Erratum to: 2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13017-016-0082-5.].

2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis.

Acute calculus cholecystitis is a very common disease with several area of uncertainty. The World Society of Emergency Surgery developed extensive guidelines in order to cover grey areas. The diagnostic criteria, the antimicrobial therapy, the evaluation of associated common bile duct stones, the identification of "high risk" patients, the surgical timing, the type of surgery, and the alternatives to surgery are discussed. Moreover the algorithm is proposed: as soon as diagnosis is made and after the evaluation of choledocholitiasis risk, laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be offered to all patients exception of those with high risk of morbidity or mortality. These Guidelines must be considered as an adjunctive tool for decision but they are not substitute of the clinical judgement for the individual patient.

Growth factors and metabolic markers in cord blood: relationship to birth weight and length.

Low birth weight and length for gestational age are associated with a high risk of short stature and metabolic syndrome in adulthood. The mechanisms that link prenatal growth to adult stature and metabolic syndrome have not yet been entirely clarified. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between standardized anthropometric measures at birth and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, insulin, adiponectin, and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) cord blood levels in the general population. One hundred fifty-eight random newborn subjects (77F, 81M) from Genoa, Italy, were analyzed. Anthropometric parameters were measured and standardized according to standard Italian tables. Insulin values were treated as categorical, since in several cases the results fell below detection cut-off. Mean birth weight was 3,214.23∓488.99 gr and mean length was 49.82∓2.17 cm. Females had higher mean IGF-I (p=0.04), and were more likely to have insulin values either <2 μU/ml or >4.5μU/ml (p= 0.04) compared to males. Weight and length SD scores (SDS) were higher in subjects with elevated insulin levels (p=0.002). A moderate correlation was found between weight and IGF-II (r=0.354). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that standardized birth weight was associated with IGFII and insulin values. Our data highlight the importance of IGF-II in fetal growth and suggest that gender differences should be taken into consideration when evaluating prenatal growth.

Midbrain-hindbrain involvement in septo-optic dysplasia.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Midbrain-hindbrain involvement in septo-optic dysplasia has not been well described, despite reported mutations of genes regulating brain stem patterning. We aimed to describe midbrain-hindbrain involvement in patients with septo-optic dysplasia and to identify possible clinical-neuroimaging correlations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using MR imaging, we categorized 38 patients (21 males) based on the presence (group A, 21 patients) or absence (group B, 17 patients) of visible brain stem anomalies. We measured height and anteroposterior diameter of midbrain, pons, and medulla, anteroposterior midbrain/pons diameter (M/P ratio), vermian height, and tegmento-vermian angle, and compared the results with 114 healthy age-matched controls. Furthermore, patients were subdivided based on the type of midline anomalies. The associations between clinical and neuroradiological features were investigated. Post hoc tests were corrected according to Bonferroni adjustment (pB). RESULTS: Patients with brain stem abnormalities had smaller anteroposterior pons diameter than controls (pB < .0001) and group B (pB = .012), higher M/P ratio than controls (pB < .0001) and group B (pB < .0001), and smaller anteroposterior medulla diameter (pB = .001), pontine height (pB = .00072), and vermian height (pB = .0009) than controls. Six of 21 patients in group A had thickened quadrigeminal plate, aqueductal stenosis, and hydrocephalus; 3 also had agenesis of the epithalamus. One patient had a short midbrain with long pons and large superior vermis. There was a statistically significant association between brain stem abnormalities and callosal dysgenesis (P = .011) and developmental delay (P = .035), respectively. CONCLUSION: Midbrain-hindbrain abnormalities are a significant, albeit underrecognized, component of the septo-optic dysplasia spectrum, and are significantly associated with developmental delay in affected patients.

Different molecular mechanisms leading to white matter hypomyelination in infantile onset lysosomal disorders.

Hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathies may be related to a primary disturbance in the formation of myelin or may be caused by neuronal, oligodendrocytic or astrocytic dysfunction, leading to a failure of myelination. Abnormal myelination related to a direct metabolic damage on oligodendrocytes has been shown to occur in some animal models of lysosomal storage diseases. To demonstrate that cerebral white matter hypomyelination may occur also in humans affected by early-onset lysosomal storage diseases, we report three cases with infantile-onset lysosomal storage disorders (type 1 GM1 gangliosidosis, globoid cell leukodystrophy or Krabbe's disease, and type A Niemann-Pick disease) showing white matter hypomyelination. Hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathy may therefore represent a feature of lysosomal storage disorders with onset in the first months of life, when the process of myelination is particularly active, indicating that neuronal storage disorders may be primarily responsible for central nervous system hypomyelination.

Congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) Ig: report on a patient and review of the literature.

We report a new patient with CDG Ig and review the five other known patients. From the data on this small number of patients, it seems that the association of psychomotor retardation, male hypogenitalism and decreased serum IgG in a patient with a type 1 pattern of serum sialotransferrins might be a clue to the diagnosis of CDG Ig.

Ultrasound and clinical evaluation of quadricipital tendon enthesitis in patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Enthesitis is an inflammatory lesion of the tendon, ligament and capsular insertions into the bone, and it is a fundamental element in the diagnosis of spondyloarthropathies. Sonography is the method of choice for studying periarticular soft tissues because it is capable of detecting both the early (oedema, thickening) and late alterations (erosions and enthesophytes); it is also an inexpensive, biologically harmless and easily repeatable technique. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of quadricipital enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and to document any clinical and echostructural differences in this lesion between the two diseases. The results show that enthesitis is more frequent in PsA patients, more than half of whom are asymptomatic. Knee inflammation was found in the PsA patients with enthesitis regardless of the concomitant presence of joint effusion; none of the RA patients suffered from enthesitis alone. Quadricipital enthesitis is more frequent in male patients. There was no significant correlation between the presence of peripatellar psoriatic lesions and enthesitis. Sonographic examinations of patients with enthesitis revealed that those with RA had predominantly inflammatory lesions, whereas PsA patients also showed major new bone deposition.

Ultrasound and clinical evaluation of quadricipital tendon enthesitis in patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Enthesitis is an inflammatory lesion of the tendon, ligament and capsular insertions into the bone, and it is a fundamental element in the diagnosis of spondyloarthropathies. Sonography is the method of choice for studying periarticular soft tissues because it is capable of detecting both the early (oedema, thickening) and the late alterations (erosions and enthesophytes); it is also an inexpensive, biologically harmless and easily repeatable technique. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of quadricipital enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and to document any clinical and echostructural differences in this lesion between the two diseases. The results show that enthesitis is more frequent in PsA patients, more than half of whom are asymptomatic. Knee inflammation was found in the PsA patients with enthesitis regardless of the concomitant presence of joint effusion; none of the RA patients suffered from enthesitis alone. Quadricipital enthesitis is more frequent in male patients. There was no significant correlation between the presence of peripatellar psoriatic lesions and enthesitis. Sonographic examinations of patients with enthesitis revealed that those with RA had dominantly inflammatory lesions, whereas PsA patients also showed major new bone deposition.

Bone mineral density in patients with psoriatic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Little information is available concerning bone mass in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA): the existence of less severe periarticular osteoporosis is considered possible, but there are no data concerning the existence of systemic osteoporosis. We investigated bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with PsA. METHODS: We studied 186 patients with non-axial PsA and 100 healthy subjects, equally divided into 3 groups: women of child-bearing age, women in menopause, and men. No patient had previously received steroid treatment. In all patients, evaluation was made of disease duration, inflammation indices (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein), functional indices (Steinbrocker scale), and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). BMD was measured by fan-beam x-ray densitometry of the lumbar spine, femur, and total body (evaluating the whole skeleton, as well as the spine, trunk, and upper and lower limbs). Ultrasound densitometry of the heel was also performed. RESULTS: BMD was significantly lower in the arthritic than in the healthy subjects regardless of sex, menopausal status, or age, as expressed in g/cm2 (lumbar spine 1.112 vs 1.326; femoral neck 0.870 vs 1.006; total body 1.125 vs 1.203) or by T and Z scores (lumbar T = -1.36, Z = -0.98; femoral neck T = -1.12, Z = -0.83; total body T = -1.09, Z = -0.65). Ultrasound densitometry of the heel was similarly altered (stiffness 96 vs 77; T -1.78; Z -1.29). Among the PsA patients, demineralization in at least one skeletal region was observed in 67% of premenopausal women (marked in 11%), 100% of postmenopausal women (marked in 47%), and 80% of the men (marked in 29%). In premenopausal women, demineralization did not correlate with the disease variables; in postmenopausal women and the men, it correlated with a decline in the functional indices and the HAQ score. This was confirmed by analysis of the relative risk of osteoporosis expressed in odds ratios (HAQ: 1.6; age: 1.4; years since menopause: 1.7). CONCLUSION: Demineralization was observed in more than 2/3 of our PsA patients without axial involvement. This demineralization was not related to the indices of inflammation or disease duration, but there is a delayed correlation with HAQ score, as well as age and the number of years since menopause.