[The World Health Organization: Project of novels in the field of controlling international medical sanitary regulations].

The article considers draft of new edition of the International Health Regulations. The possible risks associated with changing of the document are evaluated from perspective of member countries, in whose territories occur or supposedly occur emergency situations in field of public health having international importance.

[The development of health preservation technologies: from individual to family approach].

The actuality of considered problem is in the fact that many medical social problems of preserving and improving population health can be resolved by the family and with its support. The purpose of the study is to substantiate scientifically priority of family approach in development of National health preservation system in actual conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The national and foreign electronic databases were investigated to find publications concerning transformation of matrimonial relations, effect of family on health and need in health preservation technologies at each stage of its development. RESULTS: It is demonstrated that implementation of family-oriented technologies of health preservation based on knowledge of trends in family health, matrimonial relations and demographic shifts in its structure is one of the priority directions of preserving and strengthening population health. Moreover, in modern socioeconomic conditions, the categories of families that are in special need of medical social protection and health preservation such as socially problematic families, families where violence is practiced, families of the unemployed and migrants are shown up. Hence, one of the priority scientific tasks is to substantiate conceptual model of health preservation technologies for various types of families. CONCLUSION: The family and its health should become priority object of medical observation and research studies from the standpoint of public health and health care.

[DENTAL CARE FOR MOSCOW REGION CITIZENS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC (APRIL-JUNE 2020)].

It is known that the oral cavity is an epidemiological hazard due to the high level of viral and bacterial contamination. Despite the narrow specialization and distant connection with the problem of viral pneumonia, dentists, nevertheless, are at risk of contracting the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. To reduce the epidemiological activity the provision of routine dental care was suspended in the vast majority of regions of the Russian Federation including the Moscow region, from the end of March 2020 to June 20, 2020. During the entire period of routine medical care suspended, the Moscow region chief dentist's team was daily monitoring information about applied patients. The suspension of routine medical care has reduced the number of cases of COVID-19 infection contact transmission in medical organizations during the period of the most active increase in the morbidity. In addition, the decrease in the number of patients enabled medical organizations to reduce the number of medical personnel, which contributed to a decrease in the percentage of morbidity among doctors.

[Actual problems of planning the number of posts of otorhinolaryngologists]. / Aktual'nye problemy planirovaniya chislennosti dolzhnostei vrachei-otorinolaringologov.

The article presents comparisons of planned and normative and actual data on medical care in otorhinolaryngology, analysis of the normative number of otorhinolaryngologists according to the current orders of the Ministry of Health of Russia. It is concluded that it is necessary to amend modern regulatory documents.

[Methods for quality of life assessment in children with orphanic diseases].

Orphan (rare) diseases include congenital or acquired diseases, the frequency of occurrence of which does not exceed a certain number established by the laws of various countries. Despite its rarity, the orphan diseases make a significant contribution to the structure of population disability and most of them have no specific treatment. One of the main clinical challenges in these patients is to ensure their high quality of life (QOL). The review describes basic non-specific and specific questionnaires for assessing QOL in children with orphan diseases. An ideal questionnaire for assessing QOL in children with orphan disease should be sufficiently reliable, valid, sensitive and specific, fill out by a child or adolescents on their own, include questions covering as much as possible all areas of life and health aspects - especially those associated with the main decease. The questionnaire should not be too huge and complicated for the patient. From the side of the researcher, the simplicity of the tool in calculating and the ability to use the results for subsequent analysis are important.

[Clinical and economical aspects of a social support program for the free making and repair dentures in the territory of the Moscow region for 2016-2018].

The Government of the Moscow Region has approved more than 120 different social support measures for residents of the Moscow Region. Their aim is to help disadvantaged groups. The social support program of making and repair dentures for Moscow region residents provides preservation of dental health and restoration of masticatory effectiveness. A retrospective analysis of program implementation for the period from 2016 to 2018 showed an increase of 19% in the average cost of treatment. We found a correlation between the cost of conventional unit of labor and the exchange rate, an increase in the salaries of doctors and nurses, and tariffs for utilities. Planning the subsidies allocated for the implementation of social support measures is an extremely laborious and responsible process, therefore, proper financing requires taking into account all existing factors affecting the economic situation in the context of not only the Moscow Region, but also the Russian Federation.

[The dynamics of primary and common morbidity of population older than able-bodied age].

The purpose of the study is to analyze dynamic of primary and general morbidity of population older than able-bodied age in Moscow Oblast, including data comparing in the Central Federal Okrug and the Russian Federation. The data of statistical reports of City of Moscow, the Central Federal Okrug and the Russian Federation in 2013-2018 was included in analysis. The common analytical and mathematical statistical methods were applied. It was established that in Moscow Oblast in 2013-2018, against the background of stagnation of primary morbidity of population older than able-bodied age, indices of mental and behavioral disorders, neoplasms and diseases of circulatory system. At the same time, the level of primary morbidity of the region's population older than able-bodied age exceeds that one of the Russian Federation or the Central Federal Okrug in almost all classes of diseases. The structure of primary morbidity has not changed and respiratory diseases, injures and poisoning and diseases of circulatory system continue to rank first places. The level of general morbidity also remained unchanged. However, morbidity of neoplasms, diseases of endocrine system and mental and behavior disorders continues to increase. The structure of general morbidity of population of this age group differs the structure of primary morbidity and diseases of circulatory, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems ranked first places. Monitoring and analysis of primary and general morbidity of population older than able-bodied age is necessary for developing measures of its decreasing on the basis of development of medical social and geriatric care in the regions.

[The role of actual demographic trends in improving state health policy].

The decreasing of demographic security level is a global social economic trend in both developed and developing economies. Hence there is an urgent need in improving state social policy, including health care. The key target of this study is to evaluate the role of modern demographic trends in improving state social economic policy in health care. The study characterizes demography role in developing state health care strategy and to assesses world demographic trends that permitted to formulate potential barriers and obstacles in achieving stable level of demographic security. The distinctive features of modern demographic trends in Russia were identified and used as a background in developing prospective ways of improving state health policy in Russia with specific focusing on identified identified predicaments in national demographic development. The interdisciplinary analysis was applied in the field of theory and practice of health demography as a new scientific area as well as systemic and economic analysis. The most important result of the study was the established need in assessing relationship between current national demographic situation and economic efficiency and social economic consequences for whole society that actualized retrieval and elaboration of relevant social economic indices of life quality within the framework of health demography.

[The Attitude of Physicians of Donor Bases to Problems of Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues].

The article considers social aspects of transplantology on the basis of analysis of data of questionnaire survey of 266 physicians of donor bases of the Federal Center implementing transplantation of human organs and tissues. The respondents were representatives of the most prevalent medical professions and ll age gender groups. According to study results, physicians are aware of importance of development of organs and tissues transplantation in the region though take a very passive standing related to informing transplantation specialists about availability of a potential donor. The involvement of physicians in the transplantation program in the first place depends on position of administration of medical institution. At the same time, 44,3±3,1% of physicians are aware of such the most important normative legal principle regulating possibility of postmortem intake of organs as consent presumption. Less than 18,6±2,4% of physicians support this standard. Half of the respondents are ready, in case of their instant death, to become donors of organs and are ready too in case of such a proposal to sign consent to possible postmortem donorship. Therefore, one of conditions of development of organs and tissues transplantation in the region is implementation of explanatory work with medical community targeted to increasing of motivation of personnel of donor bases to active interaction with transplantology specialists.

[A study of the neuroprotective effect of mexidol on the cell model of glutamate stress]. / Izuchenie neiroprotektivnogo deistviia meksidola nakletochnoi modeli glutamatnogo stressa.

AIM: To study a neuroprotective effect of mexidol on the cell model of glutamate stress. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cytological studies of an effect of glutamate stress on cerebellar granule cells were carried out. RESULTS: Mexidol increased neuronal survival after the addition of glutamate by 8-10% (p<0.05). The effect of mexidol was more pronounced at the stage of neuron culture growth (5 days), cell survivability increased on average by 20%. CONCLUSION: The results of the study confirmed the neuroprotective effect of mexidol in the neuronal culture in glutamate toxicity model.

[Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic synergism between neuropeptides and lithium in the neurotrophic and neuroprotective action of cerebrolysin].

OBJECTIVE: To study the synergism between neuropeptides and lithium ions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An experimental model of stroke (chronic bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries in rats), neuronal culture studies, histomorphological analyses, determination of micronutrient profile of brain substrates were used. RESULTS: A complex of experimental studies revealed that the effect of cerebrolysin is influenced by the synergism between lithium ions and the neuropeptide contentof this drug. Pharmacokinetic synergism promotes the accumulation of lithium in brain tissues during cerebrolysin treatment. The existence of the pharmacokinetic synergism is evident from the potentiation of neuroprotective effects of the drug under the action of lithium ions established in the model of stroke. CONCLUSION: Lithium ions potentiate neuroprotective effects of cerebrolysin.

[Study of common cytotoxicity of aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone antibiotics in cell cultures].

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to identify the overall cytotoxicity of aminoglycosides netilmicin and tobramycin, and fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used three types of the cells: constantly transformed cell line CHO-K1, normal human skin fibroblasts and cells of normal human conjunctiva Clone 1-5C-4. Antibiotics activity was detected by their influence on cell viability. Quantitative and qualitative methods of evaluation have used to determine viability of the cells (quantitative assessment: a method of cloning cells and colorimetric method for assessing cell proliferation; qualitative assessment: lifetime visual observation under an inverted microscope for morphological status of cells in culture with photofixing). RESULTS: The most toxic effect for all types of the cells was shown in tobramycin. The least degree of toxicity for all types of the cells was determined in netilmicin. CONCLUSION: Studied antibiotics exert a cytotoxic effect in vitro and differ in their cytotoxic potential.

Anisotropy of solar wind turbulence between ion and electron scales.

The anisotropy of turbulence in the fast solar wind, between the ion and electron gyroscales, is directly observed using a multispacecraft analysis technique. Second order structure functions are calculated at different angles to the local magnetic field, for magnetic fluctuations both perpendicular and parallel to the mean field. In both components, the structure function value at large angles to the field S{⊥} is greater than at small angles S{∥}: in the perpendicular component S{⊥}/S{∥}=5±1 and in the parallel component S{⊥}/S{∥}>3, implying spatially anisotropic fluctuations, k{⊥}>k{∥}. The spectral index of the perpendicular component is -2.6 at large angles and -3 at small angles, in broad agreement with critically balanced whistler and kinetic Alfvén wave predictions. For the parallel component, however, it is shallower than -1.9, which is considerably less steep than predicted for a kinetic Alfvén wave cascade.

Universality of solar-wind turbulent spectrum from MHD to electron scales.

To investigate the universality of magnetic turbulence in space plasmas, we analyze seven time periods in the free solar wind under different plasma conditions. Three instruments on Cluster spacecraft operating in different frequency ranges give us the possibility to resolve spectra up to 300 Hz. We show that the spectra form a quasiuniversal spectrum following the Kolmogorov's law approximately k(-5/3) at MHD scales, a approximately k(-2.8) power law at ion scales, and an exponential approximately exp[-sqrt[k(rho)e]] at scales k(rho)e approximately [0.1,1], where rho(e) is the electron gyroradius. This is the first observation of an exponential magnetic spectrum in space plasmas that may indicate the onset of dissipation. We distinguish for the first time between the role of different spatial kinetic plasma scales and show that the electron Larmor radius plays the role of a dissipation scale in space plasma turbulence.

Oogenesis in Hydra: nurse cells transfer cytoplasm directly to the growing oocyte.

Oogenesis in Hydra occurs in so-called egg patches containing several thousand germ cells. Only one oocyte is formed per egg patch; the remaining germ cells differentiate as nurse cells. Whether and how nurse cells contribute cytoplasm to the developing oocyte has been unclear. We have used tissue maceration to characterize the differentiation of oocytes and nurse cells in developing egg patches. We show that nurse cells decrease in size at the same time that developing oocytes increase dramatically in volume. Nurse cells are also tightly attached to oocytes at this stage and confocal images of egg patches stained with the fluorescent membrane dye FM 4-64 clearly show large gaps (10 microm) in the cell membranes separating nurse cells from the developing oocyte. We conclude that nurse cells directly transfer cytoplasm to the developing oocyte. Following this transfer of cytoplasm, nurse cells undergo apoptosis and are phagocytosed by the oocyte. These results demonstrate that basic mechanisms of alimentary oogenesis typical of Caenorhabditis and Drosophila are already present in the early metazoan Hydra.

An immunoelectron study of karyosphere and nuclear bodies in oocytes of mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: polyphaga).

The karyosphere and nuclear bodies (NBs) were studied in Tenebrio molitor oocytes using immunoelectron cytochemistry. During early diplotene (previtellogenic stage), oocyte chromosomes begin to unite in a small nuclear volume forming the karyosphere. In vitellogenic oocyte nuclei, the chromatin undergoes condensation, and the karyosphere acquires a ring-shaped structure. The karyosphere is the only structure containing DNA in the oocyte nucleus. Pre-mRNA splicing factors [small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and SC35] are not found in the karyosphere itself. In previtellogenic oocyte nuclei, these factors are present in NBs and in a fibrogranular substance surrounding the chromosomes in the early stages of karyosphere formation. At this stage, larger fibrillar NBs contain the non-snRNP splicing factor SC35. Smaller roundish NBs were shown to contain snRNPs. Some NBs with the same morphology contain neither snRNPs nor SC35. In the vitellogenic oocyte, there are fibrogranular NBs containing both snRNPs and SC35 splicing factors, fibrillar NBs containing snRNPs only, and complex NBs containing both. Complex NBs are often connected with the ring-shaped karyosphere. Based on the obtained immunoelectron data, we suggest that T. molitor oocyte NBs containing both snRNPs and the non-snRNP splicing factor SC35 are homologs of the well-characterized B-snurposomes in amphibian germinal vesicles and clusters of interchromatin granules in mammalian oocyte nuclei. Other NBs containing only snRNPs are suggested to represent a special class of insect oocyte snurposomes. The nuclear organelles mentioned seem to play a role as storage domains for pre-mRNA splicing factors during T. molitor oogenesis.

The lack of extracellular Na+ exacerbates Ca2+-dependent damage of cultured cerebellar granule cells.

Rhodamine 123 staining, light and electron microscopy were used to evaluate the ultrastructural and functional state of cultured cerebellar granule cells after short treatment with the solution where NaCl was substituted by sucrose (sucrose balance salt medium, SBSM). Cell exposure to SBSM for 20 min resulted in the fact that mitochondria in the neurons lost their ability to sequester rhodamine 123. This effect could be prevented by: (i) non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel blocker, 10(-5) M MK-801; (ii) a competitive specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors, 0.25 x 10(-3) M D,L-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate (APH); (iii) 10(-3) M cobalt chloride; (iv) removal of Ca2+ from the medium. Low Na+ in the Ca2+-containing medium caused considerable mitochondrial swelling in granule cells. However, the same treatment in the absence of calcium ions in the medium abolished the deleterious effect of SBSM on the neuronal mitochondrial structure and functions. It is suggested that (i) the exposure of cultured cerebellar granule cells to SBSM leads to a release of endogenous glutamate from cells; (ii) Ca2+ ions potentially de-energizing neuronal mitochondria enter the neuron preferentially through the NMDA channels rather than through the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger; (iii) mitochondrial swelling in granule cells is highly Ca2+-dependent; (iv) cellular overload with sodium ions can activate mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and thus prevent permeability transition pore opening in mitochondria.

Interaction of organophosphorus analogues of amino acids with P450.

1. This study deals with the oxidation of organophosphorus amino acid analogues by phenobarbital-induced rabbit liver microsomes. It has been shown that 1-aminoalkylphosphonous and 1-aminoalkylthiophosphonic acids are converted by P450 to 1-aminoalkylphosphonic acids. 2. Phosphonous analogues of amino acids cause type I spectral changes, and thiophosphonic analogues produce reverse type I changes in different spectra. 3. In the presence of NADPH, the 1-aminoalkylphosphonous acids form the corresponding 1-aminoalkylphosphonic acids by the reaction P-H-->P-OH, as monitored using 1H nmr spectroscopy. 4. Aminoalkylthiophosphonic acids have also proven to be the substrates for the NADPH-dependent monoxygenase system. During the course of oxidative desulphuration 1-aminoalkylphosphonic acids were formed by the reaction P = S-->P = O, as monitored by 31P-nmr spectroscopy. 5. Using resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy, the interaction of 1-aminoisobutyl-phosphonous acid with P450 was investigated, and characteristic changes in spectral frequencies in the region between 1370 and 1700 cm-1 were demonstrated. These latter changes indicate that substrate binding of organophosphorus compounds leads to alterations in haem conformation and to redistribution of the electron density.