The Association of miRNA-146a Gene Variation and Multiple Sclerosis in The Iranian Population.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex human autoimmune-type inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) belongs to an endogenous and non-coding RNA family with 18-22 nucleotides long, which modulates the innate and adaptive immune response. Methods: Our study aimed to investigate a possible association between rs2910164 and rs2431697 polymorphisms of the miR-146a gene and multiple sclerosis in the Iranian population. A total of 60 MS cases and 100 controls were recruited. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2431697 was genotyped by utilizing polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and SNP rs2910164 was genotyped by using Tetra-primer ARMS-PCR. Statistical Analysis conducted by the chi-squared test utilizing SPSS version 21.0 Software. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumption was evaluated. Results: The results of the present study suggest the miR-146a gene rs2431697 polymorphism is not associated with multiple sclerosis. However, there is a significant relationship between polymorphism rs2910164 of the miR-146a gene and multiple sclerosis in the population studied (P = 0.012). Conclusion: Our data provide evidence that the miR-146a gene may be involved in creating the susceptibility to MS in the Iranian population.

Mutation Analysis of KRAS and BRAF in Iranian Colorectal Cancer patients: A Novel Variant in Exon 15 of BRAF.

BACKGROUND: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway and its downstream signaling pathways, play an important role in intracellular signaling. Mutations in KRAS (activating mutation) and BRAF proto-oncogenes are identified as key finding of colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to examine mutation analysis of KRAS and BRAF in Iranian Colorectal cancer patients. METHODS: We used fifty archived formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks of Iranian colorectal cancer patients. DNA was extracted from FFPE blocks for PCR assay. The quality of PCR products was determined using horizontal electrophoresis. Then, sequencing and analysis of the sequencing results were performed to investigate variation status in the sequences. RESULTS: KRAS exons and BRAF genes exon 15 in 50 CRC patients were analyzed, among the 19 mutant KRAS samples, 18 (36%) patients had a single base substitution (synonymous mutation) in exon 5, p. Arg161Arg (c.483G>A) and 1 (2%) patient in exon 2 (codon 12), p. Gly12Cys (c.34G>T). Also, we observed two mutations p. Val600Glu (c.1799 T>A) and p. Ser616Thr (c.1846T>A) in exon 15 of BRAF gene. CONCLUSIONS: We found a novel variant in BRAF gene. The p. Ser616Thr (c.1846T>A) mutation was not previously reported and we conclude that other new mutations can be identified in KRAS and BRAF which may lead to colorectal cancer.

Evaluation of DNA repair capacity in parents of pediatric patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder using the comet assay procedure.

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social communication, limited repetitive behaviors, impaired language development, and interest or activity patterns, which include a group complex neurodevelopmental syndrome with diverse phenotypes that reveal considerable etiological and clinical heterogeneity and are also considered one of the most heritable disorders (over 90%). Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors play a role in the development of ASD. Aim: This study was designed to investigate the extent of DNA damage in parents of autistic children by treating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with bleomycin and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by the Ficoll method and treated with a specific concentration of bleomycin and H2O2 for 30 min and 5 min, respectively. Then, the degree of DNA damage was analyzed by the alkaline comet assay or single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), an effective way to measure DNA fragmentation in eukaryotic cells. Results: Our findings revealed that there is a significant difference in the increase of DNA damage in parents with affected children compared to the control group, which can indicate the inability of the DNA molecule repair system. Furthermore, our study showed a significant association between fathers' occupational difficulties (exposed to the influence of environmental factors), as well as family marriage, and suffering from ASD in offspring. Conclusion: Our results suggested that the influence of environmental factors on parents of autistic children may affect the development of autistic disorder in their offspring. Subsequently, based on our results, investigating the effect of environmental factors on the amount of DNA damage in parents with affected children requires more studies.

Assessment of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Parents of Autistic Children by Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus Assay.

Autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental complex diseases with causative de-novo and inherited genetic factors. They include a range of cognitive and behavioral conditions such as pervasive developmental disorder, Asperger's syndrome, and autism. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay, as a cytogenetic study has been considered as one of the indicators of chromosomal damage in peripheral blood. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of micronucleus (MN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes of parents with autistic children. The study was case-control and the cases were parents of autistic children referring to the psychiatric department of the Ali-Asghar Hospital of Tehran. The total number of samples was 60 cases and 30 controls. The results showed that autistic children's parents had a significant increase in MN frequency in binucleated lymphocytes. Further researches are suggested to analyze the environmental and genetic reasons for MN increase in autistic children parents.

MicroRNA-Targeted Signaling Pathways in the Autism Spectrum Disorder: Implications for Early Detection and Targeted Therapy.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is known as a neurodevelopmental disorder showing communication impairments and unusual patterns of behavior. Presently, it seems that ASD frequency is on the increase. Therefore, diagnostic tools that help detect the disease in the early stages can be very useful in better management of the disease. Recent studies demonstrate that miRNAs as novel biomarkers can be used to find out the process and etiology of ASD by regulating various genes of multiple pathways. However, ASD associated pathway targeted by miRNA is still in infancy. METHODS: In this in silico study taking into consideration the importance of miRNAs, we reviewed bioinformatics databases for finding possible pathways and potential miRNAs related to selected pathways. RESULTS: The results displayed some prominent pathways involved in ASD, as well as some experimental and predicted miRNAs that may regulate targets associated with these pathways such as neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, serotonergic synapse, calcium signaling pathway, cAMP Signaling Pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the identified miRNAs may be involved in ASD-related pathways and may be considered as a new diagnostic tool and provide potential targets for the treatment of ASD.

Whole exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous variant in the DGKE catalytic domain: a case report of familial hemolytic uremic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare disease characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia caused by small vessel thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure. The common cause of aHUS is a dysregulation in the alternative complement pathway. Mutations in none complement genes such as diacylglycerol kinase epsilon (DGKE) can also result in this syndrome. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we report on a 19-year-old female with the clinical diagnosis of aHUS, who has unaffected consanguineous parents and an older sibling who was deceased from aHUS when she was seven months old. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) followed by evaluation of detected variants for functional significance, using several online prediction tools. Next, in order to confirm the detected pathogenic variant in proband and segregation analysis in her family, Sanger sequencing was done. The novel variant was analyzed in terms of its impact on the protein 3-dimensional structure by computational structural modeling. The results revealed that the proband carried a novel homozygous missense variant in DGKE located in exon 6 of the gene (NM_003647.3, c.942C > G [p.Asn314Lys]), and in silico analysis anticipated it as damaging. Protein computational study confirmed the influence of potential pathogenic variant on structural stability and protein function. CONCLUSION: We suggest that some variations in the catalytic domain of DGKE like p.Asn314Lys which can cause alterations in secondary and 3-D structure of protein, might lead to aHUS.

PTEN gene mutations in patients with macrocephaly and classic autism: A systematic review.

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder characterized by massive damage in various fields of development. Impaired social interaction and communication skills, unusual behavior or interests, and repetitive activities are considerably disabling in these patients. There are several challenges in diagnosis of ASD patients such as co-existing epilepsy, difference in clinician attitudes and possibly multifactorial etiology of autistic behavior among children and adults. Research in recent years has emphasized a possible connection between mutations in PTEN and macrocephaly (head circumference > 97th centile). Methods: Articles in English Language were searched from international databases including Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, Scopus, and CINHAL from January 1998 to January 2016. Results: The results showed that among 2940 patients with behavioral disorders, 2755 individuals had ASD, and 35 cases with macrocephaly had mutations in PTEN. About 77% of the articles (7/9) analyzed mutations in PTEN in patients with head circumference more than 2SD away from the mean, but did not check mutations in this gene in other ASD patients without macrocephaly. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first systematic review on human PTEN mutations and classical autistic behavior. Conclusion: We conclude that the presence of macrocephaly may not be sufficient to examine the PTEN mutation in this group; however, surveying this gene in all cases of macrocephaly seems to be necessary.

The causative variants of amyloidosis in the autism.

PURPOSE: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) consist of a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that include autistic behavior, Asperger's syndrome and pervasive developmental disabilities. According to the increasing observations that patients with mitochondrial disorders have symptoms associated with ASD, we have aimed to analyze the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in autistic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We selected children with autistic behaviors (15-60 CARS Score). The mitochondrial DNA extraction process was done by GeNet Bio DNA extraction kit. The regions of interest were amplified using independent PCR runs. After purification of PCR products, both strands were sequenced by Big Dye Termination system in a directly determined automated sequencing on an ABI 3700 capillary sequencer machine using both primers. All sequencing results were analyzed using bioinformatics' tools sequencher software 5. RESULTS: In this study, 31 samples were examined, which 15 unique variants were detected in genes related to COXI-III. The most frequent variant (30.76%) were related to COX1 with amino acid change A â†’ A. The only significant pathogenic variant was C8264G, except for C8264G, all variants seemed to be homoplasmic substitution. CONCLUSION: In our study, among the variations we found, one variant what probably had an interesting association with possible amyloidosis, had been reported in patient with autism previously. It is hoped that with finding more definable genetic and biological markers, the autistic children diagnosis and treatment will be more effective.

Investigating of variations in BRCA1 gene in Iranian families with breast cancer.

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among Iranian women whose relationship with mutation status in BRCA1 is previously approved. Therefore, screening of the most mutated exons in BRCA1 in hereditary breast cancer patients provides beneficial information about the main disease-causing reason. Methods: A total of 14 Iranian hereditary breast cancer patients participated in this case series study. DNA was extracted from patients' blood samples for PCR assay. The quality of PCR products was determined using horizontal electrophoresis. Then, sequencing and analysis of the sequencing results were performed to investigate variation status in the sequences. Results: Five variants in 4 patients were found, including 1 pathogenic variant in exon 16 (H1686Q, NM_007294.3:c.5058T>A) and 4 novel intronic variants of uncertain significance (NC_000017.11:41228314G>T, NC_000017.11:41228309C>T, NC_000017.11:41228317G>T, and NC_000017.11:41203042G>A) in BRCA1. This study was the first to report 1 rare pathogenic variant in BRCA1 (H1686Q, NM_007294.3: c.5058T>A) in an Iranian family as the main disease-causing reason. Another interesting finding was non-existence of variations in almost all globally-reported and mutated exons in BRCA1. Conclusion: Investigation of these exons in BRCA1 showed the uniqueness of mutation pattern in Iranian breast cancer patients compared to other world regions. Due to the existence of other BRCA1 exons and also other predisposing genes in breast cancer, the main cause of cancer development in other participants might have been put in those exons and genes. We concluded that the most mutated exons in BRCA1 in Iranian population may not be the same as those found in other parts of the world.

CTNS molecular genetics profile in a Persian nephropathic cystinosis population / Perfil genético molecular del gen CTNS en una población persa con cistinosis nefropática

Purpose: In this report, we document the CTNS gene mutations of 28 Iranian patients with nephropathic cystinosis age 1-17 years. All presented initially with severe failure to thrive, polyuria, and polydipsia. Methods: Cystinosis was primarily diagnosed by a pediatric nephrologist and then referred to the Iran University of Medical Sciences genetics clinic for consultation and molecular analysis, which involved polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to determine the presence or absence of the 57-kb founder deletion in CTNS, followed by direct sequencing of the coding exons of CTNS. Results: The common 57-kb deletion was not observed in any of the 28 Iranian patients. In 14 of 28 patients (50%), mutations were observed in exons 6 and 7. No mutation was detected in exon 5, and only one (3.6%) patient with cystinosis showed a previously reported 4-bp deletion in exon 3 of CTNS. Four patients (14.3%) had a previously reported mutation (c.969C>A; p.N323K) in exon 11, and five (18%) had novel homozygous deletions in exon 6 leading to premature truncation of the protein. These deletions included c.323delA; p.Q108RfsX10 in three individuals and c.257-258delCT; p.S86FfsX37 in two cases. Other frame-shift mutations were all novel homozygous single base pair deletion/insertions including one in CTNSexon 9 (c.661insT; p.V221CfsX6), and four (14.3%) in exon 4, i.e., c.92insG; p.V31GfsX28 in two and c.120delC; p.T40TfsX10 in two. In total, we identified eight previously reported mutations and eight novel mutations in our patients. The only detected splice site mutation (IVS3-2A>C) was associated with the insertion mutation in the exon 9. Conclusion: This study, the first molecular genetic analysis of non-ethnic-specific Iranian nephropathic cystinosis patients, may provide guidance for molecular diagnostics of cystinosis in Iran (AU)

Objetivo: En este informe, documentamos las mutaciones del gen CTNS de 28 pacientes iraníes con cistinosis nefropática y una edad de 1-17 años. En un principio, todos presentaron retraso del desarrollo, poliuria y polidipsia. Métodos: En primer lugar, un nefrólogo pediátrico diagnosticó la cistinosis y luego los pacientes fueron trasladados a la clínica genética de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Irán para consulta y análisis molecular, que incluía la multiplicación por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), para determinar la existencia o ausencia de la deleción del fundador del 57kb en el CTNS, seguida por la secuenciación directa de los exones de codificación del CTNS. Resultados: La deleción frecuente del 57kb no se observó en ninguno de los 28 pacientes iraníes. En 14 de los 28 pacientes (50%) se observaron mutaciones en los exones 6 y 7. No se detectó ninguna mutación en el exón 5 y solo un paciente (3,6%) con cistinosis mostró una deleción del 4pb, anteriormente comunicada, en el exón 3 del CTNS. De ellos, 4 pacientes (14,3%) tenían una mutación anteriormente comunicada (c.969C > A; p.N323K) en el exón 11 y 5 (18%) tenían nuevas deleciones homocigóticas en el exón 6 que produjeron el vaciamiento prematuro de la proteína. Entre estas deleciones se puede citar c.323delA; p.Q108RfsX10 en 3 personas y c.257-258delCT; p.S86FfsX37 en 2 casos. Otras mutaciones con desplazamiento del marco de lectura fueron todas nuevas deleciones/inserciones de un par de bases únicas homocigóticas, incluyendo una en el exón 9 del CTNS(c.661insT; p.V221CfsX6) y 4 (14,3%) en el exón 4, es decir, c.92insG; p.V31GfsX28 en 2 y c.120delC; p.T40TfsX10 en 2. En total, en nuestros pacientes se identificaron 8 mutaciones anteriormente comunicadas y 8 mutaciones nuevas. La única mutación del sitio de empalme detectada (IVS3-2A>C) estaba asociada con la mutación de inserción en el exón 9. Conclusión: Este estudio, el primer análisis genético molecular de pacientes iraníes con cistinosis nefropática de carácter no específicamente étnico, puede servir como guía para el diagnóstico molecular de la cistinosis en Irán (AU)

CTNS molecular genetics profile in a Persian nephropathic cystinosis population.

PURPOSE: In this report, we document the CTNS gene mutations of 28 Iranian patients with nephropathic cystinosis age 1-17 years. All presented initially with severe failure to thrive, polyuria, and polydipsia. METHODS: Cystinosis was primarily diagnosed by a pediatric nephrologist and then referred to the Iran University of Medical Sciences genetics clinic for consultation and molecular analysis, which involved polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to determine the presence or absence of the 57-kb founder deletion in CTNS, followed by direct sequencing of the coding exons of CTNS. RESULTS: The common 57-kb deletion was not observed in any of the 28 Iranian patients. In 14 of 28 patients (50%), mutations were observed in exons 6 and 7. No mutation was detected in exon 5, and only one (3.6%) patient with cystinosis showed a previously reported 4-bp deletion in exon 3 of CTNS. Four patients (14.3%) had a previously reported mutation (c.969C>A; p.N323K) in exon 11, and five (18%) had novel homozygous deletions in exon 6 leading to premature truncation of the protein. These deletions included c.323delA; p.Q108RfsX10 in three individuals and c.257-258delCT; p.S86FfsX37 in two cases. Other frame-shift mutations were all novel homozygous single base pair deletion/insertions including one in CTNS exon 9 (c.661insT; p.V221CfsX6), and four (14.3%) in exon 4, i.e., c.92insG; p.V31GfsX28 in two and c.120delC; p.T40TfsX10 in two. In total, we identified eight previously reported mutations and eight novel mutations in our patients. The only detected splice site mutation (IVS3-2A>C) was associated with the insertion mutation in the exon 9. CONCLUSION: This study, the first molecular genetic analysis of non-ethnic-specific Iranian nephropathic cystinosis patients, may provide guidance for molecular diagnostics of cystinosis in Iran.

Therapeutic impacts of microRNAs in breast cancer by their roles in regulating processes involved in this disease.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women around the world. So far, many attempts have been made to treat this disease, but few effective treatments have been discovered. In this work, we reviewed the related articles in the limited period of time, 2000-2016, through search in PubMed, Scopus database, Google Scholar, and psychology and psychiatry literature (PsycINFO). We selected the articles about the correlation of microRNAs (miRNAs) and breast cancer in the insight into therapeutic applicability from mentioned genetics research databases. The miRNAs as an effective therapy for breast cancer was at the center of our attention. Hormone therapy and chemotherapy are two major methods that are being used frequently in breast cancer treatment. In the search for an effective therapy for breast cancer, miRNAs suggest a promising method of treatment. miRNAs are small, noncoding RNAs that can turn genes on or off and can have critical roles in cancer treatment; therefore, in the near future, usage of these biological molecules in breast cancer treatment can be considered a weapon against most common cancer-related concerns in women. Here, we discuss miRNAs and their roles in various aspects of breast cancer treatment to help find an alternative and effective way to treat or even cure this preventable disease.

The importance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes mutations in breast cancer development.

Many factors including genetic, environmental, and acquired are involved in breast cancer development across various societies. Among all of these factors in families with a history of breast cancer throughout several generations, genetics, like predisposing genes to develop this disease, should be considered more. Early detection of mutation carriers in these genes, in turn, can play an important role in its prevention. Because this disease has a high prevalence in half of the global population, female screening of reported mutations in predisposing genes, which have been seen in breast cancer patients, seems necessary. In this review, a number of mutations in two predisposing genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) that occurred in patients with a family history was investigated. We studied published articles about mutations in genes predisposed to breast cancer between 2000 and 2015. We then summarized and classified reported mutations in these two genes to recommend some exons which have a high potential to mutate. According to previous studies, exons have been reported as most mutated exons presented in this article. Considering the large size and high cost of screening all exons in these two genes in patients with a family history, especially in developing countries, the results of this review article can be beneficial and helpful in the selection of exon to screen for patients with this disease.

Does PTEN gene mutation play any role in Li-Fraumeni syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is one of the most serious hereditary cancer syndromes with a high risk of malignancy in childhood. This syndrome is an autosomal dominant cancer predisposing syndrome due to a germline mutation in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene. METHODS: In this study, a representative family case of Li-Fraumeni syndrome is described. The proband of this family was a 43-year-old male who had osteosarcoma of the mandible and a positive family history of cancer. His mother died at the age of 29 of brain cancer; his sister died at the age of 18 of breast cancer; his brother died at the age of 36 of liver cancer; and another sister of his died at the age of 16 of leukemia. Complete sequence analysis of the TP53 and PTEN genes was performed in this family. We used standard diagnostic tools such as sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) to analyze these two genes in this family. The exons and flanking exon-intron junctions of the TP53 and PTEN genes were sequenced. RESULTS: We detected a germline mutation in the TP53 gene in this family that was previously reported as somatic mutation in LFS in the catalogue of somatic mutations in cancer (COSMIC). In addition, according to the International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC) database, a 19-year-old male patient with sarcoma was recently reported to have this germline mutation. We also found two new IVS variations in the PTEN gene, one of which can be a suggestive evidence of an effect on the splicing of PTEN. CONCLUSION: Genomic modifications for tumor risk and genotype-phenotype correlations in LFS are still to be identified. We believe every new finding in this area can provide new insights into the pathogenesis and progression of Li-Fraumeni syndrome.

Analysis of mitochondrial ND1 gene in human colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer as a mortal disease affected both sexes of all ethnic and racial human groups. Former studies have indicated some mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in different human cancers. Complex I NADH has the most subunits encoded by mtDNA. For a better understanding of the mtDNA abnormality in colorectal cancer some genes of this complex is screened for existence of mutations. METHODS: One of the main regions of the mtDNA encoding protein was screened by PCR-RFLP followed by DNA sequencing. The obtained sequences were aligned with the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS). Each alteration recorded as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), deletions or insertions. RESULTS: Eight mutations were found in 15 samples out of 30 studied populations and no mutation detected in other 15 samples. Among these 15 mutated samples, 7 different mutations were found in 7 patients, that means one mutation per patient and the 8th mutation (T4216C) was common in the rest of 8 samples; in other words T4216C mutation in 27% of tested samples was identified (8 patients out of 30 patients). The existence of T4216C mutation was found to be significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) between tumoral patient's tissue and adjacent normal tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that a high frequency of somatic alterations of mtDNA occurs during the carcinogenesis and/or the progression of colorectal cancer. Based on the mtDNA mutation pattern observed in this study and other previously studies it is believed that looking for somatic mutations in mtDNA would be one of the diagnostic values in early detection of cancer.

High rate of mutation in mitochondrial DNA displacement loop region in human colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE: Mitochondrial DNA mutations are found in many kinds of human cancer and the 1.1 kb displacement loop region has been identified as a "hot spot" for mutation in mitochondrial DNA of tumors. This study evaluated the mutation frequencies in hypervariable regions of mitochondrial displacement loop in patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS: We examined the frequency of mutations in the mitochondrial DNA displacement loop region of 40 colorectal cancer samples in comparison to 150 samples from people without any type of familial cancer history, by automated DNA sequencing. Alignment was made with the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence and any differences recorded as single base substitution, insertions, and deletions. RESULTS: Our results showed that the rate of displacement loop variations was higher in colorectal cancer patients than controls. Nineteen single nucleotide polymorphisms were found; among them eighteen occurred in the displacement loop region. CONCLUSIONS: Mutations in mtDNA D-loop region probably do not cause colorectal cancer but are more likely to be epiphenomena; patients with the high mtDNA variants are at a higher risk of colorectal cancer.

Molecular characterization and SNP development for the porcine IL6 and IL10 genes.

Different cytokines are secreted in response to specific microbial molecules referred to as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Interleukin 6 (IL6) and interleukin 10 (IL10), both secreted by macrophages and lymphocytes, play a central role in the immunological response. In this work we obtained the genomic structure and complete DNA sequence of the porcine IL6 and IL10 genes and identified polymorphisms in the genomic sequences of these genes on a panel of ten different pig breeds. Comparative intra- and interbreed sequence analysis revealed a total of eight polymorphisms in the porcine IL6 gene and 21 in the porcine IL10 gene, which include single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion deletion polymorphisms (indels). Additionally, the chromosomal localization of the IL10 gene was determined by FISH and RH mapping.