Development of national framework for health status and health system performance indicators in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: The global shift to value-based care has highlighted the necessity for performance measurement in healthcare. While the implementation may be incomplete, governments and providers have been moving towards value-based models of care delivery, funding and performance measurement. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this report is to illustrate the steps taken in designing the framework in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), using a 4-step approach: Key Input Analysis, Hierarchy Design, Indicator Analysis and Selection, and Indicator Profile Development. Furthermore, it presents a comprehensive view of the indicators collected to measure performance at the level of the Health System and Health Status in KSA and highlights main patient concerns, thus providing an overview of a new, unified national framework. METHODS: The methodology entailed examined the following components' remits and roles, reporting mechanisms and channels, and performance indicators across all pertinent National Health agencies (NHA), by conducting a SWOT analysis of each of the components across the ecosystem. Engagement with the Steering Committee members was achieved through research and interviews. RESULTS: A total of 109 indicators were identified, of which 51 were Health Status Indicator Profiles and 58 Health System Indicators. The indicator profiles were developed with consideration of the KSA context in terms of the healthcare ecosystem as it stands today. The findings of this report, alongside the best practices arising from the benchmarking, will be key inputs into the design of the National Framework. CONCLUSION: The regulatory entity has set out to establish a National Framework, which aims to unify performance measurement in KSA from both health system and public health perspectives across all sectors providing healthcare services, based on a list of prioritized KPIs and their complete profiles, outlining the formulae, key responsibilities, and reporting mechanisms pertaining to each one.

National medicines policy development, Saudi Arabia.

Medicines are at the core of every health system. The World Health Organization recommends countries develop national medicines policies that guide production, procurement, prescription and provision of medicines so that people can access the medicines they need at prices they can afford, while avoiding irrational use. However, the development of such policies is rarely straightforward. We describe important components of the national medicines policy in Saudi Arabia, which was developed within a broader transformation of the health system and the economy. The new policy formalizes existing best practices, shapes emerging policies and sets a direction for future development in four main areas. First, the policy seeks to consolidate institutional roles to provide greater cohesion; second it aims to reshape procurement and prescribing habits, with a greater focus on cost containment; third, it lays out policies which focus on assuring a secure supply of good-quality medicines, including essential medicines with limited profit potential and new products. Finally, the policy supports the growth of the domestic pharmaceutical industry, including the development of human resources. Many sectors and institutions joined in the development of the medicines policy, which was underpinned by a review of the past and current pharmaceutical context in Saudi Arabia, and good practices globally. The resulting policy was built on evidence and endeavours to give clear direction to the pharmaceutical industry and implementing agencies on rules and requirements, professional norms and institutional roles. At the same time, it maintains flexibility to allow for adaptation in a rapidly evolving institutional landscape.

Les médicaments sont au cœur de tout système de santé. L'Organisation mondiale de la Santé recommande aux pays d'élaborer des politiques pharmaceutiques nationales qui déterminent la production, l'obtention, la prescription et la fourniture de médicaments, afin que la population puisse accéder aux traitements requis à un prix abordable sans toutefois tomber dans un usage irrationnel. Mais cette élaboration est rarement simple. Dans le présent document, nous abordons les principaux aspects de la politique pharmaceutique nationale en Arabie saoudite, développée dans le cadre d'une vaste transformation de l'économie et du système de santé. Cette nouvelle politique officialise les bonnes pratiques existantes, façonne les projets émergents et définit une orientation pour l'évolution future dans quatre domaines clés. Premièrement, elle cherche à renforcer le rôle des institutions pour améliorer la cohésion. Deuxièmement, elle vise à remanier les habitudes d'obtention et de prescription, en se focalisant sur la maîtrise des coûts. Troisièmement, elle établit des mesures destinées à assurer un approvisionnement sûr en médicaments de qualité, y compris en nouveaux produits et médicaments essentiels au potentiel de rentabilité limité. Et quatrièmement, elle soutient la croissance de l'industrie pharmaceutique dans le pays, notamment le développement des ressources humaines. De nombreux secteurs et institutions ont contribué à l'élaboration de cette politique, qui s'appuie sur une analyse du contexte pharmaceutique antérieur et actuel en Arabie saoudite ainsi que sur les bonnes pratiques mondiales. Le résultat repose sur des éléments et efforts tangibles. Il montre clairement à l'industrie pharmaceutique et aux organismes de mise en œuvre la marche à suivre en matière de règles et d'exigences, de normes professionnelles et de rôles institutionnels. Et dans le même temps, il prévoit suffisamment de flexibilité pour s'adapter à un paysage institutionnel en constante mutation.

Los medicamentos son el núcleo de todo el sistema sanitario. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda a los países que desarrollen políticas nacionales de medicamentos que guíen la producción, la adquisición, la prescripción y el suministro de estos, de modo que las personas puedan acceder a los medicamentos que necesitan a precios que puedan pagar, evitando al mismo tiempo un uso irracional. Sin embargo, la elaboración de estas políticas no suele ser sencilla. En este documento se describen componentes importantes de la política nacional de medicamentos en Arabia Saudita, que se desarrolló en el marco de una transformación más amplia del sistema sanitario y la economía. La nueva política formaliza las mejores prácticas existentes, da forma a las políticas emergentes y establece una dirección para el desarrollo futuro en cuatro áreas principales. En primer lugar, la política busca consolidar las funciones institucionales para proporcionar una mayor cohesión; en segundo lugar, pretende remodelar los hábitos de adquisición y prescripción, centrándose más en la contención de los costes; en tercer lugar, establece políticas que se centran en asegurar el suministro de medicamentos de buena calidad, incluidos los productos nuevos y los medicamentos esenciales con un potencial de beneficio limitado. Por último, la política apoya el crecimiento de la industria farmacéutica nacional, incluido el desarrollo de los recursos humanos. Varios sectores e instituciones participaron en la elaboración de la política de medicamentos, que se sustentó en una revisión del contexto farmacéutico pasado y actual en Arabia Saudita, y de las buenas prácticas a nivel mundial. La política resultante se creó a partir de pruebas y se esfuerza por dar una orientación clara a la industria farmacéutica y a los organismos de ejecución sobre las reglas y requisitos, las normas profesionales y las funciones institucionales. Asimismo, mantiene la flexibilidad para permitir la adaptación en un panorama institucional que evoluciona muy rápido.

The capacity of primary health care facilities in Saudi Arabia: infrastructure, services, drug availability, and human resources.

BACKGROUND: Primary healthcare (PHC) is an essential component of an effective healthcare system. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's (KSA) health reforms prioritize tackling the increasing noncommunicable disease burden by prioritizing PHC, centering it as the core of the newly proposed Model of Care. To identify challenges and opportunities to scale up PHC capacity, understanding the current capacity of primary health care centers (PHCC) is critical. A limited number of publications review PHC capacity in KSA, focusing on specific regions/sectors; this paper is a first to examine PHC capacity on a national level. METHODS: The study uses a countrywide Facility Survey that collected data in 2018 from 2319 PHCCs, generating information on their characteristics, number of health workers, services provided, and capacity elements captured through the Service Availability and Drug Availability constructed indices. Descriptive analysis was performed by rural-urban classification. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions were used to understand correlates to health workers and equipment availability. Finally, a logistic regression was fitted for selected services. Regressions controlled for various measures to determine correlates with facilities' capacity. RESULTS: On a national level, there are 0.74 PHCCs per 10,000 population in KSA. There are variations in the distribution of PHCCs across regions and within regions across rural and urban areas. PHCCs in urban areas have more examination rooms but lower examination room densities. Offering 24 × 7 services in PHCCs is infrequent and dependency on paper-based medical recording remains common. More urban regions are more likely to offer general services but less likely to offer burn management and emergency services. PHCCs are mostly staffed with general medicine, family medicine, and obstetrics & gynecology physicians, whose numbers are more concentrated in urban areas; however, their densities are higher in rural areas. Finally, psychiatrists and nutritionists are rare to find in PHCCs. CONCLUSIONS: Decision-makers need to consider several factors when designing PHC policies. For instance, PHC accreditation needs to be prioritized given its positive correlation with service provision and health workers availability. PHC 24 × 7 operation also needs considerations in rural areas due to the high dependency on PHCCs. Finally, there is a substantial need for improvements in e-health.