RESUMO
One-dimensional (1D) perovskites (perovskitoids) occupy an important place among modern semiconducting materials, offering design flexibility together with a wide range of properties. However, most such materials have a large bandgap, which limits their application in photovoltaics. Here, we present a new 1D hybrid perovskite containing the functional cation aminophenyl viologen (APhV). Similar to other materials from the viologen perovskite family, aminophenyl viologen iodidoplumbate(II) (APhV[Pb2I6]·2NMP) exhibits a broad absorption with a narrow and direct bandgap of 1.66 eV, which was calculated from the experimental data and is supported also by our first-principles simulations. Close contact between electron-rich inorganic chains and electron-accepting viologen molecules suggests charge transfer within the hybrid, which is also visible in the density of states. Considering its reasonable thermal stability, aminophenyl viologen iodidoplumbate can find a wide application in photovoltaics.
RESUMO
Currently, most reported 2D conjugated metal-organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs) are based on planar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with symmetrical functional groups, limiting the possibility of introducing additional substituents to fine-tune the crystallinity and electrical properties. Herein, a novel class of wavy 2D c-MOFs with highly substituted, core-twisted hexahydroxy-hexa-cata-benzocoronenes (HH-cHBCs) as ligands is reported. By tailoring the substitution of the c-HBC ligands with electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs), such as fluorine, chlorine, and bromine, it is demonstrated that the crystallinity and electrical conductivity at the molecular level can be tuned. The theoretical calculations demonstrate that F-substitution leads to a more reversible coordination bonding between HH-cHBCs and copper metal center, due to smaller atomic size and stronger electron-withdrawing effect. As a result, the achieved F-substituted 2D c-MOF exhibits superior crystallinity, comprising ribbon-like single crystals up to tens of micrometers in length. Moreover, the F-substituted 2D c-MOF displays higher electrical conductivity (two orders of magnitude) and higher charge carrier mobility (almost three times) than the Cl-substituted one. This work provides a new molecular design strategy for the development of wavy 2D c-MOFs and opens a new route for tailoring the coordination reversibility by ligand substitution toward increased crystallinity and superior electric conductivity.
RESUMO
The interest in two-dimensional conjugated polymers (2D CPs) has increased significantly in recent years. In particular, vinylene-linked 2D CPs with fully in-plane sp2 -carbon-conjugated structures, high thermal and chemical stability, have become the focus of attention. Although the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction has been recently demonstrated in synthesizing vinylene-linked 2D CPs, it remains largely unexplored due to the challenge in synthesis. In this work, we reveal the control of crystallinity of 2D CPs during the solvothermal synthesis of 2D-poly(phenylene-quinoxaline-vinylene)s (2D-PPQVs) and 2D-poly(phenylene-vinylene)s through the HWE polycondensation. The employment of fluorinated phosphonates and rigid aldehyde building blocks is demonstrated as crucial factors in enhancing the crystallinity of the obtained 2D CPs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the critical role of the fluorinated phosphonate in enhancing the reversibility of the (semi)reversible C-C single bond formation.
Assuntos
Alemtuzumab/efeitos adversos , Herpes Zoster/diagnóstico , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Imunossupressores/efeitos adversos , Esclerose Múltipla Recidivante-Remitente/tratamento farmacológico , Esclerose Múltipla Recidivante-Remitente/imunologia , Adulto , Herpes Zoster/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Ativação ViralRESUMO
Lysosomes are the catabolic center of the cell. Limitations of many lysosomal tracers include low specificity and lack of reliable physiological readouts for changes in growth factor-regulated lysosomal activity. The imaging-based protocols described here provide insights at the cellular level to quantify functions essential to lysosomal biology, including ß-glucosidase enzymatic cleavage, active Cathepsin D, and pH regulation in real time. These optimized protocols, applied in different cell types and pathophysiologic contexts, provide useful tools to study lysosome function in cultured living cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Albrecht et al. (2020).
Assuntos
Lisossomos/fisiologia , Imagem Molecular/métodos , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Células Cultivadas , Homeostase , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Lisossomos/química , Lisossomos/metabolismo , beta-Glucosidase/metabolismoRESUMO
AIMS: The teleradiological examinations performed at the Charité were analyzed for the purpose of internal quality and efficiency control. Data included the type and number of examinations performed, the time of day and week the examination was performed and the differences in teleradiologist report turnaround times. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the radiology information system (RIS) database of all teleradiological computed tomography examinations performed at the Charité from 2011 through 2013 was carried out. The search retrieved 10,200 teleradiological examinations which were included in the analysis. The records were analyzed for the time of the day and week the examination was performed, the interval between examination and time of reporting, the type of teleradiological examination and the campus in which they were performed. RESULTS: The number of teleradiological examinations performed increased continuously during the observation period. Computed tomography of the head was the most frequently performed type of examination with 86%. Taking all forms of examination into consideration it took an average of 34 min until a report was written. Over the 3-year observation period the times remained virtually unaltered. CONCLUSION: During the 3-year observation period nearly constant report times could be observed in spite of the increased numbers of examinations. This indicates an efficiency enhancement and rational integration of teleradiology into the radiological workflow.
Assuntos
Eficiência Organizacional/normas , Garantia da Qualidade dos Cuidados de Saúde/organização & administração , Garantia da Qualidade dos Cuidados de Saúde/normas , Sistemas de Informação em Radiologia/organização & administração , Sistemas de Informação em Radiologia/normas , Telerradiologia/organização & administração , Telerradiologia/normas , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/normas , Alemanha , Humanos , Controle de Qualidade , Alocação de Recursos/organização & administração , Alocação de Recursos/normas , Estudos de Tempo e Movimento , Fluxo de TrabalhoRESUMO
Relationships between skeletal maturation and fundamental motor skills and gross motor coordination were evaluated in 429 children (213 boys and 216 girls) 7-10 years. Skeletal age was assessed (Tanner-Whitehouse 2 method), and stature, body mass, motor coordination (Körperkoordinations Test für Kinder, KTK) and fundamental motor skills (Test of Gross Motor Development, TGMD-2) were measured. Relationships among chronological age, skeletal age (expressed as the standardised residual of skeletal age on chronological age) and body size and fundamental motor skills and motor coordination were analysed with hierarchical multiple regression. Standardised residual of skeletal age on chronological age interacting with stature and body mass explained a maximum of 7.0% of the variance in fundamental motor skills and motor coordination over that attributed to body size per se. Standardised residual of skeletal age on chronological age alone accounted for a maximum of 9.0% of variance in fundamental motor skills, and motor coordination over that attributed to body size per se and interactions between standardised residual of skeletal age on chronological age and body size. In conclusion, skeletal age alone or interacting with body size has a negligible influence on fundamental motor skills and motor coordination in children 7-10 years.
Assuntos
Determinação da Idade pelo Esqueleto , Tamanho Corporal , Destreza Motora/fisiologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Análise de Regressão , Fatores Sexuais , Análise e Desempenho de TarefasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the variability and longitudinal stress-related changes in ulnar variance (UV) in a group of immature artistic gymnasts. The relationship between UV and a group of biological and training variables was also investigated. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Portuguese Federation of Gymnastics. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five Portuguese skeletally immature gymnasts competing nationally. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS: Skeletal age (Tanner-Whitehouse 3 method), stature, body mass and body mass index (BMI) (Seca stadiometer), fat-free mass and percentage of body fat mass (Tanita BC 418), handgrip strength (Takei dynamometer), and training data (interview). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: To determine UV stress-related changes over time, left UV was obtained using Hafner procedure. Ulnar variance values and biological characteristics were tested twice (at baseline and after 18 months of training). RESULTS: Analysis of covariance analysis presented a significant interaction between age and time effect in UV at baseline. Each category of UV reacted differently to the interaction between age and training time. Significant relationships between UV and biological and training variables (chronological and skeletal age, body mass, BMI, handgrip strength, hour per week, and years of training) were evident in at least one of the moments of data collection. CONCLUSIONS: The gymnasts showed significant longitudinal UV changes toward less negative UV over the training period. Nevertheless, we could not find a significant correlation between UV and the majority of the researched variables. Thus, although UV has been broadly studied, this phenomenon is complex because it depends on different intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are difficult to control, making necessary additional research on this topic. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The gymnast's wrist has been associated with a high incidence of painful symptomatology and injuries, leading to the formulation of several hypotheses related to the UV ethiology. Knowledge about the possible intrinsic or extrinsic factors related to UV changes and/or different UV categories (negative, neutral, and positive), as well as their consequent specific injuries in gymnasts' wrists may contribute to a primary prevention or reduction in the occurrence, recurrence and severity of pain, functional disability, or injuries in radius-ulnocarpal joint, thereby improving gymnasts' performance.
Assuntos
Lâmina de Crescimento/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ginástica/fisiologia , Rádio (Anatomia)/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ulna/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Ginástica/lesões , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Portugal , Estudos Prospectivos , Rádio (Anatomia)/lesões , Fraturas Salter-Harris , Ulna/lesõesRESUMO
AIMS: The radiological examinations performed in intensive care units (ICUs) were analyzed for the purpose of internal quality control. Data included the type of examination performed, the time of day the examination was performed and the differences in radiologist report turnaround times. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the radiology information system (RIS) database of all radiological examinations performed in the ICU of a large German hospital from 2009 through 2011 was carried out. The search retrieved 75,169 examinations performed in ICU patients which were included in the analysis. The records were analyzed for type of radiological examination performed, i.e. conventional X-ray, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), angiography and nuclear medicine examinations, time of day the examination was performed and the interval between examination and time of reporting and release of the final report. RESULTS: Cross-modality it took on average 52 min until a report was written and approximately 7 h before the final report was released. Turnaround times were shortest for ultrasound, conventional X-ray and CT. Over the 3-year observation period there was an overall tendency toward shorter turnaround times whereby improvement in time until reporting was most marked for conventional X-ray, MRI and ultrasound (reduction of 24, 17, and 15 min, respectively). The time until release of the final report improved most markedly for CT, conventional X-ray and angiography (improvement of approximately 6.67, 5.08 and 0.78 h, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: During the 3-year observation period a reduction in turnaround times for reporting results and release of finalized reports could be observed, despite an increase in the total number of cases.
Assuntos
Cuidados Críticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Diagnóstico por Imagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Documentação/estatística & dados numéricos , Eficiência Organizacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Garantia da Qualidade dos Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Radiologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Listas de Espera , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
In 1972, the term 'kinanthropometry', derived from the Greek words 'kinein' (to move), 'anthropos' (human) and 'metrein' (to measure), was launched in the international, Francophone journal Kinanthropologie by the Canadian William Ross and the Belgians, Marcel Hebbelinck, Bart Van Gheluwe and Marie-Louise Lemmens. The authors defined this neologism as 'the scientific discipline for the study of the size, shape, proportion, scope and composition of the human being and its gross motor functions'. Presenting a theoretical framework for the analysis of the internal social processes of discipline formation - derived from the social history-of-science tradition - this article critically examines whether kinanthropometry was indeed promoted and developed by its community members as a scientific discipline. Therefore, the focus will be on its conceptualisation and positioning within the field of kinanthropology/kinesiology and on its development by a scholarly association, i.e. the International Working Group on Kinanthropometry (IWGK). The strong emphasis of the kinanthropometry community on the standardisation of measurement techniques and its practical and professional application hampered its disciplinary development. Findings of this study could serve as a basis for future 'fundamental' investigations addressing questions of disciplinary development within the field(s) of physical education, kinesiology and sport science(s).
Assuntos
Cinesiologia Aplicada/tendências , Educação Física e Treinamento/tendências , Medicina Esportiva/tendências , Antropometria/história , Biometria/história , Congressos como Assunto/história , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Cinesiologia Aplicada/história , Cinesiologia Aplicada/métodos , Cinesiologia Aplicada/organização & administração , Cinesiologia Aplicada/normas , Educação Física e Treinamento/história , Educação Física e Treinamento/métodos , Educação Física e Treinamento/organização & administração , Educação Física e Treinamento/normas , Sociedades Científicas/história , Medicina Esportiva/história , Medicina Esportiva/métodos , Medicina Esportiva/organização & administração , Medicina Esportiva/normasRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The second to fourth-digit-ratio (2D:4D), a putative marker of prenatal androgen action and a sexually dimorphic trait, has been suggested to be related with fitness and sports performance, although results are not univocal. Most studies however focus on a single aspect of physical fitness or one sports discipline. METHODS: In this study the 2D:4D ratio of 178 adolescent girls (age 13.5-18 y) was measured on X-rays of the left hand. The relation between 2D:4D digit ratio and multiple aspects of physical fitness (balance, speed of limb movement, flexibility, explosive strength, static strength, trunk strength, functional strength, running speed/agility, and endurance) was studied by correlation analyses and stepwise multiple regression. For comparison the relation between these physical fitness components and a selected number of objectively measured anthropometric traits (stature, mass, BMI, somatotype components and the Bayer & Bailey androgyny index) are presented alongside the results of 2D:4D digit ratio. RESULTS: Left hand 2D:4D digit ratio (0.925±0.019) was not significantly correlated with any of the physical fitness components nor any of the anthropometric variables included in the present study. 2D:4D did not enter the multiple stepwise regression for any of the physical fitness components in which other anthropometric traits explained between 9.2% (flexibility) and 33.9% (static strength) of variance. CONCLUSION: Unlike other anthropometric traits the 2D:4D digit ratio does not seem to be related to any physical fitness component in adolescent girls and therefore most likely should not be considered in talent detection programs for sporting ability in girls.
Assuntos
Dedos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lateralidade Funcional , Mãos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mãos/fisiologia , Aptidão Física , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Tamanho do Órgão , Característica Quantitativa Herdável , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
In this study the relationship between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and artistic gymnastics performance and competition level was investigated in a sample of Caucasian world-class female gymnasts (n = 145). The sample was divided into three competition events (compulsories, free work, final score). Within each event three performance groups (lowest, middle, and highest) were based on the competition scores gathered at the World Championships at Rotterdam, the Netherlands, in 1987. Lengths of the digits were measured on X-rays of the left hand. Several anthropometric dimensions were measured and from those measurements an androgyny index (Bayer & Bayley) and somatotype components (endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy) were calculated. Although significant differences in some anthropometric characteristics between the performance level groups within each competition event were observed, no significant differences in the 2D:4D ratios were found between the performance level groups, varying from 0.918 ± 0.020 to 0.924 ± 0.020. Also, no significant correlations were observed between the 2D:4D ratio and anthropometric, androgyny, and somatotype characteristics, r varying from r = -0.11 to r = +0.12. It can be concluded that in this sample the 2D:4D digit ratio, unlike other anthropometric characteristics, is not a discriminating factor for the performance in artistic gymnastics performance on a world-class level.
Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético , Tamanho Corporal , Dedos , Ginástica , Somatotipos , Adolescente , Adulto , Antropometria , Feminino , Mãos , Humanos , Países Baixos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The second to fourth-digit-ratio (2D:4D), a putative marker of prenatal androgen action and a sexually dimorphic trait, has been suggested to be related with sports performance, although results are not univocal. If this relation exists, it is most likely to be detected by comparing extreme groups on the continuum of sports performance. METHODS: In this study the 2D:4D ratio of world-class elite female artistic gymnasts (nâ=â129), competing at the 1987 Rotterdam World-Championships was compared to the 2D:4D ratio of sedentary age-matched sedentary girls (nâ=â129), alongside with other anthropometric characteristics including other sexually dimorphic traits such as an androgyny index (Bayer & Bayley) and Heath-Carter somatotype components (endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy) using AN(C)OVA. 2D:4D was measured on X-rays of the left hand. RESULTS: Left hand 2D:4D digit ratio in world class elite female gymnasts (0.921±0.020) did not differ significantly from 2D:4D in age-matched sedentary girls (0.924±0.018), either with or without inclusion of potentially confounding covariates such as skeletal age, height, weight, somatotype components or androgyny index. Height (161.9±6.4 cm vs 155.4±6.6 cm p<0.01), weight (53.9±7.6 kg vs 46.2 6.3 kg p<0.01), BMI (20.51±2.41 kg/m(2) vs 19.05±1.56 kg/m(2)), skeletal age (15.2±1.1 y vs 14.5±1.2 y p>0.01), somatotype components (4.0/3.0/2.9 vs 1.7/3.7/3.2 for endomorphy (p<0.01), mesomorphy (p<0.01) and ectomorphy (p<0.05) respectively) all differed significantly between sedentary girls and elite gymnasts. As expressed by the androgyny index, gymnasts have, on average, broader shoulders relative to their hips, compared to the reference sample. Correlations between the 2D:4D ratio and chronological age, skeletal age, and the anthropometric characteristics are low and not significant. CONCLUSION: Although other anthropometric characteristics of sexual dimorphism were significantly different between the two samples, the present study cannot discriminate sedentary girls from world-class female gymnasts by means of the left hand 2D:4D ratio.
Assuntos
Antropometria , Dedos/anatomia & histologia , Comportamento Sedentário , Adolescente , Determinação da Idade pelo Esqueleto , Feminino , Ginástica , HumanosRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to validate and cross-validate the Beunen-Malina-Freitas method for non-invasive prediction of adult height in girls. A sample of 420 girls aged 10-15 years from the Madeira Growth Study were measured at yearly intervals and then 8 years later. Anthropometric dimensions (lengths, breadths, circumferences, and skinfolds) were measured; skeletal age was assessed using the Tanner-Whitehouse 3 method and menarcheal status (present or absent) was recorded. Adult height was measured and predicted using stepwise, forward, and maximum R (2) regression techniques. Multiple correlations, mean differences, standard errors of prediction, and error boundaries were calculated. A sample of the Leuven Longitudinal Twin Study was used to cross-validate the regressions. Age-specific coefficients of determination (R (2)) between predicted and measured adult height varied between 0.57 and 0.96, while standard errors of prediction varied between 1.1 and 3.9 cm. The cross-validation confirmed the validity of the Beunen-Malina-Freitas method in girls aged 12-15 years, but at lower ages the cross-validation was less consistent. We conclude that the Beunen-Malina-Freitas method is valid for the prediction of adult height in girls aged 12-15 years. It is applicable to European populations or populations of European ancestry.
Assuntos
Antropometria/métodos , Estatura , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Menarca , Análise de Regressão , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Dobras Cutâneas , População BrancaAssuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Hiperglicemia/etiologia , Criança , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Humanos , Transativadores/genéticaAssuntos
Ílio/irrigação sanguínea , Ílio/patologia , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Isquemia/diagnóstico por imagem , Oclusão Vascular Mesentérica/diagnóstico por imagem , Veias Mesentéricas/diagnóstico por imagem , Trombose/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Idoso , Feminino , Gangrena , Humanos , Infarto/diagnóstico por imagem , Infarto/patologia , Isquemia/patologia , Oclusão Vascular Mesentérica/patologia , Pneumatose Cistoide Intestinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Pneumatose Cistoide Intestinal/patologia , Trombose/patologiaRESUMO
Falls in the elderly constitute a growing public health problem. This randomized controlled trial investigated the potential benefit of 6 months of whole body vibration (WBV) training and/or vitamin D supplementation on balance, functionality and estimated fall risk in institutionalized elderly women. A total of 113 women (mean age: 79.6) were randomly assigned to either a WBV or a no-training group, receiving either a conventional dose (880 IU/d) or a high dose (1600 IU/d) of vitamin D3. The WBV group performed exercises on a vibration platform 3×/week. Balance was evaluated by computerized posturography. Functionality was assessed by 10 m walk test, Timed up and Go (TUG) performance and endurance capacity (Shuttle Walk). Fall risk was determined with the Physiological Profile Assessment. Performance on the 10 m walk test and on TUG improved over time in all groups. For none of the parameters, high-dose vitamin D resulted in a better performance than conventional dosing. The improvements in the WBV group in endurance capacity, walking at preferred speed, and TUG were significantly larger than the changes with supplementation alone. No additional benefit of WBV training could be detected on fall risk and postural control, although sway velocity and maximal isometric knee extension strength improved only in the WBV group. This trial showed that a high-dose vitamin D supplementation is not more efficient than conventional dosing in improving functionality in institutionalized elderly. WBV training on top of vitamin D supplementation provided an added benefit with regard to walking, TUG performance, and endurance capacity.
Assuntos
Acidentes por Quedas/prevenção & controle , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Equilíbrio Postural/fisiologia , Vibração/uso terapêutico , Vitamina D/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Análise de Variância , Suplementos Nutricionais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Seguimentos , Avaliação Geriátrica , Humanos , Institucionalização , Qualidade de Vida , Medição de Risco , Método Simples-Cego , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Isothermal air trapped in scalp hair generates an underestimation of body volume when it is measured by air displacement plethysmography. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of wearing different types of swim caps on the measurement of body volume and percentage body fat by air displacement plethysmography. It was hypothesized that wearing a silicone swim cap would more thoroughly compress scalp hair compared with a lycra swim cap, yielding higher estimates of body volume and percent body fat. Thirty female participants aged 25.7 ± 6.4 years were measured in random order when wearing no swim cap, a lycra swim cap or a silicone swim cap. For the no-cap versus lycra cap condition, the mean bias for body volume was -0.579 ± 0.380 litre (limits of agreement: -1.340 to 0.181 litre) and for percent fat -4.9 ± 3.1% fat (limits of agreement: -11.2 to 1.3% fat) (P < 0.05). For the silicone versus lycra condition, the mean bias for body volume was 0.137 ± 0.099 litre (limits of agreement: -0.062 to 0.335 litre) and for percent fat 1.2 ± 0.9% fat (limits of agreement: -0.5 to 2.9% fat) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, attention should be paid to optimal compression of isothermal air trapped in scalp hair when using air displacement plethysmography. The present results suggest that this compression may be more thorough when wearing a silicone swim cap.