Major digestive carbohydrase during larval development of meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: pyralidae).

The digestive system of P. interpunctella was characterized during its larval development to determination of carbohydrases using disaccharides (sucrose and maltose) and polysaccharides (starch and inulin) as substrate. At 6(th) instar larval, Invertase>alpha-amylase> maltase activities peaks were observed. Invertase was fractionated with acetone and isolated. The Invertase was 485.5 fold purified by Sephacryl S-200 and DEAE-Sephadex. Its kinetic parameters were K(m) of 6.6 mM, V(max) of 0.48, pH optimum of 5.5 and temperature optimum of 30 degrees C. This enzyme was activated by CaCl(2) and inhibited by EDTA. When analyzed by SDS-PAGE it showed one band of M(r) 34 kDa. The understanding of the digestive system of P. interpunctella could be a key step in the design of bioinsecticides.

Aplicación de ultrasonidos en el dolor cervical de origen inespecífico / Ultrasound application in non-specific origin cervical pain

El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el efecto de los ultrasonidos con baja y con alta intensidad en el dolor cervical de origen inespecífico. La muestra está constituida por 40 socios del Club de Tenis Monterreal, que presentaron dolor cervical de origen inespecífico y fue dividida, aleatoriamente, en 2 grupos de 20 individuos: el grupo A, fue sujeto a ultrasonidos de baja intensidad y el grupo B, a ultrasonidos de alta intensidad. Fue aplicada la Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), antes y después, de la aplicación de los ultrasonidos en ambos grupos de la muestra. Los datos recogidos fueron tratados con el programa estadístico SPSS, utilizando el test de la t de Student para muestras emparejadas y para muestras independientes. Para un nivel de significancia del 5 %, se observaron mejorías significativas de los índices de dolor en ambos grupos de la muestra: en el grupo A p = 0,009, en el grupo B p = 0,000 y en la comparación de las medias de los 2 grupos p = 0,000. Se concluye, que los ultrasonidos provocaron la disminución del dolor cervical de origen inespecífico, en ambos grupos de la muestra y que una intensidad alta de ultrasonidos provocó, en media, una disminución más acentuada del dolor cervical de origen inespecífico, en comparación con los ultrasonidos de baja intensidad

This study is goal is to evaluate the low and high intensity ultrasound effects on the non-specific origin cervical pain. The sample consisted on 40 Monterreal Tennis Club members who revelled cervical pain with a non-specific origin. The sample was randomly divided in two groups with 20 individuals each. Low intensity ultrasound was applied to group A and high intensity ultrasound was applied to group B. Was applied The Visual Analogical Scale before and after the ultrasound application in both groups. The collected data was treated with the SPSS program, by using the Student t-test for paired sample and the Student t-test for independent samples. To a significance level of 5 %, a significant pain decrease was observed in both sample groups: in the group A p = 0,009, in the group B p = 0,000 and when comparing the average of both groups p = 0,000. It has been concluded that the ultrasound decreased the cervical non-specific pain level in both sample groups and that a high ultrasound intensity was, in average, more effective decreasing the cervical non-specific pain, when compared to the low intensity ultrasound

Digestive enzymes during development of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera:Tephritidae) and effects of SBTI on its digestive serine proteinase targets.

The digestive system of Ceratitis capitata was characterized during its larval development and in the insect stage. Disaccharidases against maltose and sucrose were more evident in the 2nd and 3rd day of larval development and in the adult stage, respectively. Glycosil-hydrolyses with higher specific alpha-galactosidasic and beta-galactosidasic activities were detected in the 2nd and 3rd day of the larval stage, respectively. Specific proteolytic activities against azocasein showed an increase in the 4th and 5th day of the larval stage and in the adult stage. Specific hemoglobin activities were constant between 2nd and 6th day of the larval stage. The larvae used mainly serine proteinases, such as trypsin/chymotrypsin, and the adult insects only chymotrypsin-like enzymes in their digestive process. Two serine proteinases were separated from zymogram between the 4th and 5th day of larval development and in the adult stage. Effect of soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI, a serine proteinase inhibitor) on development of C. capitata was examined by bioassay. C. capitata was susceptible to SBTI which affected larval mass at ED50 3.01%.