Stromal Expression of CD10 by Immunohistochemistry in Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC), Dentigerous and Radicular Cysts and Its Correlation with Local Recurrence and Aggressive Behaviour

Objective: To assess and compare the stromal expression of CD10 in OKC, dentigerous and radicular cysts. Materials and Methods: This comparative, cross sectional study was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi, from Jan 2017 to Dec 2017. Total sixty cases comprising 20 of each OKC, Dentigerous and Radicular cysts were included in this study. Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) sections were performed followed by immunohistochemical staining for CD10 antibody. Expression of CD10 was evaluated and compared. Results were analyzed by using SPSS version 20.0. Chi Square test was performed with P value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: A total of 60 cases, 20 of each OKC, dentigerous and radicular cysts were taken. In our study, 38 (63.3%) male and 22 (36.7%) female patients with the mean age of 32 ± 15 (mean ± SD) were included. Percentage of CD10 positive cells were highest in sub-epithelial stroma of OKC (95% cases) as compared to radicular and dentigerous cysts (60 and 70%) with highest number of cases showing intense staining in OKC 13(65%) as compared to other odontogenic cysts i-e 4(20%) and 2 (10%) respectively. There was a statistically significant association between odontogenic cysts and proportional score, intensity score and combined score of stromal CD10 expression (P=0.009, p=0.001 and p=0.000). Conclusion: In this study, we found that highest stromal CD10 expression in OKC as compared to dentigerous and radicular cyst, which might be due to aggressive behaviour and increased risk of recurrence in OKC. Expression of CD10 marker will further aid the clinician to plan appropriate surgical intervention and keep regular follow-ups to identify recurrences.

Dimensional changes in the Kolahoi glacier from 1857 to 2014.

This study assimilates data from historical records (1857-1961/84), survey of India topographic maps, and a series of multispectral satellite data (1962-2014) for analyzing the shrinkage and dimensional changes of the Kolahoi glacier, Jammu and Kashmir, between 1857 and 2014. The composite results show that the glacier has receded by ∼3423 m (21.8 m/year) in the past 157 years. The historical records reveal that the glacier retreated by >1609 m from 1857 to 1909, 800 m from 1912 to 1961, and 210 m from 1961 to 1984. From 1962 to 2014 (52 years), we observed a retreat of 1014 ± 64 m (19.5 ± 1.1 m/year). We noted a marked disparity in the retreat rates of primary snout (PS) and secondary snout (SS) which was found to be 19.5 ± 1.1 m/year for PS and 11.34 ± 1.1 m/year for SS. Further, our investigations reveal that the changes in the length are accompanied by considerable changes in the area. The area of the glacier reduced from 14.46 ± 0.34 km2 (1962) to 11.28 ± 0.21 km2 (2014) amounting an overall deglaciation of 3.18 ± 0.34 km2 or 22.99 ± 2.3% in the past 52 years. Besides, the glacier has started degenerating at a much accelerated pace showing a deglaciation of 11.1 ± 1.9% and a recession rate of ~27.8 ± 3.2 m/year in just 14 years (2000-2014). These results warrant the detailed studies regarding various controlling factors, besides the climate change.

Central visual field sensitivity data from microperimetry with spatially dense sampling.

Microperimetry, also referred to as fundus perimetry or fundus-driven perimetry, enables simultaneous acquisition of visual sensitivity and eye movement data. We present sensitivity data collected from 60 participants with normal vision using gaze-contingent perimetry. A custom designed spatially dense test grid was used to collect data across the visual field within 13° of fixation. These data are supplemental to a study in which we demonstrated a spatial interpolation method that facilitates comparison of acquired data from any set of spatial locations to normative data and thus screening of individuals with both normal and non-foveal fixation (Denniss and Astle, 2016) [1].

Thiamine responsive acute life threatening metabolic acidosis in exclusively breast-fed infants.

BACKGROUND: Acute life threatening metabolic acidosis in exclusively breast fed infants due to thiamine deficiency is not described. Kashmir valley, a north Indian state has a population that largely consumes polished rice. METHODS: A six months prospective descriptive study of infants who presented with acute life threatening metabolic acidosis (Blood pH ≤ 7.0) due to thiamine deficiency. RESULTS: Twenty three infants (Eleven male; Twelve female) in the age range of 32 days to 4 months had a pH of ≤7 at admission. Onset of moaning was immediate (2-24 hours). Blood lactate levels were more than 15mmol/L. Blood thiamine levels of six infants in whom it was done ranged from 11-69 nmol/L (control 78-185 nmol/L). All infants were exclusively breast fed. Maternal staple diet consisted of polished rice. All mothers consumed rice after washing it thrice. Twelve lactating mothers were on customary dietary restrictions. Practice of straining rice after cooking was observed in thirteen. The commonest symptoms were irritability (82%) and reflux (56%). Commonest signs were tachycardia (100%) and moaning (73%). At presentation 52% were in cardiogenic shock. Response to thiamine was dramatic with moaning and irritability subsiding in two hours and tachycardia in four hours. Adequate perfusion was achieved in one hour. Eighteen patients seen at six months follow up had normal neurodevelopment. CONCLUSIONS: Thiamine deficiency in an infant can present as sudden onset metabolic acidosis. If treated early, metabolic acidosis due to thiamine deficiency is associated with good immediate and long term prognosis even if pH is less than 7 at presentation.