Rural-urban focus of canine visceral leishmaniosis in the far western region of Santa Catarina State, Brazil.

The aim of this work was to investigate the occurrence of canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL) in the far western region of Santa Catarina State, bordering Argentina and Parana State, southern Brazil, where in recent years, VL has been recorded in both dogs and humans. Clinical signs, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for Leishmania investigation. Among the 252 dogs surveyed, 41 were positive by ELISA assay, 43 in IFAT (titer>40), and 55 by PCR. From the 48 positive for VL by both serological and molecular methods, 19 (39.6%) presented clinical symptoms of leishmaniosis, 35 (72.9%) were from rural areas, and 13 (27.1%) were from urban areas. This pilot study confirms the occurrence of VL among dogs in the far western region of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, with high risk of CVL outbreaks and presenting a threat to humans.

Identification of mimotopes of Mycobacterium leprae as potential diagnostic reagents.

BACKGROUND: An early diagnostic test for detecting infection in leprosy is fundamental for reducing patients' sequelae. The currently used lepromin is not adequate for disease diagnosis and, so far, no antigen to be used in intradermoreaction has proved to be sensitive and specific for that purpose. Aiming at identifying new reagents to be used in skin tests, candidate antigens were investigated. METHODS: Random peptide phage display libraries were screened by using antibodies from leprosy patients in order to identify peptides as diagnostic reagents. RESULTS: Seven different phage clones were identified using purified antibodies pooled from sera of leprosy patients. When the clones were tested with serum samples by ELISA, three of them, 5A, 6A and 1B, allowed detecting a larger number of leprosy patients when compared to controls. The corresponding peptides expressed by selected phage clones were chemically synthesized. A pilot study was undertaken to assess the use of peptides in skin tests. The intradermal challenge with peptides in animals previously sensitized with Mycobacterium leprae induced a delayed-type hypersensitivity with peptide 5A (2/5) and peptide 1B (1/5). In positive controls, there was a 3/5 reactivity for lepromin and a 4/5 reactivity of the sensitized animals with soluble extract of M. leprae. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary data suggest that may be possible to develop reagents with diagnostic potential based on peptide mimotopes selected by phage display using polyclonal human antibodies.

PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis as a tool for Mycobacterium species identification in lepromas for lepromin production.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present work was to standardise a PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis (PRA) as a tool to detect the mycobacteriologic composition of lepromas from leprosy patients used in the production of lepromin to improve the quality of the Mitsuda test. DESIGN: PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis using hsp65 and rpoB genes were applied to 11 reference strains of mycobacteria, including M. leprae, and the obtained PRA profiles were compared to mycobacteria in clinical specimens. RESULTS: Out of the biopsies studied, 522% had DNA fragment amplified for both genes (hsp65 and rpoB) for M. leprae. However, other Mycobacterium species were observed in samples of lepromatous leprosy patients. Here we discussed the importance of mycobacteria identification in the antigen of Mitsuda production to be used in the evaluation of leprosy. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the use of the molecular approach for sample selection can contribute to an improvement in the quality of produced lepromin.