RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Persistent olfactory dysfunction (OD) after 6 months caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported with a variable prevalence worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of long-term OD and identify predisposing factors. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 100 adults with COVID-19. Olfactory function was assessed with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and a symptom survey at the onset of disease and 30 days later. Patients with persistent quantitative OD at the second assessment were reevaluated after 1 year. Demographic variables, symptoms, and the degree of smell loss were analyzed. RESULTS: Participants included 100 patients. The mean age was 42.2 ± 15.6 years, 55 (55%) were female, and 56 (56%) were outpatients. Baseline smell loss was identified in 75/100 (75%) patients, decreasing to 39/95 (40%) after 1 month, and persisting in 29 patients after 1 year. Phantosmia at baseline was the only risk factor identified for persistent OD after 1 year (relative risk 2.51; 95% confidence interval 1.53-4.12; p < 0.001). Regardless of the outcome in smell function, a significant decline in olfaction was associated with the presence of phantosmia at 1 month (ß = -12.39; 95% CI -19.82 to -4.95; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 (2019-2020 variants) produced a highly frequent OD that persisted in 29% of the patients after 1 year. The presence of phantosmia at baseline and 1 month was associated with a worse evolution, but phantosmia may interfere with the performance in an identification smell test. A longer follow-up is required in these patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 Laryngoscope, 132:2445-2452, 2022.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Transtornos do Olfato , Adulto , Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Olfato , SARS-CoV-2 , Anosmia/epidemiologia , Anosmia/etiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Transtornos do Olfato/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Olfato/etiologia , Transtornos do Olfato/diagnósticoAssuntos
COVID-19/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Olfato/epidemiologia , Distúrbios do Paladar/epidemiologia , Adulto , COVID-19/fisiopatologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos do Olfato/fisiopatologia , Pacientes Ambulatoriais/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Prospectivos , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Fatores de Risco , SARS-CoV-2 , Distúrbios do Paladar/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Menciona que en la producción del café, la articulación agricultura-industria es ineludible. Aún cuando las unidades no estén configuradas de esa manera, dicha integración se da en el proceso de producción, pues el fruto requiere del proceso industrial para ser manejado en la comercialización y en el consumo, de manera que podemos tratar a la cafeticultura como a una actividad agrindustrial
