RESUMO
Purpose: Urinary tract infections exert a significant negative impact on an individual's quality of life and cause significant economic and public health burdens. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the common bacterial uropathogens associated with urinary tract infections in Wad Medani patients and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. All urine samples were collected from patients at Wad Medani and investigated at the Pathology Center for Diagnosis and Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Sudan, from the 1st of January 2021 to the 15th of October 2023. Results: A total of 2698 urine samples were analyzed during the three years study period, with a mean age of 45.29 ± 18.9 years. Among these patients, 1108 (41.8%) were positive for bacterial growth, and 888 (80.14%) were female. A total of 522 (47.1%) were gram positive bacteria (GPB), and 586 (52.9%) were gram negative bacteria (GNB). The most frequently isolated bacteria were S. aureus 42% (465/1108) and E. coli 38.5% (427/1108), while P. aeruginosa was less detected 3.4% (38/1108). Amikacin 91.5% was the most sensitive drug to isolated GPB, while cotrimoxazole 20.9% was the least sensitive drug. In particular, amikacin 94.1% (144/153) was the most sensitive drug to S. aureus, while cotrimoxazole 20.7% (80/386) was the least sensitive drug. Moreover, amikacin 91.5% was the most sensitive drug to the isolated GNB, while ampicillin 5.7% was the least sensitive drug. Notably, amikacin was the most sensitive drug to all the isolated GNB, and ampicillin was the least sensitive drug to all the isolated GNB. Conclusion: This study reported a moderate uropathogen isolation rate of 41.8%. S. aureus and E. coli were the most frequently isolated bacteria, most of which were from female patients. Remarkably, amikacin was the most sensitive drug to isolated GNB and GPB.
RESUMO
Pathogens including viruses evolve in tandem with diversity in their animal and human hosts. For SARS-coV2, the focus is generally for understanding such coevolution on the virus spike protein, since it demonstrates high mutation rates compared to other genome regions, particularly in the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Viral sequences of the SARS-coV2 19B (S) clade and variants of concern from different continents were investigated, with a focus on the A.29 lineage, which presented with different mutational patterns within the 19B (S) lineages in order to learn more about how SARS-coV2 may have evolved and adapted to widely diverse populations globally. Results indicated that SARS-coV2 went through evolutionary constrains and intense selective pressure, particularly in Africa. This was manifested in a departure from neutrality with excess nonsynonymous mutations and a negative Tajima D consistent with rapid expansion and directional selection as well as deletion and deletion-frameshifts in the N-terminal domain (NTD region) of the spike protein. In conclusion, we hypothesize that viral transmission during epidemics through populations of diverse genomic structures and marked complexity may be a significant factor for the virus to acquire distinct patterns of mutations within these populations in order to ensure its survival and fitness, explaining the emergence of novel variants and strains.
