Early predictors of employment outcomes 1 year post traumatic brain injury in a population of Hispanic individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To determine which demographic, injury, and rehabilitation factors are associated with employment rates in Hispanic individuals 1 year post traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Longitudinal dataset of the TBI Model Systems National Database. PARTICIPANTS: 418 Hispanic individuals with TBI hospitalized between 1990 and 2009 having year 1 follow-up data (18-55 years and not retired at injury). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Competitive employment status 1 year post-injury (yes/no). RESULTS: A multiple logistic regression model indicated that pre-injury employment status, pre-injury level of education, etiology, days of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), associated spinal cord injury, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor at rehabilitation discharge, and length of stay in rehabilitation were significant predictors of competitive employment post-injury, controlling for the effects of each other (all p-values ≤ 0.014). Increases in the odds of not being employed post-injury were associated with not being employed pre-injury, having lower levels of education pre-injury, etiologies due to violence or falls, increased PTA, an associated spinal cord injury, lower FIM motor scores, and greater lengths of stay in rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: The first year post-TBI is critical for recovery and gainful employment, particularly for Hispanic individuals. Early identification of factors influencing successful gainful employment and expeditious implementation of services to ameliorate these issues are paramount in improving employment outcomes for Hispanic individuals with TBI.

Characteristics associated with satisfaction with life 1 year post traumatic brain injury in a population of Hispanic individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To determine which demographic, injury, rehabilitation, and follow-up characteristics are associated with satisfaction with life in a population of Hispanic individuals 1 year post-traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Longitudinal dataset of the TBI Model Systems National Database. PARTICIPANTS: 291 Hispanic adults with TBIs occurring between 1999 and 2008 having year 1 follow-up data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) measured 1 year post-TBI. RESULTS: The relationships between SWLS 1 year post-injury and a variety of demographic, injury, rehabilitation, and follow-up characteristics were modeled using generalized linear models. The final multivariable model explained 25.2% of variability in SWLS (F (7, 261)=12.6, p < 0.001) and included quadratic effects for both age at injury and FIM cognitive scores 1 year post-injury, as well as effects for associated SCI and employment status 1 year post-injury (all p-values ≤ 0.036). In general, higher age, no associated SCI, not being unemployed at 1 year post-injury, and very high or very low FIM cognitive scores were associated with greater SWLS scores 1 year post-injury. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a variety of demographic, injury, and follow-up characteristics are related with SWLS 1 year post-TBI in Hispanic individuals. Focusing rehabilitation efforts on improving cognition and vocational skills may improve SWLS in Hispanics 1 year post-TBI.