Uric acid and salt intake as predictors of incident hypertension in a primary care setting / Ácido úrico e ingesta de sal como factores predictivos de la hipertensión arterial incidental en un centro de atención primaria

Abstract Background: Hypertension is responsible for a substantial number of deaths due to cardiovascular disease and stroke. A crucial step toward its control is the identification of modifiable predictors of hypertension. Objectives: To estimate the relationship between salt intake, serum uric acid and incident hypertension in a primary care setting. Methods: Retrospective cohort of the CAMELIA study in which a non-randomized sample of 1098 participants who were ≥ 20 year-old was recruited from a primary care program. Originally, the sample consisted of hypertensive, diabetic and non-diabetic/non-hypertensive subjects. For the analysis, 258 participants with blood pressure (BP) lower than 140/90 mm Hg not using antihypertensive drugs and without diabetes mellitus were included. Five years after the first visit, their medical records were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups according to BP in the first visit: normal BP group (systolic BP ≤ 120 mm Hg and diastolic BP ≤ 80 mm Hg) and high-normal BP group (systolic BP 121-139 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP 81-89 mm Hg). Results: In multivariate analysis, high-normal BP, hyperuricemia and salt intake ≥ 6 g/day predicted incident hypertension. In participants of thenormal BP group, high salt intake conferred the highest risk. In the high-normal BP group, smoking and serum uric acid were found to be the most important ones. Conclusion: In a healthy, multiethnic, and normotensive population from an urban primary care program, high-normal BP, hyperuricemia and high salt intake were found to be predictors of incident hypertension.

Resumen Antecedentes: La hipertensión es responsable de un gran número de muertes debido a cardiopatías e ictus. Un paso esencial para su control es la identificación de factores modificables predictivos de la hipertensión. Objetivos: Calcular la relación entre ingesta de sal, ácido úrico sérico e hipertensión incidental en un centro de atención primaria. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva del estudio CAMELIA, en el que se incluyó una muestra no aleatorizada de 1.098 participantes con edades ≥ 20 años, obtenida de un programa de atención primaria. Originalmente, la muestra incluía sujetos hipertensos, diabéticos y no diabéticos/no hipertensos. Para el análisis, se estudiaron 258 participantes con presión arterial (PA) inferior a 140/90 mm Hg, sin prescripción de fármacos antihipertensivos, y no diabéticos. Transcurridos cinco años de la primera visita, se revisaron sus historias médicas. Se dividió a los pacientes en dos grupos, con arreglo a su PA en la primera visita: grupo con PA normal (PA sistólica ≤ 120 mm Hg y PA diastólica ≤ 80 mm Hg), y grupo con PA alta-normal BP (PA sistólica 121-139 mm Hg y/o PA diastólica 81-89 mm Hg). Resultados: En el análisis multivariante, la PA alta-normal, hiperuricemia e ingesta de sal ≥ 6 g/día predijeron la hipertensión incidental. En los participantes del grupo de PA normal, la ingesta elevada de sal confirió el mayor riesgo. En el grupo de PA alta-normal, el tabaquismo y el ácido úrico sérico fueron los factores más importantes. Conclusión: En una población sana, multiétnica y normotensa, procedente de un programa de atención primaria urbana la PA alta-normal, hiperuricemia e ingesta elevada de sal constituyeron los factores predictivos de la hipertensión incidental.

Brazil's staple food and incident diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of Brazil's staple food, rice, beans and manioc, and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) in adults assisted by a Brazilian Family Doctor Program (FDP). METHODS: The baseline information was collected on visits to 13 units of the FDP from July 2006 to December 2007 (CAMELIA Study). The units were revisited by trained researchers between July and December 2011, who reviewed medical records of all participants of the baseline. Biochemical, anthropometrical and blood pressure measurements, new diagnoses, and medical prescriptions were collected. Individuals ages ≥20 y, who were non-diabetic at baseline were included (N = 409). Food consumption was estimated using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Incident of diabetes was classified according to fasting serum glucose (≥126 mg/dL), individual's use of antidiabetic drugs, and/or diagnosis of diabetes described in the medical record. Individuals who were negative at baseline and also were negative for the above conditions were classified as non-diabetics. RESULTS: Individuals who developed T2DM (N = 30) reported higher consumption of red meat and beans and less consumption of cassava flour, independent of the interval between visits and other potential confounding variables. The cassava flour showed a protective effect (relative risk, 0.910; 95% confidence interval, 0.842-0.982). CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of cassava flour, a low-cost product, could be considered in diets for the prevention and control of diabetes. The hypothesis must be investigated in cohorts from different populations and tested in randomized controlled trials.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and systolic dysfunction in the community.

BACKGROUND: In developed countries, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is more prevalent than heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in the community. However, it has not been completely established if this fact is also observed within our community. OBJECTIVE: To determine the most prevalent form of heart failure (HFpEF or HFrEF) and whether the prevalence of HFpEF is higher in the community. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with patients clinically diagnosed with HF who were seen in community-based health care centers from January to December 2005. Echodopplercardiograms were performed for all patients. The form of HF was stratified according to the presence of abnormalities and the shortening fraction observed on the echodopplercardiogram. RESULTS: The study evaluated 170 patients (61.0 +/- 13.3 years of age), most of them women and elderly. HFpEF was the more prevalent form of HF (64.2%, p<0.001), affecting mostly elderly women (62%, p = 0.07), whereas the opposite condition, HFrEF, was observed mostly in elderly men (63.6%, p = 0.07). Patients with no HF represented one-third of the cases (27.6%). HFrEF patients had more lower-limb edema, coronary disease, diabetes, chronic renal failure, higher Boston scores and hospital readmissions. Use of alcoholic beverages and smoking were also more common among HFrEF patients. CONCLUSION: HFpEF is the most prevalent form of HF in the community especially among elderly women, whereas HFrEF affects mostly elderly men and is associated with greater clinical severity, main risk factors and no changes in lifestyle. Despite the signs and symptoms of HF, this condition was not confirmed for one-third of the cases.

Insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada e com disfunção sistólica na comunidade / Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and systolic dysfunction in the community

FUNDAMENTO: Em países desenvolvidos, a insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEP) é o modelo mais prevalente que a insuficiência cardíaca com disfunção sistólica (ICDS) na comunidade. No entanto, não está plenamente estabelecido se tal fato também é observado na nossa comunidade. OBJETIVO: Determinar o tipo mais prevalente de insuficiência cardíaca (ICFEP ou ICDS) e se a prevalência de ICFEP é elevada na comunidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de pacientes atendidos na comunidade com diagnóstico clínico de IC, de janeiro a dezembro de 2005. O ecodopplercardiograma foi realizado em todos os pacientes. O tipo de IC foi estratificado pela presença de anormalidades e pela fração de encurtamento ao ecodopplercardiograma. RESULTADOS: O estudo avaliou 170 pacientes (61,0±13,3 anos), a maioria mulheres e idosos. A ICFEP foi o tipo de IC mais prevalente (64,2 por cento, p<0,001) com tendência nas mulheres idosas (62 por cento, p=0,07), e o inverso na ICDS, nos homens idosos (63,6 por cento, p=0,07). Os pacientes sem IC representaram um terço dos casos (27,6 por cento). A ICDS apresentou mais edema de membros inferiores, doença coronariana, diabete, insuficiência renal crônica, re-internações e maior escore de Boston. O etilismo e o tabagismo estiveram mais presentes na ICDS. CONCLUSÃO: A ICFEP é o tipo de IC mais prevalente na comunidade, principalmente nas mulheres idosas, enquanto a ICDS, nos homens idosos, com maior gravidade clínica e acometimento dos principais fatores de risco e sem modificação nos hábitos de vida. Apesar dos sinais e dos sintomas de IC, em um terço dos casos a IC não foi confirmada.

BACKGROUND: In developed countries, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is more prevalent than heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in the community. However, it has not been completely established if this fact is also observed within our community. OBJECTIVE: To determine the most prevalent form of heart failure (HFpEF or HFrEF) and whether the prevalence of HFpEF is higher in the community. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with patients clinically diagnosed with HF who were seen in community-based health care centers from January to December 2005. Echodopplercardiograms were performed for all patients. The form of HF was stratified according to the presence of abnormalities and the shortening fraction observed on the echodopplercardiogram. RESULTS: The study evaluated 170 patients (61.0 ± 13.3 years of age), most of them women and elderly. HFpEF was the more prevalent form of HF (64.2 percent, p<0.001), affecting mostly elderly women (62 percent, p = 0.07), whereas the opposite condition, HFrEF, was observed mostly in elderly men (63.6 percent, p = 0.07). Patients with no HF represented one-third of the cases (27.6 percent). HFrEF patients had more lower-limb edema, coronary disease, diabetes, chronic renal failure, higher Boston scores and hospital readmissions. Use of alcoholic beverages and smoking were also more common among HFrEF patients. CONCLUSION: HFpEF is the most prevalent form of HF in the community especially among elderly women, whereas HFrEF affects mostly elderly men and is associated with greater clinical severity, main risk factors and no changes in lifestyle. Despite the signs and symptoms of HF, this condition was not confirmed for one-third of the cases.