through 2D-0D Hybrid Inverters.

Challenges in the development of a multi-level memory (MM) device for multinary arithmetic computers have posed an obstacle to low-power, ultra-high-speed operation. For the effective transfer of a huge amount of data between arithmetic and storage devices, optical communication technology represents a compelling solution. Here, by replicating a floating gate architecture with CdSe/ZnS type-I core/shell quantum dots (QDs), a 2D-0D hybrid optical multi-level memory (OMM) device operated is demonstrated by laser pulses. In the device, laser pulses create linear optically trapped currents with MM characteristics, while conversely, voltage pulses reset all the trapped currents at once. Assuming electron transfer via the energy band alignment between MoS2 and CdSe, the study also establishes the mechanism of the OMM effect. Analysis of the designed device led to a new hypothesis that charge transfer is difficult for laterally adjacent QDs facing a double ZnS shell, which is tested by separately stimulating different positions on the 2D-0D hybrid structure with finely focused laser pulses. Results indicate that each laser pulse induced independent MM characteristics in the 2D-0D hybrid architecture. Based on this phenomenon, we propose a MM inverter to produce MM effects, such as programming and erasing, solely through the use of laser pulses. Finally, the feasibility of a fully optically-controlled intelligent system based on the proposed OMM inverters is evaluated through a CIFAR-10 pattern recognition task using a convolutional neural network.

SWIR imaging using PbS QD photodiode array sensors.

We fabricated a 1 × 10 PbS QD photodiode array with multiple stacked QD layers with high-resolution patterning using a customized photolithographic process. The array showed the average responsivity of 5.54 × 10-3 A/W and 1.20 × 10-2 A/W at 0 V and -1 V under 1310- nm short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) illumination. The standard deviation of the pixel responsivity was under 10%, confirming the uniformity of the fabrication process. The response time was 2.2 ± 0.13 ms, and the bandwidth was 159.1 Hz. A prototype 1310-nm SWIR imager demonstrated that the QD photodiode-based SWIR image sensor is a cost-effective and practical alternative for III-V SWIR image sensors.

Near-field probing of image phonon-polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride on gold crystals.

Near-field mapping has been widely used to study hyperbolic phonon-polaritons in van der Waals crystals. However, an accurate measurement of the polaritonic loss remains challenging because of the inherent complexity of the near-field signal and the substrate-mediated loss. Here we demonstrate that large-area monocrystalline gold flakes, an atomically flat low-loss substrate for image polaritons, provide a platform for precise near-field measurement of the complex propagation constant of polaritons in van der Waals crystals. As a topical example, we measure propagation loss of the image phonon-polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride, revealing that their normalized propagation length exhibits a parabolic spectral dependency. Furthermore, we show that image phonon-polaritons exhibit up to a twice longer normalized propagation length, while being 2.4 times more compressed compared to the case of the dielectric substrate. We conclude that the monocrystalline gold flakes provide a unique nanophotonic platform for probing and exploitation of the image modes in low-dimensional materials.

Fermi-Level Pinning-Free WSe2 Transistors via 2D Van der Waals Metal Contacts and Their Circuits.

Precise control over the polarity of transistors is a key necessity for the construction of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits. However, the polarity control of 2D transistors remains a challenge because of the lack of a high-work-function electrode that completely eliminates Fermi-level pinning at metal-semiconductor interfaces. Here, a creation of clean van der Waals contacts is demonstrated, wherein a metallic 2D material, chlorine-doped SnSe2 (Cl-SnSe2 ), is used as the high-work-function contact, providing an interface that is free of defects and Fermi-level pinning. Such clean contacts made from Cl-SnSe2 can pose nearly ideal Schottky barrier heights, following the Schottky-Mott limit and thus permitting polarity-controllable transistors. With the integration of Cl-SnSe2 as contacts, WSe2 transistors exhibit pronounced p-type characteristics, which are distinctly different from those of the devices with evaporated metal contacts, where n-type transport is observed. Finally, this ability to control the polarity enables the fabrication of functional logic gates and circuits, including inverter, NAND, and NOR.

Integral imaging using a MoS2 Schottky diode.

We report the performance of a MoS2 Schottky diode on three-dimensional (3D) integral imaging. The MoS2 Schottky diode has asymmetric Pt electrodes for the Schottky contact and Ti/Au electrodes for the ohmic contact. Such a Schottky diode exhibits an excellent rectification ratio of 103, a broad spectral photoresponse in the 450-700 nm range, an almost ideal linearity of 1, and a wide linear dynamic range of 106 dB. We successfully conduct object pickup experiments using integral imaging and validate the feasibility of a single-pixel imager as a 3D image sensor.

Multilayer WSe2 /MoS2 Heterojunction Phototransistors through Periodically Arrayed Nanopore Structures for Bandgap Engineering.

While 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising building blocks for various optoelectronic applications, limitations remain for multilayered TMD-based photodetectors: an indirect bandgap and a short carrier lifetime by strongly bound excitons. Accordingly, multilayered TMDs with a direct bandgap and an enhanced carrier lifetime are required for the development of various optoelectronic devices. Here, periodically arrayed nanopore structures (PANS) are proposed for improving the efficiency of multilayered p-WSe2 /n-MoS2 phototransistors. Density functional theory calculations as well as photoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements are performed to characterize the photodetector figures of merit of multilayered p-WSe2 /n-MoS2 heterostructures with PANS. The characteristics of the heterojunction devices with PANS reveal an enhanced responsivity and detectivity measured under 405 nm laser excitation, which at 1.7 × 104 A W-1 and 1.7 × 1013 Jones are almost two orders of magnitude higher than those of pristine devices, 3.6 × 102 A W-1 and 3.6 × 1011 Jones, respectively. Such enhanced optical properties of WSe2 /MoS2 heterojunctions with PANS represent a significant step toward next-generation optoelectronic applications.

An Asymmetry Field-Effect Phototransistor for Solving Large Exciton Binding Energy of 2D TMDCs.

The probing of fundamental photophysics is a key prerequisite for the construction of diverse optoelectronic devices and circuits. To date, though, photocarrier dynamics in 2D materials remains unclear, plagued primarily by two issues: a large exciton binding energy, and the lack of a suitable system that enables the manipulation of excitons. Here, a WSe2 -based phototransistor with an asymmetric split-gate configuration is demonstrated, which is named the "asymmetry field-effect phototransistor" (AFEPT). This structure allows for the effective modulation of the electric-field profile across the channel, thereby providing a standard device platform for exploring the photocarrier dynamics of the intrinsic WSe2 layer. By controlling the electric field, this work the spatial evolution of the photocurrent is observed, notably with a strong signal over the entire WSe2 channel. Using photocurrent and optical spectroscopy measurements, the physical origin of the novel photocurrent behavior is clarified and a room-temperature exciton binding energy of 210 meV is determined with the device. In the phototransistor geometry, lateral p-n junctions serve as a simultaneous pathway for both photogenerated electrons and holes, reducing their recombination rate and thus enhancing photodetection. The study establishes a new device platform for both fundamental studies and technological applications.

Near-Infrared Self-Powered Linearly Polarized Photodetection and Digital Incoherent Holography Using WSe2/ReSe2 van der Waals Heterostructure.

Polarization-sensitive photodetection has attracted considerable attention as an emerging technology for future optoelectronic applications such as three-dimensional (3D) imaging, quantum optics, and encryption. However, traditional photodetectors based on Si or III-V InGaAs semiconductors cannot directly detect polarized light without additional optical components. Herein, we demonstrate a self-powered linear-polarization-sensitive near-infrared (NIR) photodetector using a two-dimensional WSe2/ReSe2 van der Waals heterostructure. The WSe2/ReSe2 heterojunction photodiode with semivertical geometry exhibits excellent performance: an ideality factor of 1.67, a broad spectral photoresponse of 405-980 nm with a significant photovoltaic effect, outstanding linearity with a linear dynamic range wider than 100 dB, and rapid photoswitching behavior with a cutoff frequency up to 100 kHz. Strongly polarized excitonic transitions around the band edge in ReSe2 lead to significant 980 nm NIR linear-polarization-dependent photocurrent. This linear polarization sensitivity remains stable even after exposure to air for longer than five months. Furthermore, by leveraging the NIR (980 nm)-selective linear polarization detection of this photodiode under photovoltaic operation, we demonstrate digital incoherent holographic 3D imaging.

Ambipolar Channel p-TMD/n-Ga2 O3 Junction Field Effect Transistors and High Speed Photo-sensing in TMD Channel.

Highly crystalline 2D/3D-mixed p-transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD)/n-Ga2 O3 heterojunction devices are fabricated by mechanical exfoliation of each p- and n-type material. N-type ß-Ga2 O3 and p-type TMD separately play as a channel for junction field effect transistors (JFETs) with each type of carriers as well as materials for a heterojunction PN diode. The work thus mainly focuses on such ambipolar channel transistors with two different types of channel in a single device architecture. For more extended applications, the transparency of high energy band gap ß-Ga2 O3 (Eg  ≈ 4.8 eV) is taken advantage of, firstly to measure the electrical energy gap of p-TMDs receiving visible or near infrared (NIR) photons through the ß-Ga2 O3 . Next, the p-TMD/n-Ga2 O3 JFETs are put to high speed photo-sensing which is achieved from the p-TMD channel under reverse bias voltages on n-Ga2 O3 . The photo-switching cutoff frequency appears to be ≈16 and 29 kHz for visible red and NIR illuminations, respectively, on the basis of -3 dB photoelectric power loss. Such a high switching speed of the JFET is attributed to the fast transport of photo-carriers in TMD channels. The 2D/3D-mixed ambipolar channel JFETs and their photo-sensing applications are regarded novel, promising, and practically easy to achieve.

Solution-processed near-infrared Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 photodetectors with enhanced chalcopyrite crystallization and bandgap grading structure via potassium incorporation.

Although solution-processed Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) absorber layers can potentially enable the low-cost and large-area production of highly stable electronic devices, they have rarely been applied in photodetector applications. In this work, we present a near-infrared photodetector functioning at 980 nm based on solution-processed CIGS with a potassium-induced bandgap grading structure and chalcopyrite grain growth. The incorporation of potassium in the CIGS film promotes Se uptake in the bulk of the film during the chalcogenization process, resulting in a bandgap grading structure with a wide space charge region that allows improved light absorption in the near-infrared region and charge carrier separation. Also, increasing the Se penetration in the potassium-incorporated CIGS film leads to the enhancement of chalcopyrite crystalline grain growth, increasing charge carrier mobility. Under the reverse bias condition, associated with hole tunneling from the ZnO interlayer, the increasing carrier mobility of potassium-incorporated CIGS photodetector improved photosensitivity and particularly external quantum efficiency more than 100% at low light intensity. The responsivity and detectivity of the potassium-incorporated CIGS photodetector reach 1.87 A W-1 and 6.45 [Formula: see text] 1010 Jones, respectively, and the - 3 dB bandwidth of the device extends to 10.5 kHz under 980 nm near-infrared light.

Frequency Doubler and Universal Logic Gate Based on Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Transistors with Low Power Consumption.

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors are very promising candidates for future electronic applications with low power consumption due to a low leakage current and high on-off current ratio. In this study, we suggest a complementary circuit consisting of ambipolar WSe2 and n-MoS2 field-effect transistors (FETs), which demonstrate dual functions of a frequency doubler and single inversion AND (SAND) logic gate. In order to reduce the power consumption, a high-quality thin h-BN single crystal is used as a gate dielectric that leads to a low operating voltage of less than 5 V. By combining the low operating voltage with a low operating current in the complementary circuit, a low power consumption of 300 nW (a minimum of 10 pW) has been achieved, which is a significant improvement compared to the tens of µW consumed by a graphene channel. The complementary circuit shows the effective frequency doubling of the input with a dynamic range from 20 to 100 Hz. Furthermore, this circuit satisfies all the truth tables of a SAND logic gate that can be used as a universal logic gate like NAND. Considering that the NAND logic gate generally consists of four transistors, it is significantly advantageous to implement the equivalent circuit SAND logic gate with only two FETs. Our results open up possibilities for analog- and logic-circuit applications based on low-dimensional semiconductors.

Spirally Wrapped Carbon Nanotube Microelectrodes for Fiber Optoelectronic Devices beyond Geometrical Limitations toward Smart Wearable E-Textile Applications.

Fiber optoelectronics technology has recently attracted attention as enabling various form factors of wearable electronics, and the issue of how to control and optimize the configuration and physical properties of the electrode micropatterns in the microfiber devices has become important. Here, spirally wrapped carbon nanotube (CNT) microelectrodes with a controlled dimension are demonstrated for high-performance fiber optoelectronic devices. Inkjet-printed CNT microelectrodes with the desired dimension on an agarose hydrogel template are rolling-transferred onto a microfiber surface with an efficient electrical interface. A fiber organic field-effect transistor with spirally wrapped CNT microelectrodes verifies the feasibility of this strategy, where the transferred microelectrodes intimately contact the organic semiconductor active layer and the output current characteristics are simply controlled, resulting in characteristics that exceed the previous structural limitations. Furthermore, a fiber organic photodiode with spirally wrapped CNT microelectrodes, when used as a transparent electrode, exhibits a high Ilight/Idark ratio and good durability of bending. This fiber photodiode can be successfully incorporated into a textile photoplethysmography bandage for the real-time monitoring of human vital signals. This work offers a promising and efficient strategy to overcome the geometric factors limiting the performance of fiber-optic optoelectronic devices.

All 2D WSe2/MoS2 heterojunction photodiode and its image sensor application.

Two-dimensional (2D) layered van der Waals atomic crystals exhibit many fascinating properties. In particular, their dangling-bond-free nature enables different 2D materials to be stacked on the top of each other without restraint, thereby forming a heterostructure. In this study, a high-performance all 2D WSe2/MoS2 heterojunction photodiode with a graphene contact as an electrode is demonstrated. It exhibits an excellent electrical performance (ideality factor of 1.2 and rectification ratio of 104), a broad spectral photoresponse (from 450 to 980 nm), and a remarkable linearity with a linear dynamic range of 113 dB. Finally, a self-powered single pixel imager is demonstrated as a feasible optoelectronic application.

Self-Powered Visible-Invisible Multiband Detection and Imaging Achieved Using High-Performance 2D MoTe2/MoS2 Semivertical Heterojunction Photodiodes.

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures herald new opportunities for conducting fundamental studies of new physical/chemical phenomena and developing diverse nanodevice applications. In particular, vdW heterojunction p-n diodes exhibit great potential as high-performance photodetectors, which play a key role in many optoelectronic applications. Here, we report on 2D MoTe2/MoS2 multilayer semivertical vdW heterojunction p-n diodes and their optoelectronic application in self-powered visible-invisible multiband detection and imaging. Our MoTe2/MoS2 p-n diode exhibits an excellent electrical performance with an ideality factor of less than 1.5 and a high rectification (ON/OFF) ratio of more than 104. In addition, the photodiode exhibits broad spectral photodetection capability over the range from violet (405 nm) to near-infrared (1310 nm) wavelengths and a remarkable linear dynamic range of 130 dB within an optical power density range of 10-5 to 1 W/cm2 in the photovoltaic mode. Together with these favorable static photoresponses and electrical behaviors, very fast photo- and electrical switching behaviors are clearly observed with negligible changes at modulation frequencies greater than 100 kHz. In particular, inspired by the photoswitching results for periodic red (638 nm) and near-infrared (1310 nm) illumination at 100 kHz, we successfully demonstrate a prototype self-powered visible-invisible multiband image sensor based on the MoTe2/MoS2 p-n photodiode as a pixel. Our findings can pave the way for more advanced developments in optoelectronic systems based on 2D vdW heterostructures.

Impact of H-Doping on n-Type TMD Channels for Low-Temperature Band-Like Transport.

Band-like transport behavior of H-doped transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) channels in field effect transistors (FET) is studied by conducting low-temperature electrical measurements, where MoTe2 , WSe2 , and MoS2 are chosen for channels. Doped with H atoms through atomic layer deposition, those channels show strong n-type conduction and their mobility increases without losing on-state current as the measurement temperature decreases. In contrast, the mobility of unintentionally (naturally) doped TMD FETs always drops at low temperatures whether they are p- or n-type. Density functional theory calculations show that H-doped MoTe2 , WSe2 , and MoS2 have Fermi levels above conduction band edge. It is thus concluded that the charge transport behavior in H-doped TMD channels is metallic showing band-like transport rather than thermal hopping. These results indicate that H-doped TMD FETs are practically useful even at low-temperature ranges.

A New Architecture for Fibrous Organic Transistors Based on a Double-Stranded Assembly of Electrode Microfibers for Electronic Textile Applications.

Herein, a unique device architecture is proposed for fibrous organic transistors based on a double-stranded assembly of electrode microfibers for electronic textile applications. A key feature of this work is that the semiconductor channel of the fiber transistor comprises a twist assembly of the source and drain electrode microfibers that are coated by an organic semiconductor. This architecture not only allows the channel dimension of the device to be readily controlled by varying the thickness of the semiconductor layer and the twisted length of the two electrode microfibers, but also passivates the device without affecting interconnections with other electrical components. It is found that the control of crystalline nanostructure of the semiconductor layer is critical for improving both the production yield of the device and the charge-carrier transport in the device. The resulting fibrous organic transistors show a high output current of over -5 mA at a low operation voltage of -1.3 V and a good on/off current ratio of 105 . The device performance is maintained after repeated bending deformation and washing with a strong detergent solution. Application of the fibrous organic transistors to switch current-driven LED devices and detection of electrocardiography signals from a human body are demonstrated.