Prevalence and molecular analysis of some important viruses in honey bee colonies in Türkiye: the status of multiple infections.

In this study, seven bee viruses of significant importance for bee health in Türkiye were investigated using one-step RT-PCR. For this purpose, larvae from 1183 hives and adult bees from 1196 hives were sampled from 400 apiaries in 40 provinces. The prevalence of viral infections in hives was as follows: acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), 6.4%; black queen cell virus (BQCV), 77%; chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), 3.2%; deformed wing virus (DWV), 63.8%; Israel acute bee paralysis virus (IAPV), 7%; Kashmir bee virus (KBV), 2.7%; sacbrood virus (SBV), 49.7%. Moreover, 50 different combinations of viral infections were identified in the hives. While dual infections (36.1%) were the most common in hives, triple infections with BQCV, DWV, and SBV were found to have the highest prevalence (22.1%). At least one viral infection was detected in all of the apiaries tested. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates from this study generally exhibited the highest similarity to previously reported Turkish isolates. When similarity ratios and the locations and types of amino acid mutations were analyzed, it was observed that the isolates from our study exhibited high similarity to isolates from various countries, including China, the United Kingdom, Syria, and Germany.

The Border Disease virus (BDV) prevalence and genetic typing in ruminant flocks in Turkey.

This study aims to update current data regarding Border Disease in sheep and goats, determine the first prevalence of BDV in cattle and identify its circulated genotype in Turkey. For this purpose, 100 sheep, 20 goats and 193 cattle aborted fetuses sent for diagnosis to Samsun Veterinary Control Institute between 2015 and 2017 were analyzed in terms of pestivirus by Ag­ELISA, BDV by Real­Time test (RT­PCR) and Conventional RT­PCR test. The rate of pestivirus positive animals was found at 50.26% (97/193) in cattle, 58% (58/100) in sheep and 55% (11/20) in goats by the pestivirus Ag­ELISA test. Total of 58 Ag­ELISA positive sheep were tested by Real­Time RT­PCR and conventional RT­PCR tests. End of the tests, one sheep sample (1.72%) was found BDV positive by Real­Time RT­PCR test and three sheep (5.17%) and one cattle (1.03%) samples were detected as BDV positive by conventional RT­PCR test. BDV positivity was not detected in goats in this research. All samples that were found positive by conventional RT­PCR test and Real­Time RT­PCR test were genotyped by phylogenetic sequence analysis, and obtained results showed that BDV­3 and BDV­7 genotypes of BDV in sheep and BVDV­1 genotype in cattle circulated in the investigated area. The sequence analysis results revealed that conventional RT­PCR and Real­Time RT­PCR tests detected genotype BDV­3, while genotype BDV­7 was only detected by conventional RT­PCR test in sheep abortion materials. Additionally, it was found that one bovine specimen was BDV positive by conventional PCR, but the same sample was identified as BVDV­1 at sequence analysis. The obtained data of this study showed that new probes should be designed using our local strains for BDV diagnosis by Real­Time RT­PCR assay, and cattle must be sampled for BDV screening, and PCR tests results should always be confirmed by sequence analysis.