RESUMO
The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a two-way communication system that is influenced by signals from the nervous system, hormones, metabolism, the immune system, and microbes. The GBA may play a key role in gastrointestinal and neurological illnesses. Signaling events from the gut can regulate brain function. As a result, mounting data point to a connection between autoimmune disorders (AIDs), both neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, and the GBA. Clinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies have shown that a variety of neurological illnesses are linked to alterations in the intestinal environment, which are suggestive of disease-mediated inter-organ communication between the gut and the brain. This review's objective is to draw attention to the clinical and biological relationship between the gut and the brain, as well as the clinical importance of this relationship for AIDs, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation. We also discuss the dysbiosis in the gut microbiota that has been linked to various AIDs, and we make some assumptions about how dietary changes such as prebiotics and probiotics may be able to prevent or treat AIDs by restoring the composition of the gut microbiota and regulating metabolites.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of efpeglenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The study was reported according to the 2020 guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases were searched by two authors independently, with no restriction on language and year of publication, using the following key terms: (efpeglenatide) OR (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist) AND (type 2 diabetes) OR (diabetes) OR (T2DM) AND (HbA1c) OR (FSG) OR (fasting serum glucose) OR (weight) OR (bodyweight) OR (adverse events) OR (safety) OR (AE). Outcomes assessed in this meta-analysis included change in hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) from baseline (%), change in weight from baseline (Kg), and change in fasting serum glucose (FSG) from baselines. For the safety analysis, we assessed total adverse events and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events. A total of four studies fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis, encompassing six randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Compared with a control group, efpeglenatide lowered the HbA1c (mean difference (MD): -0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.01 to -0.60), body weight (MD: -1.15, 95% CI: -1.82 to -0.47), and FSG (MD: -0.98, 95% CI: -1.19 to -0.77). However, the risk of GI-related adverse events was significantly higher in the efpeglenatide group compared to the control group.