La aplicación del derecho internacional humanitario en los conflictos armados. Una revisión sistemática / The application of international humanitarian law in armed conflicts. A systematic review

Objetivo: Analizar la importancia de aplicar el Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH) en caso de conflicto armado. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo el protocolo PRISMA 2020, incluyéndose revisiones bibliográficas, artículos históricos publicados en castellano o inglés, literatura publicada en los últimos 5 años (2016-2021) y documentos disponibles a texto completo. Se excluyeron los artículos que no contenían resumen, no trataron del DIH y no dieron respuesta a la pregunta de investigación, ni tuvieron relación con los objetivos planteados para este trabajo. Se utilizaron como fuentes de datos Pubmed, Cinhal, Scopus, Cuiden, Scielo y buscadores como Google Scholar. Se emplearon palabras clave y términos MeSH. Se manejó como herramienta de valoración de la calidad metodológica la Escala AMSTAR-II. Resultados: Se escogieron finalmente 19 artículos. Conclusiones: El DIH tiene un origen incierto que se basa en la confluencia de normas consuetudinarias, las cuales fueron evolucionando y adaptándose al desarrollo de la humanidad, hasta recoger un compendio de reglas aplicables a cualquier conflicto armado. La irrupción de Florence Nightingale y Dunant supuso un avance para el desarrollo de la legislación en la defensa de los derechos de la población civil durante un conflicto armado. El DIH recoge la necesidad de crear un organismo internacional competente que castigue los crímenes de guerra cometidos por los Estados beligerantes. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the importance of applying International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in case of armed conflict. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 protocol, including literature reviews, historical articles published in Spanish or English, literature published in the last 5 years (2016-2021) and documents available in full text. Articles that were not related to the objectives set for this work were excluded. Data sources used were: Pubmed, Cinhal, Scopus, Cuiden and Scielo and search engines such as Google Scholar. Keywords and MeSH terms were used. The AMSTAR-II Scale was also used as a methodological quality assessment tool. Results: 19 articles were chosen at last. Conclusions: IHL has an uncertain origin, based on the confluence of customary norms, which evolved and adapted to the development of humanity, until it became a compendium of rules applicable to any armed conflict. The irruption of Nightingale and Dunant was a breakthrough for the development of legislation in the civilian’s rights defense during an armed conflict. The IHL embraces the need to create a competent international organization to punish war crimes committed by belligerent states. (AU)

La aplicación del derecho internacional humanitario en los conflictos armados. Una revisión sistemática / The application of international humanitarian law in armed conflicts. A systematic review

Objetivo: Analizar la importancia de aplicar el Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH) en caso de conflicto armado. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo el protocolo PRISMA 2020, incluyéndose revisiones bibliográficas, artículos históricos publicados en castellano o inglés, literatura publicada en los últimos 5 años (2016-2021) y documentos disponibles a texto completo. Se excluyeron los artículos que no contenían resumen, no trataron del DIH y no dieron respuesta a la pregunta de investigación, ni tuvieron relación con los objetivos planteados para este trabajo. Se utilizaron como fuentes de datos Pubmed, Cinhal, Scopus, Cuiden, Scielo y buscadores como Google Scholar. Se emplearon palabras clave y términos MeSH. Se manejó como herramienta de valoración de la calidad metodológica la Escala AMSTAR-II. Resultados: Se escogieron finalmente 19 artículos. Conclusiones: El DIH tiene un origen incierto que se basa en la confluencia de normas consuetudinarias, las cuales fueron evolucionando y adaptándose al desarrollo de la humanidad, hasta recoger un compendio de reglas aplicables a cualquier conflicto armado. La irrupción de Florence Nightingale y Dunant supuso un avance para el desarrollo de la legislación en la defensa de los derechos de la población civil durante un conflicto armado. El DIH recoge la necesidad de crear un organismo internacional competente que castigue los crímenes de guerra cometidos por los Estados beligerantes. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the importance of applying International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in case of armed conflict. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 protocol, including literature reviews, historical articles published in Spanish or English, literature published in the last 5 years (2016-2021) and documents available in full text. Articles that were not related to the objectives set for this work were excluded. Data sources used were: Pubmed, Cinhal, Scopus, Cuiden and Scielo and search engines such as Google Scholar. Keywords and MeSH terms were used. The AMSTAR-II Scale was also used as a methodological quality assessment tool. Results: 19 articles were chosen at last. Conclusions: IHL has an uncertain origin, based on the confluence of customary norms, which evolved and adapted to the development of humanity, until it became a compendium of rules applicable to any armed conflict. The irruption of Nightingale and Dunant was a breakthrough for the development of legislation in the civilian’s rights defense during an armed conflict. The IHL embraces the need to create a competent international organization to punish war crimes committed by belligerent states. (AU)

A Questionnaire Survey of Personal and Occupational Variables Associated With SARS-COV-2 Infection in Health Care Personnel of the Spanish Central Military Hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Spain is the country with the highest number of health care workers affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the world. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection in health care worker (HCW) at the Gómez Ulla Military Hospital (HCDGU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study was conducted during the first outbreak of COVID 19 at GUMH. The study was extended to the total number of HCW in the hospital who met the inclusion criteria. Health care worker of the HCDGU were civilian and military personnel that included nursing and medicine students of Spanish Military Academy, medicine specialty residents, and nursing residents of Medical Surgical Specialty in Operations (EMQO). A questionnaire of 33 items was prepared. The questionnaire was sent by e-mail to the entire population of study. With this questionnaire personnel were classified into sick (cases) or healthy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: One hundred fifty professionals answered the questionnaire. Cases were defined as those who tested positive in the diagnostic tests (n = 28, 20.7%) and no cases were those who tested negative (n = 107, 79.3%). Therefore, the percentage of SARS-CoV-2 in the GUMH was 20.7%. Of the total number of cases, 64.3% were men (P < .05), with a mean age of 47.1 years (SD 13.3), a mean BMI of 25.3 (SD 3.8), and 48.2% being overweight. Of the total cases, 59.3% had "A" blood group type and 69.2% were Rh positive. 50% were physicians, 32.1% were nurses, and 17.9% were auxiliary nurses (P < .05). Cases and controls with vitamin D deficiency and who took supplements had a lower risk of suffering COVID-19, with significant differences. Fever, cough, and diarrhea were found in at least 50% of the samples with significant differences.

Factores determinantes de la no vacunación de gripe en el cuerpo militar de sanidad (2016-2017) / Factors of non influenza vaccination in health Spanish military personnel (2016-2017)

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS: La gripe es una de las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles más prevalentes en los países desarrollados. El personal que trabaja en centros sanitarios es un grupo en el que está indicada la vacunación antigripal. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: describir la cobertura vacunal antigripal, analizar los factores que motivaron la no vacunación de los profesionales sanitarios y describir las reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM), asociadas a la vacuna. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal de febrero a marzo de 2017. La población a estudio (n= 1750) fue el personal incluido en el Cuerpo Militar de Sanidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (64,0 % hombres, 36,0 % mujeres). Las principales variables estudiadas fueron: haber recibido vacuna antigripal, sexo, fecha de nacimiento, especialidad fundamental, tiempo de trabajo y existencia y tipo de reacciones adversas. Se calculó la tasa global de cobertura vacunal, frecuencias absolutas y relativas, prueba de Chi cuadrado de Pearson así como sus intervalos de confianza (95 % p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo una tasa de respuesta del 15,8 % y una cobertura vacunal del 7,0 %, siendo superior en hombres (8,3 %) y especialidad fundamental medicina (8,7 %). El factor más frecuente de no vacunación fue no creer estar en disposición de enfermar (21,3 %). El 10,0 % de los individuos presentó reacciones adversas, siendo todas locales. CONCLUSIONES: La cobertura vacunal fue muy baja, siendo superior en hombres pertenecientes a la especialidad fundamental de medicina y que desarrolló su actividad en hospitales

ANTECENDENT AND OBJETIVES: Influenza is one of the most prevalent vaccine-preventable diseases in developed countries. Staff working in health are an important risk group that influenza vaccination is indicated. The aims of this study were: describe influenza vaccination coverage according to sex, specialty and activity; analyze non-vaccination factors and adverse reactions to medications. Material and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study from February to March 2017. The population under study (n = 1750) was officers military health Spanish corps (64.0 % men, 36.0 % women). The main variables were: vaccinated against influenza, sex, date of birth, specialty, work history and adverse reactions. Overall rate of vaccination coverage, absolute and relative frequencies, Pearson Chi square test as well as their confidence intervals (95 % p <0.05) were calculated. Results: The response rate was 15.8 % and vaccine coverage of 7.0 % was obtained. It was major in men (8.3 %) and medical specialty (8.7 %). The most frequent non-vaccination factor was low perception of sickness (21.3 %). Only 10.0 % reported adverse reactions. All reactions were local. Conclusions: The vaccination coverage was very low, being superior in men (specialty of medicine) with developed activity in hospitals