The utility of heart-type free fatty-acid binding-protein (HFABP) levels for differentiating acute ischemic stroke from stroke mimics.

BACKGROUND: Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (HFABP) is found in the myocardium, brain, and some organs and is rapidly released from damaged cells into the circulation in case of ischemia. AIMS: We aimed to determine the diagnostic utility of HFABP levels in patients suggesting acute ischemic stroke (AIS). METHODS: This study was a prospective, single-center, observational diagnostic accuracy study with a nested cohort design. The estimated sample size was 126 patients, with a 1:1 case and control ratio. We included all consecutive patients with a lateralizing symptom (motor or sensory) or finding suggesting AIS (139 patients) who presented to ED within 24 h of their symptom onset and collected plasma at admission to the ED. After further evaluations, 111 patients (79.8%) were diagnosed with AIS and 28 with other neurological diseases (stroke-mimics). FINDINGS: In our study, the median HFABP levels of the cases and controls were 2.6 µg/ml and 2.2 µg/ml, respectively, without any statistically significant difference (p = 0.120). The diagnostic accuracy of HFABP for AIS was also insignificant at 0.60 (95% CI 0.51-0.68; p = 0.119). DISCUSSION: Plasma HFABP level is not a marker that can differentiate AIS from other neurological pathologies in patients presenting to the ED, with findings suggesting AIS.

Comparison of the Analgesic Effects of Low-Dose Ketamine Versus Fentanyl in Patients With Long Bone Fractures in the Emergency Department: A Prospective Observational Study.

Aim and background In most emergency departments (ED), opioids are the primary analgesic agents for trauma patients. However, safe alternative drugs are required because of possible adverse effects. Ketamine, an anesthetic agent, provides satisfactory analgesia at low doses and is an alternative drug that has begun to be used in numerous areas with fewer side effects. This study aimed to compare low-dose ketamine and fentanyl infusions in terms of their pain-relieving effects and observed adverse effects in patients presenting to the ED with isolated long bone fractures. Materials and methods This single-center observational study was conducted in the ED of the Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital between August 2018 and December 2019. Patients diagnosed with isolated long bone fractures who were administered low-dose ketamine or fentanyl rapid infusions for pain relief were included in the study. Patient pain scores were evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) with a standard horizontal 10-centimeter line. The primary outcome of the study was to compare the changes in pain at 30 and 60 min after medication administration for each group. Results A total of 100 patients were included in the study. Ketamine infusion was administered to 48% (n=48) of the patients as a pain reliever. After 60 min of observation, pain was significantly reduced in both study groups. However, the pain scores at baseline (p=0.319), 30 min (p=0.631), and 60 min (p=0.347) after treatment were similar in both groups. In terms of the observed adverse effects, dizziness was more common in the ketamine group (p=0.010). Conclusion The results of this study showed that low-dose ketamine infusion (0.3 mg/kg/h) had a similar effect to fentanyl infusion (1 mcg/kg/h) as a pain reliever in patients with isolated long bone fractures in the ED.

Prediction of nipple involvement in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Should we rely on breast MRI to preserve the nipple?

BACKGROUND: Indications for nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM) is extending to post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) setting. Eligibility for NSM with an optimum tumor-nipple distance (TND) after NAC is unclear. We examined predictive factors for nipple tumor involvement in patients undergoing total mastectomy following NAC. METHODS: Clinical and pathological data from prospectively collected medical records of women with invasive breast carcinoma, who were undergone NAC and total mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy and/or axillary lymph node dissection were analyzed. PreNAC and postNAC magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) views were examined and a cut-off TND value for predicting the negative nipple tumor status was determined. RESULTS: Among 180 women, the final mastectomy specimen analysis revealed that 12 (7%) had nipple involvement as invasive carcinoma. Patients with nipple involvement had more postNAC multifocal/multicentric tumors (p: 0.03), larger tumors on preNAC and postNAC images (p: 0.002 and p < 0.001), shorter median TNDs on preNAC and postNAC images (7 mm-IQR 1.5-14, p: 0.005 and 8.5 mm-IQR 3-15.5, p < 0.001, respectively), more nipple retraction on preNAC and postNAC images (p: 0.007 and p: 0.006) and more nipple areola complex skin thickening (> 2mm) on preNAC and postNAC images (p < 0.001 and p: 0.01). The best likelihood ratios (LR) belonged to the postNAC positivity of the < 20 mm TND, with a + LR of 3.40, and - LR of 0.11 for nipple involvement. PreNAC positivity of the < 20 mm TND also had a similar - LR of 0.14. CONCLUSION: A TND-cut-off  ≥ 2 cm on preNAC and postNAC MRI was shown to be highly predictive of negative nipple tumor involvement.

Emergency Medicine Association of Turkey Disaster Committee Summary of Field Observations of February 6th Kahramanmaras Earthquakes.

An earthquake measuring 7.7 magnitude on the Richter scale occurred at 04:17am on February 6, 2023 in the Pazarcik district of Kahramanmaras province Turkey. In the hours following the 7.7 magnitude event in Kahramanmaras, a second 7.6 magnitude earthquake struck the region and a third 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck Gaziantep, causing extensive damage and death. A total of ten provinces directly experienced the earthquake, including Kahramanmaras, Hatay, Gaziantep, Osmaniye, Malatya, Adana, Diyarbakir, Sanliurfa, Adiyaman, and Kilis. The official figures indicate 31,643 people were killed, 80,278 were injured, and 6,444 buildings were destroyed within seven days of the earthquakes (as of 12:00pm/noon on Monday, February 13th). The area affected by the earthquake has been officially declared to be 500km in diameter. This report primarily relies on observations made by pioneer Emergency Physicians (EPs) who went to the disaster areas shortly after the first earthquake (in the early stages of the disaster). According to their observations: (1) Due to winter conditions, there were transportation problems and a shortage of personnel reaching disaster areas on the first day after the disaster; (2) On the second day of the disaster, health equipment was in short supply; (3) As of the third day, health workers were unprepared in terms of knowledge and experience for the disaster; and (4) The subsequent deployment of health personnel to the disaster area was uncoordinated and unplanned on the following days, which resulted in the health personnel working there not being able to meet even their basic needs (such as food, heating, and shelter). During the first week, coordination was most frequently reported as the most significant problem.

User's guide to sample size estimation in diagnostic accuracy studies.

Sample size estimation is an overlooked concept and rarely reported in diagnostic accuracy studies, primarily because of the lack of information of clinical researchers on when and how they should estimate sample size. In this review, readers will find sample size estimation procedures for diagnostic tests with dichotomized outcomes, explained by clinically relevant examples in detail. We hope, with the help of practical tables and a free online calculator (https://turkjemergmed.com/calculator), researchers can estimate accurate sample sizes without a need to calculate from equations, and use this review as a practical guide to estimating sample size in diagnostic accuracy studies.

2021 Guideline for the Management of COPD Exacerbations: Emergency Medicine Association of Turkey (EMAT) / Turkish Thoracic Society (TTS) Clinical Practice Guideline Task Force.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an important public health problem that manifests with exacerbations and causes serious mortality and morbidity in both developed and developing countries. COPD exacerbations usually present to emergency departments, where these patients are diagnosed and treated. Therefore, the Emergency Medicine Association of Turkey and the Turkish Thoracic Society jointly wanted to implement a guideline that evaluates the management of COPD exacerbations according to the current literature and provides evidence-based recommendations. In the management of COPD exacerbations, we aim to support the decision-making process of clinicians dealing with these patients in the emergency setting.

Perfusion index: Could this be a new triage tool for upper gastrointestinal system bleeding in the emergency department? A prospective cohort study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Many scoring systems for predicting mortality, rebleeding and transfusion needs among patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) have been developed. However, no scoring system can predict all these outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To show whether the perfusion index (PI), compared with the Rockall score (RS), helps predict transfusion needs and prognoses among patients presenting with UGIB in emergency departments. In this way, critical patients with transfusion needs can be identified at an early stage. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective cohort study in an emergency department in Turkey, conducted between June 2018 and June 2019. METHODS: Patients' demographic parameters, PI, RS, transfusion needs and prognosis were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 219 patients were included. Blood transfusion was performed in 174 patients (79.4%). The PI cutoff value for prediction of the need for blood transfusion was 1.17, and the RS cutoff value was 5. The area under the curve (AUC) value for PI (AUC: 0.772; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.705-0.838; P < 0.001) was higher than for RS (AUC: 0.648; 95% CI: 0.554-0.741; P = 0.002). 185 patients (84.5%) were discharged, and 34 patients (15.5%) died. The PI cutoff value for predicting mortality was 1.1, and the RS cutoff value was 7. The AUC value for PI (AUC: 0.743; 95% CI: 0.649-0.837; P < 0.001) was higher than for RS (AUC: 0.725; 95% CI: 0.639-0.811; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: PI values for patients admitted to emergency departments with UGIB on admission can help predict their need for transfusion and mortality risk.

Perfusion index: Could this be a new triage tool for upper gastrointestinal system bleeding in the emergency department? A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Many scoring systems for predicting mortality, rebleeding and transfusion needs among patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) have been developed. However, no scoring system can predict all these outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To show whether the perfusion index (PI), compared with the Rockall score (RS), helps predict transfusion needs and prognoses among patients presenting with UGIB in emergency departments. In this way, critical patients with transfusion needs can be identified at an early stage. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective cohort study in an emergency department in Turkey, conducted between June 2018 and June 2019. METHODS: Patients' demographic parameters, PI, RS, transfusion needs and prognosis were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 219 patients were included. Blood transfusion was performed in 174 patients (79.4%). The PI cutoff value for prediction of the need for blood transfusion was 1.17, and the RS cutoff value was 5. The area under the curve (AUC) value for PI (AUC: 0.772; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.705-0.838; P < 0.001) was higher than for RS (AUC: 0.648; 95% CI: 0.554-0.741; P = 0.002). 185 patients (84.5%) were discharged, and 34 patients (15.5%) died. The PI cutoff value for predicting mortality was 1.1, and the RS cutoff value was 7. The AUC value for PI (AUC: 0.743; 95% CI: 0.649-0.837; P < 0.001) was higher than for RS (AUC: 0.725; 95% CI: 0.639-0.811; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: PI values for patients admitted to emergency departments with UGIB on admission can help predict their need for transfusion and mortality risk.

The middle cerebral artery density and ratio for the diagnosis of acute ischaemic stroke in the Emergency Department.

PURPOSE: Non-contrast computed tomography (ncCT) is the first-line imaging modality for acute ischaemic stroke diagnosis. Recognition of the early diagnostic signs of a stroke on computed tomography (CT) is crucial. The hyperdense middle cerebral artery (MCA) sign is one of these findings. We investigated the diagnostic utility of absolute MCA density (MCAD) in patients with acute MCA stroke confirmed with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dwMRI). METHODS: We retrospectively included all patients who presented to the Emergency Department with symptoms related to an acute stroke and confirmed with a dwMRI and ncCT to this diagnostic case-control study. An expert radiologist with more than four years of experience in neuroradiology re-evaluated all ncCT images. The evaluation of MCAD and ratio were measured on axial images in Hounsfield units (HU). RESULTS: We included 407 patients in our study (MCA infarction: 55%, n = 225; Control: 45%, n = 182). We calculated the threshold for the highest sensitivity (20%) and specificity (94%) as 49 HU with the Youden J index test for MCAD and as 1.1 for MCAD ratio (sensitivity 20% and specificity 95%). MCAD >49 HU or MCAD ratio >1.1 alone or joint use of MCAD >47 HU and MCAD ratio >1.1 are useful markers to confirm the diagnosis of MCA AIS with a specificity of at least 94%. Higher MCAD values are associated with larger infarction volumes. CONCLUSION: MCAD and MCAD ratio can be used to identify patients who need early treatment, especially in situations where computed tomography angiogram or dwMRI are not readily available.

An analysis of 1344 consecutive acute intoxication cases admitted to an academic emergency medicine department in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: One of the major causes of emergency department (ED) visits is acute poisoning. Acute intoxications occur soon after either single or multiple exposures to toxic substances, and they started to be a more serious problem in developing countries. The objective of this study was to investigate the local patterns of acute intoxications, as well as clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of patients with acute poisoning, admitted to our hospital's ED. METHODS: This single-center, retrospective study was conducted using medical records of consecutive patients admitted to the ED between January 2016 and December 2017. RESULTS: A total of 1344 patients were included in the statistical analysis. Of these, 673 (50.1%) were female. Mean (±SD) age was 32.2 (±12.0), ranging between 17 and 84 years. The highest number of poisoning cases was observed in summer, especially in July (10.0%) and August (11.8%), whereas lowest number of admissions related to poisoning occurred during winter in November (5.1%) and December (5.2%). Among admitted cases, many were suicide attempts (55.7%) followed by non-intentional (accidental) ingestion of non-pharmaceutical (n=553, 41.2%) and pharmaceutical agents (n=42, 3.1%). Single agents were the most common cause of acute intoxications (63.2%) rather than multidrug intoxications. Most frequently observed causes of poisonings were recreational substances (30.0%) and agents exposed by inhalation (13.2%). INR, lactate, and pH levels at admission were significant predictors of 7-day mortality without a significant paired difference between each other. The AUCs for each were 0.89 (SE 0.04; p<0.0001), 0.84 (SE 0.10; p=0.0007), and 0.79 (SE 0.11; p=0.0102), respectively. CONCLUSION: We conclude that recreational substances and medicinal drug intoxications were the leading cause of acute poisonings in our region, occurring mostly during the summer.

Association of acute phase reactants with prognostic scores in community acquired pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin with commonly used prognostic scoring systems, hospitalisation and mortality in cases of community-acquired pneumonia. METHODS: The prospective study was conducted from April 2014 to April 2015 at the emergency department of Marmara University Pendik Research and Training Hospital, Turkey, and comprised community-acquired pneumonia patients diagnosed according to the British Thoracic Society criteria. Prognosis was estimated using confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure and age >65, Pneumonia Severity Index-Pneumonia Patient Outcome Research Team score, and severe community-acquired pneumonia scores. Data was analysed using MedCalc 15.8. RESULTS: Of the 203 patients assessed, community-acquired pneumonia was confirmed in 152(74.8%). Procalcitonin had moderate correlation with the three scales used (p<0.001), while C-reactive protein had weak correlation with them (p<0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Both procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels were found to be correlated with prognostic risk scores.

Diagnostic Accuracy of the Electrocardiography Criteria for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (Cornell Voltage Criteria, Sokolow-Lyon Index, Romhilt-Estes, and Peguero-Lo Presti Criteria) Compared to Transthoracic Echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE/AIM: We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of the widely used left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) electrocardiography (ECG) criteria (Cornell Voltage Criteria [CVC], Sokolow-Lyon Index [SLI], Romhilt-Estes [REC], and Peguero-Lo Presti [PLP] Criteria) compared with the left ventricular mass measured by echocardiography. METHODS: In this prospective diagnostic accuracy study, we screened all consecutive adults (18 to 65 years) who presented to our academic emergency department (ED) with increased blood pressure (≥130/85 mmHg) between January 2016 and January 2017, and we enrolled a convenience sample of 165 patients in our study. The attending emergency physician managed all patients as per their primary complaint. The consulting cardiologist performed a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) of the patient and calculated the left ventricular mass (LVM) according to the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) formula. After completing the patient recruitment phase, researchers evaluated all ECGs and calculated scores for SLI, CVC, REC, and PLP. We used contingency tables to calculate the diagnostic utility metrics of all ECG criteria. RESULTS: The prevalence of LVH by TTE was 31.5%. CVC, SLI, REC, and PLP criteria correctly identified (true positive rate) abnormal LVM in only 3.9%, 1.9%, 9.6%, and 19.2% of the patients, respectively. CVC, SLI, REC score and PLP criteria performed poorly with extremely low sensitivities (3.9%, 1.9%, 10%, 19.2%) and poor accuracies (67.3%, 64.9%, 57.7%, 69.7%). CONCLUSION: ECG voltage criteria's clinical utility in estimating LVM and LVH is low, and it should not be used for this purpose.

Variables Affecting Mortality Among COVID-19 Patients With Lung Involvement Admitted to the Emergency Department.

INTRODUCTION: A cluster of atypical pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, turned out to be a highly contagious disease, swept across most of the countries, and soon after was announced as a pandemic. Therefore we aimed to investigate the demographics and factors associated with the disease outcome. METHODS: In this retrospective chart review, we screened patients admitted to the emergency department with severe acute respiratory infection due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) between March 15, 2020 and April 30, 2020. Age, gender, symptoms, laboratory data, and radiology data were obtained, as well as outcomes and length of stay. RESULTS: We identified 177 patients (54.8% male). Seventy-eight percent of the cases were admitted into wards whereas 22% of the cases were admitted into the intensive care unit (ICU). Twenty-five percent of the cases needed invasive mechanical ventilation during their hospital stay and median length of hospital stay until death or discharge was eight days (interquartile range (IQR) 5.0 - 16.0). Among 177 patients, overall in-hospital mortality rate was 19.8% (n=35; male:female=18:17; p=0.6553). In-hospital mortality rates were statistically significantly higher in patients with higher age (64 vs. 74; p=0.0091), respiratory rate (RR) (28 vs. 36; p=0.0002), C-reactive protein (CRP) (54.7 vs. 104.0; p<0.0001), d-dimer (1.2 vs. 3.2; p<0.0001), ferritin (170 vs. 450.4; p<0.0001), fibrinogen (512 vs. 598; p=0.0349), international normalized ratio (INR) (1.1 vs. 1.3; p=0.0001), prothrombin time (PT) (14.8 vs. 17.4; p=0.0001), procalcitonin (0.1 vs. 0.3; p<0.0001), creatinine (0.9 vs. 1.1; p=0.0084), longer length of stay (LOS) (8.0 vs. 13.0; p=0.0251) with lower oxygen saturation (sO2) (93.0% vs 87.5%; p<0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (78 vs. 70; p=0.0039), lymphocyte (1.2 vs. 0.8; p=0.0136), and with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results (28.6% vs. 12.8%; p=0.0118). CONCLUSION: Patients with older age, higher RR, lower sO2 and DBP, higher creatinine, d-dimer, INR, CRP, procalcitonin, ferritin, and fibrinogen on initial admission were found to be less likely to survive COVID-19.

Treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning: high-flow nasal cannula versus non-rebreather face mask.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, the aim was to compare the rate of decrease in carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) values at consecutive time points and calculate the half-life of COHb (COHb t½) in patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and treated with either high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) or non-rebreather face mask (NRFM). METHODS: This retrospective, cohort study with historical controls was performed over a 2-year period and included adult patients with CO poisoning, whose COHb values were checked. The HFNC group consisted of patients admitted to the ED with CO poisoning when HFNC was available in the hospital, while the NRFM group consisted of patients who presented to the ED with CO poisoning before the availability of HFNC. The primary outcome of the study was to detect the COHb t½. RESULTS: A total of 71 patients were enrolled in the study. While 35 patients received oxygen with NRFM, 36 patients received HFNC. The mean COHb t½ in the HFNC group was 41.1 min (95% CI: 31.0-58.4) and 64.0 min (95% CI: 43.5-114.4) in the NRFM group. We did not find a significant difference in the COHb t½ between the HFNC group and NRFM group (p = 0.099). COHb levels between treatment arms at serial time points showed a statistically significant difference at 60 min (p = 0.048). We compared the decay constant and half-life of COHb between groups according to gender. In both genders, COHb t½ was significantly different between groups, and COHb t½ was lower in the patients treated with HFNC. CONCLUSION: HFNC was effective in reducing the half-life of COHb values in patients with carbon monoxide poisoning. Prospective studies to be conducted in larger groups are needed to fully understand the effect of HFNC on carbon monoxide poisoning.

Isopropyl alcohol nasal inhalation for nausea in the triage of an adult emergency department.

OBJECTIVES: Nausea and vomiting (N&V) are among the most common complaints in the emergency department (ED). However, low acuity is assigned to most of these patients at the triage, and waiting for long hours without medication decreases patient safety and satisfaction. We aimed to compare the inhalation of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) with placebo (P) to treat nausea at the triage area of an ED. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized and placebo-controlled trial, we used a convenience sample of consecutive adult (ages 18-65) patients presented to the triage area of the ED with the complaint of N&V, and we randomized them to inhale IPA or P embedded gauzes. We used an 11-point (0-10) numeric rating scale (NRS) to evaluate the degree of N&V before the inhalation, at the baseline, and at 2, 4 and 10 min after the inhalation. RESULTS: We randomized 118 patients (IPA, n = 62; P, n = 56, intent-to-treat), three patients left the ED without being seen, and 115 patients completed the study. IPA and P groups were similar according to age, sex, comorbidities, and vital signs. We found that patients in the IPA group had significantly lower mean NRS starting with the 2nd minute (robust two-way mixed ANOVA between-subjects, p = 0.008). We also observed a significant within-subjects effect in the IPA group. The mean NRS value was decreased at each consecutive time point in the IPA group (all pairwise comparisons, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this study, IPA was significantly more effective than P for N&V at the triage. Moreover, patients in the IPA group had less need for rescue treatment.

The Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasonography for the Diagnosis of Rib Fractures in Patients Presenting to Emergency Department With Blunt Chest Trauma.

BACKGROUND: Rib fractures are the most common complications of blunt chest trauma (BCT). Computed tomography (CT) is the modality of choice for BCT, but with several disadvantages. Ultrasonography (US) is an inexpensive, readily available, and relatively harmless imaging alternative. However, a direct comparison of the sonographic evaluation of the rib as a whole with CT as a reference has not been performed to date. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of US with CT for the detection of rib fractures in patients who presented to emergency department (ED) with BCT. METHODS: We included a convenience sample of adult patients who presented to the ED with thoracic pain after BCT in the last 24 h in this prospective, observational, diagnostic accuracy study. The diagnostic utility of US performed by an emergency physician was compared with thorax CT. RESULTS: The final study population included 145 patients. The diagnostic accuracy of US was 80% with a sensitivity of 91.2% and specificity of 72.7% for the detection of any rib fracture (positive likelihood ratio 3.4 and negative likelihood ratio 0.12). If we considered each rib separately, the sensitivity of US decreased to 76.7% and specificity increased to 82.7% (81.3% accuracy). CONCLUSIONS: A negative US of the site of the highest tenderness and neighboring ribs in a patient with BCT who presented to the ED with lateralizing pain decreases the possibility of a rib fracture significantly. However, a positive US performs poorly to specify the exact location and number of the fractured ribs.

Initial and Sustained Response Effects of 3 Vagal Maneuvers in Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Randomized, Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: For acute termination of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), vagal maneuvers, including the standard Valsalva maneuver (sVM), modified Valsalva (mVM) maneuver, and carotid sinus massage (CSM), are first-line interventions. There is no criterion standard technique. OBJECTIVE: This prospective, randomized study was aimed at analyzing the success rates of these 3 vagal maneuvers as measured by sustaining sinus rhythm at the fifth minute and SVT termination. METHODS: We conducted this prospective, randomized controlled study in an emergency department (ED). We enrolled all the patients who were admitted to the ED and diagnosed with SVT. We randomly assigned them to 3 groups receiving sVM, mVM, and CSM and recorded the patients' responses to the vagal maneuvers and SVT recurrence after vagal maneuvers. RESULTS: The study was completed with 98 patients. A total of 25 (25.5%) instances of SVT were initially treated successfully with vagal maneuvers. The success rate was 43.7% (14/32 cases) from mVM, 24.2% (8/33) for sVM, and 9.1 % (3/33) for CSM (p < 0.05). At the end of the fifth minute, only 12.2% (12/98) of all patients had sinus rhythm. Sinus rhythm persisted in 28.1% (9/32) of patients in the mVM group, 6.1% (2/33) of patients in the sVM group, and 3% (1/33) in the CSM group at the fifth minute (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: mVM is superior to the CSM maneuver in terminating SVT and maintaining rhythm. We conclude that it is beneficial to use mVM, which is more effective and lacks side effects.

User's guide to correlation coefficients.

When writing a manuscript, we often use words such as perfect, strong, good or weak to name the strength of the relationship between variables. However, it is unclear where a good relationship turns into a strong one. The same strength of r is named differently by several researchers. Therefore, there is an absolute necessity to explicitly report the strength and direction of r while reporting correlation coefficients in manuscripts. This article aims to familiarize medical readers with several different correlation coefficients reported in medical manuscripts, clarify confounding aspects and summarize the naming practices for the strength of correlation coefficients.

Prognostic value of 2-hour lactate level and lactate clearance for 30-day mortality and comparison with trauma scores in multi-trauma patients.

OBJECTIVE: Trauma scores are prone to misreading. Therefore, a readily available, objective way to estimate the mortality of the trauma patients is needed. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic utility of lactate levels, and clearance for 30-days mortality, and compare with the physiological trauma scores. METHODS: All adult trauma patients (two hundred) admitted to ED were enrolled. Initial and 2-hour serum lactate levels were measured and components of GAP, MGAP, RTS, VIEWS and VIEWS-L trauma scores were calculated. RESULTS: Final study population was 200 patients with a median age of 33 years. Mortality was 7/200 (3.5%) in 30-days. Both initial (2.3 vs. 7.7 mmol/L) and 2h-lactate (1.7 vs. 8.4 mmol/L) levels were significantly lower, and lactate clearance was significantly higher (23.8% vs. -12.0%) in survivors. Also, the change in the lactate level from 0h to 2h (2.3 vs. 1.7mmol/L) was significant in survivors, contrary to non-survivors (7.7 vs. 8.4mmol/L). VIEWS-L, VIEWS, two hour-lactate level and EMTRAS showed high specificity at the 100% sensitivity cut-offs, therefore, were the most valuable prognostic parameters in this study. CONCLUSION: Calculation of 2h-lactate clearance and evaluation of a 2h-lactate level may not be needed to predict long-term mortality if the initial lactate level is below 2.8mmol/L.