Serum amyloid-A protein and serum rheumatoid factor as serological surrogate markers for smoking risk factor in Saudi population.

Tobacco smoking represents major national and international health hazard that interferes with wide range of physiological functions and biomarkers. In the current study we have investigated the influence of tobacco smoking on some biological markers such as serum amyloid protein-A, rheumatoid factor, serum glucose level and lipid profile in Saudi population. The fore mentioned parameters were investigated in a total of 275 cases in 3 different age categories (less than 20 years old, 20-40 years old and older than 40 years old). Long term survey was adopted in all cases; yet, lightly smoking and heavily smoking groups were compared to never smoking healthy population. Results obtained showed significant increase in serum amyloid protein-A and rheumatoid factor in correlation to the degree of smoking nonetheless in the age category older than 40 years old. Serum glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol was not affected by smoking in all studied age categories; however serum LDL-cholesterol was elevated and serum HDL-cholesterol was depressed in correlation to the degree of smoking in all age categories. In conclusion, tobacco smoking represents major cardiovascular risk factor in Saudi population in all age categories and serum amyloid protein-A and rheumatoid factor might be used as a serological surrogate marker for such risk.

Molybdenum hydroxylase super family shows circadian activity fluctuation in mice liver: emphasis on aldehyde hydroxylase and xanthine oxidase.

Non-CYP oxidase enzymes are important system in biotransformation of drugs and environmental pollutants. Molybdenum containing oxidase enzymes such as aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase are constitutive tissue enzymes that metabolize several drug moieties. Herein, we evaluated the circadian rhythm of these two enzymes in mice liver using different substrate/oxygen donor couples. Aldehyde oxidase showed typical rhythmic fluctuation with peak activity at night cycle and minimum activity at light cycle using pthalazine/ferricyanide and 3-methylisoquinoline/ferricyanide substrates. On the other hand, xanthine oxidase showed interrupted diurnal rhythm, however peak and minimum enzyme activities were similar to aldehyde oxidase circadian rhythm. In conclusion, diurnal rhythm of both molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes was confirmed and validated in mice liver tissue that might provide further insights in the experimental evaluation of phase-I pharmacokinetics for new drugs.