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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intraoperative red blood cell (RBC) salvage is frequently used in contemporary spine surgery, despite clinical concern in its efficacy as a surrogate for blood-banked allogeneic packed RBCs (pRBCs). During spine surgery, salvaged RBCs (sRBCs) are exposed to injurious high-heat electrocautery, prolonged stasis, and abrasive pharmaceuticals, potentially making sRBCs a poor blood substitute. We therefore sought to scientifically and objectively define the quality of sRBCs in the context of complex spine surgery. METHODS: This is a single-center, prospective, nonrandomized controlled trial of patients undergoing posterior-based multilevel thoracolumbar instrumented fusion for spinal deformity with planned use of intraoperative RBC salvage between June 2022 and July 2023. Surgeries were performed by fellowship-trained spinal neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons. The participants were split based on transfusion of sRBCs (given sufficient yield) vs no sRBC transfusion. Primary outcomes were RBC electrolyte composition, indices, deformability, and integrity, which were evaluated in comparison blood samples: Baseline, pRBC, and sRBC. Secondary outcomes were related to clinical effects of sRBC transfusion. Morphological assessment used Stimulated Raman Histology and machine learning. Deformability was assessed using ektacytometry. RESULTS: A total of 174 patients were included. The mean age was 50.2years ±25.4, 58.6% was female, the mean level fused was 10.0 ± 3.9, and 58.0% received sRBCs (median 207.0 mL). sRBCs differed significantly on standard laboratory measures, had a high proportion (30.7%) of shrunken and irregularly spiculated morphologies, and demonstrated abnormal deformability and relaxation kinetics. The hemolysis index was significantly elevated in sRBCs (2.9 ± 1.8) compared with Baseline samples and pRBCs (P < .01). Transfusion of sRBCs was associated with suboptimal resuscitation and provided no practical clinical benefit. CONCLUSION: RBCs salvaged during posterior thoracolumbar spine surgery are irreversibly injured, with hemolysis index exceeding Food and Drug Administration and Council of Europe transfusion standards in all samples, questioning their efficacy and safety as a blood substitute.
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The most widely used fluorophore in glioma-resection surgery, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), is thought to cause the selective accumulation of fluorescent protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in tumour cells. Here we show that the clinical detection of PpIX can be improved via a microscope that performs paired stimulated Raman histology and two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy (TPEF). We validated the technique in fresh tumour specimens from 115 patients with high-grade gliomas across four medical institutions. We found a weak negative correlation between tissue cellularity and the fluorescence intensity of PpIX across all imaged specimens. Semi-supervised clustering of the TPEF images revealed five distinct patterns of PpIX fluorescence, and spatial transcriptomic analyses of the imaged tissue showed that myeloid cells predominate in areas where PpIX accumulates in the intracellular space. Further analysis of external spatially resolved metabolomics, transcriptomics and RNA-sequencing datasets from glioblastoma specimens confirmed that myeloid cells preferentially accumulate and metabolize PpIX. Our findings question 5-ALA-induced fluorescence in glioma cells and show how 5-ALA and TPEF imaging can provide a window into the immune microenvironment of gliomas.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioma , Protoporfirinas , Análise Espectral Raman , Protoporfirinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Glioma/patologia , Glioma/metabolismo , Glioma/cirurgia , Glioma/diagnóstico por imagem , Análise Espectral Raman/métodos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Microscopia de Fluorescência/métodos , Ácido Aminolevulínico/metabolismo , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
The authors present a historical overview of NYU-Bellevue Neurosurgery, highlighting key events and influential faculty. Bellevue Hospital, the first public hospital in the US, was established in 1736 and has grown via its affiliation with New York University (now NYU Langone Health) from 1898 to the present. It maintains a strong commitment to serving disadvantaged populations of New York City and beyond. NYU-Bellevue Neurosurgery began as a department in 1951 under Dr. Thomas Hoen and has since fostered notable faculty and graduates while contributing to the development of clinical neuroscience.
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During early Drosophila embryogenesis, a network of gene regulatory interactions orchestrates terminal patterning, playing a critical role in the subsequent formation of the gut. We utilized CRISPR gene editing at endogenous loci to create live reporters of transcription and light-sheet microscopy to monitor the individual components of the posterior gut patterning network across 90 min prior to gastrulation. We developed a computational approach for fusing imaging datasets of the individual components into a common multivariable trajectory. Data fusion revealed low intrinsic dimensionality of posterior patterning and cell fate specification in wild-type embryos. The simple structure that we uncovered allowed us to construct a model of interactions within the posterior patterning regulatory network and make testable predictions about its dynamics at the protein level. The presented data fusion strategy is a step toward establishing a unified framework that would explore how stochastic spatiotemporal signals give rise to highly reproducible morphogenetic outcomes.
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Padronização Corporal , Proteínas de Drosophila , Drosophila melanogaster , Endoderma , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Animais , Padronização Corporal/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Endoderma/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no DesenvolvimentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Accurate specimen analysis of skull base tumors is essential for providing personalized surgical treatment strategies. Intraoperative specimen interpretation can be challenging because of the wide range of skull base pathologies and lack of intraoperative pathology resources. OBJECTIVE: To develop an independent and parallel intraoperative workflow that can provide rapid and accurate skull base tumor specimen analysis using label-free optical imaging and artificial intelligence. METHODS: We used a fiber laser-based, label-free, nonconsumptive, high-resolution microscopy method (<60 seconds per 1 × 1 mm2), called stimulated Raman histology (SRH), to image a consecutive, multicenter cohort of patients with skull base tumor. SRH images were then used to train a convolutional neural network model using 3 representation learning strategies: cross-entropy, self-supervised contrastive learning, and supervised contrastive learning. Our trained convolutional neural network models were tested on a held-out, multicenter SRH data set. RESULTS: SRH was able to image the diagnostic features of both benign and malignant skull base tumors. Of the 3 representation learning strategies, supervised contrastive learning most effectively learned the distinctive and diagnostic SRH image features for each of the skull base tumor types. In our multicenter testing set, cross-entropy achieved an overall diagnostic accuracy of 91.5%, self-supervised contrastive learning 83.9%, and supervised contrastive learning 96.6%. Our trained model was able to segment tumor-normal margins and detect regions of microscopic tumor infiltration in meningioma SRH images. CONCLUSION: SRH with trained artificial intelligence models can provide rapid and accurate intraoperative analysis of skull base tumor specimens to inform surgical decision-making.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas , Neoplasias Meníngeas , Neoplasias da Base do Crânio , Inteligência Artificial , Neoplasias Encefálicas/cirurgia , Humanos , Neoplasias Meníngeas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Meníngeas/cirurgia , Imagem Óptica , Neoplasias da Base do Crânio/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Base do Crânio/cirurgiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There are well-documented disparities in outcomes for injured Black and Hispanic patients in the United States. However, patient level characteristics cannot fully explain the differences in outcomes and system-level factors, including the trauma center designation of the hospital to which a patient presents, may contribute to their worse outcomes. We aim to determine if Black and Hispanic patients are more likely to be undertriaged, compared with white patients. METHODS: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, population-based study that uses data from the 2014 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Healthcare Costs and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases. We included data from all states with available State Inpatient Databases data that included both race and hospital characteristics needed for analysis (n = 18). Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of severely injured (Injury Severity Score ≥16) patients being brought to a trauma center. RESULTS: We identified 70,970 severely injured trauma patients with complete data. Non-Hispanic White represented 74.1% of the study population, 9.8% were non-Hispanic Black, and 9.7% were Hispanic. After adjustment for other demographic and injury characteristics, Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic patients were more likely to be undertriaged, compared with white patients (odds ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.29 and odds ratio, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.29-1.48, respectively). Male sex and older age were associated with higher odds of undertriage, whereas urban residence, high injury severity, and penetrating injury were associated with lower odds of undertriage. CONCLUSIONS: Severely injured Black and Hispanic trauma patients are more likely to be undertriaged than otherwise similar white patients. The factors that contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in receiving trauma center care need to be identified and addressed to provide equitable trauma care.
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População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/etnologia , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Triagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Ferimentos e Lesões/mortalidade , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation promises advances in regenerative medicine1-3, yet conversion of hESCs into transplantable cells or tissues remains poorly understood. Using our keratinocyte differentiation system, we employ a multi-dimensional genomics approach to interrogate the contributions of inductive morphogens retinoic acid and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and the epidermal master regulator p63 (encoded by TP63)4,5 during surface ectoderm commitment. In contrast to other master regulators6-9, p63 effects major transcriptional changes only after morphogens alter chromatin accessibility, establishing an epigenetic landscape for p63 to modify. p63 distally closes chromatin accessibility and promotes accumulation of H3K27me3 (trimethylated histone H3 lysine 27). Cohesin HiChIP10 visualizations of chromosome conformation show that p63 and the morphogens contribute to dynamic long-range chromatin interactions, as illustrated by TFAP2C regulation11. Our study demonstrates the unexpected dependency of p63 on morphogenetic signaling and provides novel insights into how a master regulator can specify diverse transcriptional programs based on the chromatin landscape induced by exposure to specific morphogens.
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Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 4/farmacologia , Diferenciação Celular , Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina , Queratinócitos/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/fisiologia , Tretinoína/farmacologia , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/fisiologia , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Células Cultivadas , Cromatina/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatina/metabolismo , Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina/efeitos dos fármacos , Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina/genética , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/fisiologia , Epiderme/efeitos dos fármacos , Epiderme/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Queratinócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/genéticaRESUMO
Immunotoxins are chimeric proteins comprising a specific cellular targeting domain linked to a cytotoxic factor. Here we describe the design and use of a novel, peptide-based immunotoxin that can initiate selective cytotoxicity on ErbB2-positive cells. ErbB2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed in the tumor cells of approximately 30% of breast cancer patients. Immunotoxin candidates were designed to incorporate a targeting ligand with affinity for ErbB2 along with a membrane lysin-based toxin domain. One particular peptide candidate, NL1.1-PSA, demonstrated selective cytotoxicity towards ErbB2-overexpressing cell lines. We utilized a bioengineering strategy to show that recombinant NL1.1-PSA immunotoxin expression by Escherichia coli also conferred selective cytotoxicity towards ErbB2-overexpressing cells. Our findings hold significant promise for the use of effective immunotoxins in cancer therapeutics.
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Artrite Infecciosa/diagnóstico , Artrite Infecciosa/metabolismo , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Calcitonina/metabolismo , Complemento C3a/metabolismo , Precursores de Proteínas/metabolismo , Líquido Sinovial/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Peptídeo Relacionado com Gene de Calcitonina , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We conducted a prospective, uncontrolled, open study to assess the relationship between homocysteine (tHcy) and oxidative stress in chronic, stable, renal transplant recipients (RTR). METHODS: Included in the study were 17 chronic, stable RTR. All the patients received folic acid (5 mg/day). tHcy and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were measured before and at the end of the study period. RESULTS: Mean tHcy concentration was 26+/-10 micromol/L. tHcy significantly decreased during the study period (26+/-10 vs. 18+/-7 micromol/L; P<0.001). There was a significant inverse relationship between TAOC and tHcy (r= -0.33; P=0.01). TAOC significantly increased during the study period (1.49+/-0.23-1.78+/-0.6; P<0.001). There was an inverse relationship between the variation in tHcy and the variation in TAOC (r= -0.44; P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that hyperhomocysteinemia contributed to increased oxidative stress in RTR. tHcy-lowering treatment with folic acid may lower oxidative stress.