[Gender characteristics of depressive disorders: clinical, psychological, neurobiological and translational aspects]. / Gendernye osobennosti depressivnykh rasstroistv: kliniko-psikhologicheskie, neirobiologicheskie i translyatsionnye aspekty.

Various studies have indicated that the prevalence of depression is almost twice as high among women as among men. A major factor associated with the development of depression and other affective disorders are adverse and psychologically traumatic life events that contribute to changes in the neuroendocrine system, altering the capacity to adapt to stress. These changes are involved in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, along with genetic and other factors, and are to a significant degree regulated by gender dependent mechanisms. While women have a high prevalence of depressive disorders, men show a higher rate of alcohol and substance abuse. These differences in the epidemiology are most likely explained by different predisposition to mental disorders in men and women and a diversity of biological consequences to adverse life events. Taking this into account, there is a need for a critical review of currently used approaches to modeling depressive disorders in preclinical studies, including the use of animals of both sexes. Adaptation of experimental models and protocols taking into account gender characteristics of neuroendocrine changes in response to stress, as well as structural-morphological, electrophysiological, molecular, genetic and epigenetic features, will significantly increase the translational validity of experimental work.

[Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures in autistic spectrum disorder]. / Psikhogennye neepilepticheskie pristupy pri rasstroistve autisticheskogo spektra.

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are paroxysmal conditions that resemble epileptic seizures, but are not accompanied by epileptiform activity on the electroencephalogram and are not associated with other neurological or somatic disorders. Unrecognized PNES places a heavy burden on the patient and family, and on the health care system. Among many possible combinations of PNES with psychiatric disorders, autistic spectrum disorders are the least studied. This article presents a case of a 19-year-old female patient with autistic spectrum disorder and paroxysmal events and the presence of potentially epileptogenic changes in the brain. A multidisciplinary approach made it possible to diagnose PNEP in the patient.

[Olfactory disorders as a multidisciplinary problem]. / Rasstroistva obonyaniya ­ mezhdistsiplinarnaya problema.

Olfactory dysfunction is a serious symptom that requires careful differential diagnosis. The article presents convincing evidence that dysosmia is not only a symptom of rinological pathology, but also a manifestation of various neurodegenerative diseases. Some patients with SARS-CoV-2 have neurological symptoms. Modern studies show that olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are significant symptoms in the clinical presentation of the COVID-19 infection. The importance of olfactory diagnostics in relatives of patients with hereditary neurodegenerative diseases for the purpose of early detection of pathology is noted. We consider the possibility of introducing new methods for the diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction, which is a promising task both in the field of neurology and otorhinolaryngology, in order to prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases at an early stage, improve the quality of life and social adaptation of patients.

[Prevalence of anxiety separation disorder in adult outpatients with non-psychotic mental disorders]. / Rasprostranennost' trevozhnogo rasstroistva separatsii u vzroslykh ambulatornykh patsientov s psikhicheskimi rasstroistvami nepsikhoticheskogo urovnya.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and symptoms of separation anxiety (SA) and separation anxiety disorder (SAD) in adult outpatients with non-psychotic mental disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five hundred and fifty-seven outpatients over 18 years of age with nonpsychotic mental disorders were examined. Clinical, psychopathological, psychometric (the Adult Separation Anxiety Questionnaire (ASA-27), the Structured Clinical Interview for Anxiety Symptoms (SCI-SAS), the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (QLES-Q) methods were used. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: SAD and SA accompany a wide range of nonpsychotic mental disorders, predominantly anxious and affective, and are highly prevalent among outpatients (24.8% and 5.4%, respectively). Patients with SAD are characterized by a high level of SA; the symptoms specific to SAD predominate in the structure of the disorder. It has been shown that during the manifestation of the disorder in childhood, the range of attachment objects widens with age, and the quality of life in such patients is lower.

[Transcranial direct current stimulation in neurology and psychiatry]. / Transkranial'naya stimulyatsiya postoyannym tokom v nevrologii i psikhiatrii.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive method of modulating brain excitability by low intensity direct current. At present, there are numerous studies of tDCS application in various mental and neurological diseases. In this review, the data of tDCS efficiency in the treatment of different disorders are presented and the recommendations on using this method in clinical practice are given.

[New Technologies in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Brain Deseases: from Neurosciences to the Multidisciplinary Clinical Practice and Maintaining of Mental Health].

Over the past years, the prevalence of brain diseases and, consequently, their social significance and economic burden for society has been steadily increasing throughout the world. Brain diseases are a heterogeneous group of diseases that unite a number of disorders that are within the competence of both neurology and psychiatry, often concurrent or comorbid with each other. Z. P. Soloviev Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry is a leading medical organization in Moscow, which performs a full treatment cycle, studies the data and has postgraduate training programs in this field of medicine. It is conducting a number of relevant research programs; some in collaboration with international clinics. This study deals with the following programs: fundamental aspects of depression and stress-reactivity, suicidal and self-damaging behavior, usage of biofeedback and gravity therapy in rehabilitation and training programs for medical workers in successful communication.

[Apathy in depression: a morphometric analysis]. / Apaticheskaia depressiia: morfimetricheskii analiz.

AIM: To study structural correlates of apathy in patients with late-life depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients (≥60 y.o.) with late-onset depression and 22 age-matched healthy volunteers underwent high resolution brain MRI-scanning, and a comprehensive neuropsychiatric examination including HAM-D and the Apathy Scale. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A morphometric analysis showed that apathy was associated with atrophy of the lateral prefrontal cortex and reduced grey matter volume of the caudate nucleus on the right, and the nucleus accumbens on the left. Depression correlated with reduced thickness of the medial orbitofrontal cortex bilaterally, rostral anterior cingulate gyrus on the left, isthmus cingulate gyrus on the right, and larger surface area of the entorhinal cortex. Total grey matter volume, grey/white matter volumes of the cerebellum, and cortical thickness in temporal and occipital regions were negatively correlated with both apathy and depression severity. Thus, atrophy of basal ganglia and lateral prefrontal cortex, well known neuroanatomical correlates of apathy in different psychiatric and neurological conditions, characterized it in late-life depression too. This supports the idea of independent pathophysiology of apathetic syndrome.

[The problem of multiple somatic and/or psychiatric pathology basic concepts and prevalence]. / Problema mnozhestvennoi somaticheskoi i/ili psikhicheskoi patologii.

The literature of the last decades shows the growing interest to multiple pathologies in medicine including psychiatry and neurology. Multiple pathology is often determined as multimorbidity or comorbidity. Multiple pathology is a common phenomenon, which is the rule rather than the exception. In the medical care system, it is burden for the patient and for the physician in clinical, organizational and economic aspects. The review addresses all these issues in the aspect of terminology and prevalence.

[The efficacy of pharmacological approaches to therapy of the apathy syndrome in dementia disorders (the review)]. / Éffektivnost' farmakologicheskikh podkhodov k terapii sindroma apatii pri dementsii.

The article presents a literature review of psychopharmacological methods of treatment of the apathy syndrome, which is common in neurocognitive disorders. The review provides recommendations for the management of such patients, taking into account evidence-based medicine.

[Anxiety disorders in epilepsy]. / Trevozhnye rasstroistva pri épilepsii.

This review is devoted to the place of anxiety disorders in the spectrum of psychiatric comorbidity in patients with epilepsy. The authors present general characteristics of anxiety manifestations and current views on the classification and qualification of anxiety disorders in such patients. Recent data show the relationship of anxiety with different forms of epilepsy, demographic and gender characteristics, localization of epileptic focus. The problem of bidirectional relationship of anxiety and epilepsy as well as the temporal relationship between anxiety and epileptic states are considered.

[Neuronet restructuring in focal and generalized epilepsy according to resting state fMRI]. / Neirosetevye perestroiki pri fokal'noi i generalizovannoi épilepsii po dannym fMRT pokoia.

AIM: To compare neuronet restructuring in focal and generalized epilepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-seven patients, aged from 18 to 65 years, with the diagnosis of epilepsy, including 63 patients with focal epilepsy and 14 with generalized epilepsy, were examined. A control group included 23 healthy people. Neuronet restructuring was studied using fMRI. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: According to resting state fMRI, there were between-group differences in spatial organization (activity map) of the brain structures as well as in the results of cross-correlation analysis of interaction maps of resting-state networks. It has been concluded that functional restructuring in connectomes in focal and generalized epilepsy have the opposite patterns of disorganization (toward increase or decrease) in most structures studied though there are structures with the same direction of connectivity changes.

[Interictal dysphoric disorder: a current state of the problem]. / Mezhpristupnoe disforicheskoe rasstroistvo: sovremennoe sostoianie problemy.

The authors present a clinical description of interictal dysphoric disorder in patients with epilepsy compared to other similar disorders. The comorbidities of epilepsy and affective disorders, including atypical forms, are reviewed. Clinical aspects of affective somatoform syndrome are discussed.

Genetic Analysis of BDNF, GNB3, MTHFR, ACE and APOE Variants in Major and Recurrent Depressive Disorders in Russia.

This study was conducted to explore the possibility of association between the single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs6264 of BDNF, rs5443 of GNB3, and rs1801133 of MTHFR; the In/Del polymorphism of ACE; and the ε2 allele of APOE and major depressive disorder (MDD) and recurrent depressive disorder (RDD) in an East Slavic population. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) method was applied to detect gene-gene interactions. One hundred fifty patients with RDD (101 females and 49 males) and 208 patients with MDD (115 females and 93 males) were included in the study. The comparison group consisted of 200 unrelated individuals. There was no significant difference in genotype distributions or allele frequencies between the controls and any of the diagnostic groups. Nevertheless, the frequency of the G allele of rs1801133 of MTHFR was higher in the RDD group and the frequency of the C allele of rs6264 of BDNF was higher in the MDD group. The difference between the controls and specific disease groups almost reached statistical significance (P = 0.08). A GMDR did not reveal optimal two- and three-dimensional models with significant prediction accuracies (P ˃ 0.05) for the MDD or RDD groups.

[Depression and epilepsy: comorbidities, pathogenesis, principles of therapy]. / Depressiya i epilepsiya: komorbidnost', patogeneticheskoe skhodstvo, printsipy terapii.

Numerous trials of last years confirm the bilateral link between depression and epilepsy with mutual complication of both diseases. Depression increases the risk of the first unprovoked paroxysm, worsens the compliance of epileptic patients, leads to decrease of the response both to therapeutic and surgical treatment and to increase of side effects of antiepileptic drugs. Depression is associated with high risk of suicidal behavior and reduces the quality of life level. Depression in epileptic patients is characterized by atypical clinical course in most cases what makes its diagnostics difficult and becomes the reason of the absence of the necessary pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic treatment. All of the above creates significant economical burden for the community because the epileptic patient with comorbid depression visits the physicians 2-4 times more often.

[Biological basis of suicidal behavior]. / Biologicheskie osnovy suitsidal'nogo povedeniia.

Based on current clinical and classification concepts of suicidality, the biological parameters characteristic of suicidal behavior, completed and uncompleted suicides reported in the last few decades are discussed. The results obtained in the studies of neurotransmitter and other brain systems, immune system, lipid and other types of metabolism as well as data of neuroimaging brain studies and post-mortem investigation of brain structures are presented.

[The «Dialogue¼ or the «Conflict of interests¼ between psychiatrists and neurologists: results of a focus group interview]. / «Dialog¼ ili «konflikt interesov¼ psikhiatrov i nevrologov (rezul'taty fokusirovannogo gruppovogo interv'yu).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics of interdisciplinary interactions between neurologists and psychiatrists in treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders, including prognostic aspects, and the responsibility of the doctor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A scenario of an interview included similar questions related to diagnosis, examination and the treatment of patients with anxiety and depressive disorders. Ten neurologists and 10 psychiatrists have completed the interview. RESULTS: The characteristics of the management of patients, the absence of the joint management and interactions, subjective adherence to definite drugs and methods were shown. CONCLUSION: The intersection of professional interests for both specialties because of the similarities of the groups of patients in the conditions of concurrent interdisciplinary interactions makes up the reason for the conflict between them. An introduction of an interdisciplinary model of interactions between the physicians and specified continual education in adjacent fields of medicine will resolve this situation.

[The effect of childhood stress on the development of mental disorders in adults].

There is evidence that not only severe stressful events, but also common low-threat events, in particular chronic ones, may cause or provoke some mental disorders. The literature data on the degree of pathogenicity of stress factors are insufficient. Authors attempted to summarize the established facts in the following aspects: current conceptions on the physiology and pathology of stress in the frames of the problem of psychosomatic disorders, deprivation in childhood, neurobiological consequences of childhood stress, psychiatric consequences of stress in childhood. Authors believe that this problem demands further investigation to find possible predictors of mental disorders in patients who had experienced stressful life events in childhood.