Fibrosis assessment in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Adherence to proposed algorithms and barriers to complying with them.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Fibrosis staging in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is carried out through the application of stepwise algorithms but there is little real-world data on their use. Our aim was to calculate the number of patients with NAFLD and indeterminate or high risk for fibrosis, assessed through noninvasive scores, that consequently underwent further staging evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional multicenter cohort study was conducted on patients with NAFLD evaluated by hepatologists within the time frame of June 1 and July 31, 2018. The FIB-4 and NAFLD fibrosis scores were calculated in all the patients, and if at least one of the scores suggested indeterminate or high risk for fibrosis, we believed the patient should have undergone additional fibrosis staging assessment. RESULTS: The study included 238 patients. The median time interval from NAFLD diagnosis and inclusion in the analysis was 12.2 months (IQR 3.0-36.5). A total of 128 (54%) patients had at least one noninvasive score that suggested indeterminate or high risk for fibrosis but studies to confirm the fibrosis grade (elastography, biopsy, etc.) were performed on only 72 (56%). The main barriers encountered by the physicians for applying the staging algorithms were related to health insurance coverage and imaging study costs. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of patients with NAFLD were at indeterminate or high risk for fibrosis, according to noninvasive scores, but additional studies were carried out on only half of them, showing low adherence to current recommendations.

Fibrosis assessment in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Adherence to proposed algorithms and barriers to complying with them. / Evaluación de fibrosis en pacientes con enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólico: adherencia a los algoritmos propuestos y barreras para cumplir con ellos.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Fibrosis staging in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is carried out through the application of stepwise algorithms but there is little real-world data on their use. Our aim was to calculate the number of patients with NAFLD and indeterminate or high risk for fibrosis, assessed through noninvasive scores, that consequently underwent further staging evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional multicenter cohort study was conducted on patients with NAFLD evaluated by hepatologists within the time frame of June 1 and July 31, 2018. The FIB-4 and NAFLD fibrosis scores were calculated in all the patients, and if at least one of the scores suggested indeterminate or high risk for fibrosis, we believed the patient should have undergone additional fibrosis staging assessment. RESULTS: The study included 238 patients. The median time interval from NAFLD diagnosis and inclusion in the analysis was 12.2months (IQR 3.0-36.5). A total of 128 (54%) patients had at least one noninvasive score that suggested indeterminate or high risk for fibrosis but studies to confirm the fibrosis grade (elastography, biopsy, etc.) were performed on only 72 (56%). The main barriers encountered by the physicians for applying the staging algorithms were related to health insurance coverage and imaging study costs. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of patients with NAFLD were at indeterminate or high risk for fibrosis, according to noninvasive scores, but additional studies were carried out on only half of them, showing low adherence to current recommendations.

Infecciones durante la internación de pacientes con cirrosis hepática / Infections during the hospitalization of patients with liver cirrhosis

Se estudiaron retrospectivamente las Historias Clínicas de 291 pacientes con cirrosis hepática internados (etiología alcohólica en el 95//), de los cuales 114 presentaron episodios de infección con 155 episodios en 144 hospitalizaciones. En comunicación previa observamos que la infección fue el cuarto motivo de ingreso y la principal causa de muerte. La incidencia fue mayor en el sexo femenino. Al momento del diagnóstico: 57// correspondía al Child C; 30// presentaron sepsis y 22// fueron de adquisición intrahospitalaria. Las infecciones más frecuentes fueron la P.B.E. y las pulmonares. Se obtuvo documentación bacteriológica en el 55// de los episódios con predominio de bacilos gramnegativos (E. coli), con alta frecuencia relativa de neumococos. Las complicaciones estuvieron relacionadas con la insuficiencia hepática. La mortalidad global fue del 27.1//, mientras que en las intrahospitalarias fue del 42.1// y los pacientes con Child C, 40.9//. Las bacteriemias sin foco y las P.B.E. presentaron la mayor mortalidad. La sobrevida global fue del 42// a los 2 años y del 18// a los 5 años. En conclusión, destacamos la importancia de investigar la presencia de infección en forma sistemática en los pacientes cirróticos con encefalopatía y/o insuficiencia renal sin causa que las justifique

Infecciones durante la internación de pacientes con cirrosis hepática / Infections during the hospitalization of patients with liver cirrhosis

Se estudiaron retrospectivamente las Historias Clínicas de 291 pacientes con cirrosis hepática internados (etiología alcohólica en el 95//), de los cuales 114 presentaron episodios de infección con 155 episodios en 144 hospitalizaciones. En comunicación previa observamos que la infección fue el cuarto motivo de ingreso y la principal causa de muerte. La incidencia fue mayor en el sexo femenino. Al momento del diagnóstico: 57// correspondía al Child C; 30// presentaron sepsis y 22// fueron de adquisición intrahospitalaria. Las infecciones más frecuentes fueron la P.B.E. y las pulmonares. Se obtuvo documentación bacteriológica en el 55// de los episódios con predominio de bacilos gramnegativos (E. coli), con alta frecuencia relativa de neumococos. Las complicaciones estuvieron relacionadas con la insuficiencia hepática. La mortalidad global fue del 27.1//, mientras que en las intrahospitalarias fue del 42.1// y los pacientes con Child C, 40.9//. Las bacteriemias sin foco y las P.B.E. presentaron la mayor mortalidad. La sobrevida global fue del 42// a los 2 años y del 18// a los 5 años. En conclusión, destacamos la importancia de investigar la presencia de infección en forma sistemática en los pacientes cirróticos con encefalopatía y/o insuficiencia renal sin causa que las justifique (AU)

[Infections during the hospitalization of patients with liver cirrhosis]. / Infecciones durante la internación de pacientes con cirrosis hepática.

We studied retrospectively the clinical records of 291 hospital patients with liver cirrhosis, 95% of which was alcohol related. Within this group, 114 patients presented 155 episodes of infection in 144 separate hospital admissions. In a previous communication, we pointed out that although infection was the fourth cause of admission, it was the main cause of death in this group. The main incidence of infection was among the female group. The most common infections episodes were respiratory and bacterial spontaneous peritonitis (BSP). On admission, 57% of the patients were diagnosed as belonging to the C Child group; 38% presented sepsis and 22% were hospitalary infections. The most frequent infections were respiratory and BSP. We obtained bacteriologic documentation in 55% of the episodes with prevalence of Gram negative bacilli (E. coli), with high relative frequency of neumoccocus. The most frequent complications were related to hepatic insufficiency. Global death rate was 27.1%, while nosocomial death rates were 42.1% and 40.9% for patients with Child C. We observed the highest incidence of mortality in patients with SBP and non localized bacteriemia. Survival rates were 42% for 2 years and 18% for 5 years. In summary, we stress the relevancy of checking the presence of infection systematically in every cirrhotic patient with encephalopathy and/or renal insufficiency without justifiable cause.

Infecciones durante la internación de pacientes con cirrosis hepática. / [Infections during the hospitalization of patients with liver cirrhosis]

We studied retrospectively the clinical records of 291 hospital patients with liver cirrhosis, 95

of which was alcohol related. Within this group, 114 patients presented 155 episodes of infection in 144 separate hospital admissions. In a previous communication, we pointed out that although infection was the fourth cause of admission, it was the main cause of death in this group. The main incidence of infection was among the female group. The most common infections episodes were respiratory and bacterial spontaneous peritonitis (BSP). On admission, 57

of the patients were diagnosed as belonging to the C Child group; 38

presented sepsis and 22

were hospitalary infections. The most frequent infections were respiratory and BSP. We obtained bacteriologic documentation in 55

of the episodes with prevalence of Gram negative bacilli (E. coli), with high relative frequency of neumoccocus. The most frequent complications were related to hepatic insufficiency. Global death rate was 27.1

, while nosocomial death rates were 42.1

and 40.9

for patients with Child C. We observed the highest incidence of mortality in patients with SBP and non localized bacteriemia. Survival rates were 42

for 2 years and 18

for 5 years. In summary, we stress the relevancy of checking the presence of infection systematically in every cirrhotic patient with encephalopathy and/or renal insufficiency without justifiable cause.