Análisis del impacto presupuestal en Colombia de la prueba de HPV con genotipificación comparada con la citología / Budget impact analysis of primary screening with the HPV test and genotyping against conventional cytology in Colombia

Introducción. La detección del virus del papiloma humano mediante la combinación de la prueba de HPV y otras técnicas como la citología, ha demostrado su eficacia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno de lesiones asociadas con el cáncer de cuello uterino. Objetivo. Estimar el impacto presupuestal de la estrategia de detección temprana del HPV mediante la prueba de genotipificación combinada con la citología en comparación con la citología convencional, en mujeres de 30 a 65 años participantes en el programa de tamizaje de cáncer de cuello uterino en una Entidad Administradora del Plan de Beneficios en salud (EAPB) en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Utilizando un árbol de decisiones y un modelo de Markov, se estimaron las implicaciones clínicas y los costos directos anuales de dos ciclos de tamizaje, diagnóstico y tratamiento, en una cohorte de mujeres. Las prevalencias de los resultados clínicos y los costos se tomaron de la base de datos de una EAPB y la información de la progresión, persistencia y regresión de los estados de salud provinieron del estudio ATHENA. Resultados. El esquema de tamizaje con la prueba de HPV, la genotipificación y la citología resultó en un ahorro de costos comparado con la citología convencional. El costo promedio por ciclo de tamizaje con la prueba de HPV se estimó en COP $129'201.363 y con la citología en COP $186'309.952, es decir, un ahorro de COP $57'108.589 (30,7 %). Conclusión. La implementación de la estrategia de tamizaje evaluada sugiere que habría ahorros derivados de la detección temprana de los estados de salud asociados con el desarrollo de cáncer de cuello uterino.

Introduction: The detection of the human papillomavirus (HPV) through the combination of the HPV test and other techniques such as cytology has impacted the detection and timely treatment of lesions associated with cervical cancer. Objective: To estimate the budgetary impact of the strategy of early detection of HPV with DNA test genotyping with reflex cytology versus conventional cytology in women aged 30 to 65 years attending the cervical cancer screening program at a health benefit managing entity in Colombia. Materials and methods: Using a decision tree and a Markov model, the clinical implications and direct costs of screening, diagnosis, and treatment were estimated in a cohort of women. The analysis considered two screening cycles and their annual costs. The data on the prevalence of clinical results and the costs were taken from the health managing entity. The information on the progression, persistence, and regression of the health states were taken from the ATHENA study. Results: The screening scheme with the HPV test, genotyping, and reflex cytology compared to conventional cytology was cost-saving. The average cost per screening cycle with the HPV test was estimated at COP $ 129,201,363 and with cytology at COP $ 186,309,952, i.e., a saving of COP $ 57,108,589 (30.7%). Conclusion: The implementation of the screening strategy under evaluation suggests prospective savings derived from the early detection of health states associated with the development of cervical cancer.

Prevalencia del cáncer en una aseguradora en salud en Colombia, 2013 / Cancer prevalence in a health insurance organization in Colombia, 2013

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer es una de las principales causas de muerte no violenta en el mundo, se calcula que anualmente se presentan más de 11 millones de casos nuevos, de los cuales 80% se presentan en países en vías de desarrollo. Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia del cáncer en una población afiliada a una aseguradora en salud en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en una cohorte de 11.500 pacientes con cáncer de una aseguradora en salud, identificados a partir de los sistemas de información de la compañía, durante los años 2010 a 2013, se analizaron los datos a través de frecuencias, tasas y razón de prevalencias. Resultados: La prevalencia general de cáncer fue de 543 por 100.000 afiliados. La mayor proporción de los casos (67%) se presentaron en mayores de 50 años. Las ciudades con mayor prevalencia fueron Manizales, Cali, Pereira y Neiva. Los tipos de cáncer más prevalentes fueron mama, otros sólidos, próstata, piel y tiroides. La prevalencia de cáncer infantil fue de 65 por 100.000 menores de 18 años afiliados. Las leucemias linfoides agudas, los tumores malignos cerebrales y los linfomas fueron las neoplasias más frecuentes en la población infantil. Conclusiones: Este es el primer estudio de prevalencia de cáncer en una población asegurada en Colombia, con lo cual se establece una herramienta que permite planear servicios, proporcionar estrategias de tamización, auditoría y evaluación de resultados en un contexto de aseguramiento y gestión del riesgo en salud.

Introduction: Cancer is one of the leading causes of non-violent death in the world. An estimated eleven million new cases occur worldwide every year, of which 80% occurred in developing countries. Objective: To determine the prevalence of cancer in a population affiliated to a health care insurance organization in Colombia. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on a cohort of 11,500 patients with cancer affiliated to a health care organization. The patients were identified from the information systems of the company, during the years 2010-2013. Data were analysed using frequencies, rates, and prevalence ratio. Results: The overall prevalence of cancer was 543 per 100,000 members. The largest proportion of cases (67%) occurred in patients older than 50 years. The cities with the highest prevalence were Manizales, Cali, Pereira and Neiva. The most prevalent cancer types were breast, other solid tumours, prostate, skin, and thyroid. The prevalence of childhood cancer was 65 per 100,000 members under 18 years. Acute lymphoid leukaemia, malignant brain tumours, and lymphomas were the most common malignancies in children. Conclusions: This is the first study of the prevalence of cancer in an insured population in Colombia, becoming a tool for planning services, provide screening strategies, auditing and evaluation of results in the context of health insurance and risk management.

High mortality in patients with influenza A pH1N1 2009 admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit: a predictive model of mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of patients admitted to pediatric intensive care with influenza A (pH1N1) 2009 in Argentina. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: Thirteen pediatric intensive care units in Argentina. SUBJECTS: One hundred and forty-two patients with confirmed or suspected influenza A (H1N1). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We included 142 critically ill patients. The median age was 19 months (range, 2-110 months) with 39% of the patients <24 months of age. Ninety-nine patients (70%) had an underlying disease. Influenza A (pH1N1) 2009 infection was confirmed in 90 patients and the remaining 52 had a positive direct immunofluorescence assay for influenza A. The median length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit was 12 days (range, 2-52 days). One hundred eighteen patients (83%) received invasive mechanical ventilation and 19 patients were treated with noninvasive ventilation; however, seven of the patients receiving noninvasive ventilation later needed mechanical ventilation. Sixty-eight patients died (47%) with the most frequent cause refractory hypoxemia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age <24 months (odds ratio, 2.87; 2.35-3.93), asthma (odds ratio, 1.34; 1.20-2.91), and respiratory coinfection with respiratory syncytial virus (odds ratio, 2.92; 1.20-4.10) were associated with higher mortality. As expected, mechanical ventilation and treatment with inotropes were also associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality of children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with 2009 pH1N1 influenza was high (47%) in our population. Age <24 months, asthma, respiratory coinfection, need of mechanical ventilation, and treatment with inotropes were predictors of poorer outcome.