Crise global da atenção primária à saúde / Global crisis in primary health care / Crisis global de la atención primaria

Enquanto no Norte Global se discute uma crise na Atenção Primária à Saúde, a maioria dos países nunca chegou a constituir sistemas de saúde baseados propriamente numa atenção primária robusta. Nesse cenário, o Brasil apresenta uma tendência mais favorável, com conquistas importantes para a atenção primária e a medicina de família e comunidade nos últimos dez anos. Restam desafios a serem superados para que o Sistema Único de Saúde alcance níveis satisfatórios de acesso a seus serviços, com profissionais adequadamente formados e valorizados pela população.

While the Global North is discussing a crisis in primary health care, the majority of countries have never managed to establish health systems based on robust primary care. Brazil presents a more favorable trend, with important achievements for primary care and family practice over the last ten years. There are still challenges to be overcome so that the Unified Health System achieves satisfactory levels of access to its services, with professionals who are properly trained and valued by the public.

Mientras que en el Norte Global se habla de una crisis de la atención primaria, la mayoría de los países nunca han creado realmente sistemas sanitarios basados en una atención primaria robusta. Brasil, muestra una tendencia más favorable, con importantes logros para la atención primaria y la medicina familiar y comunitaria en los últimos diez años. Aún quedan retos por superar para que el Sistema Único de Salud alcance niveles satisfactorios de acceso a sus servicios, con profesionales debidamente formados y valorados por la población.

Leishmania (Sauroleishmania) tarentolae versus pathogenic species: comparative evaluation of protease activity, glycoconjugates, resistance to complement and metabolome composition.

BACKGROUND: Leishmania tarentolae is a non-pathogenic species found in lizards representing an important model for Leishmania biology. However, several aspects of this Sauroleishmania remain unknown to explain its low level of virulence. OBJECTIVES: We reported several aspects of L. tarentolae biology including glycoconjugates, proteolytic activities and metabolome composition in comparison to pathogenic species (Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major). METHODS: Parasites were cultured for extraction and purification of lipophosphoglycan (LPG), immunofluorescence probing with anti-gp63 and resistance against complement. Parasite extracts were also tested for proteases activity and metabolome composition. FINDINGS: Leishmania tarentolae does not express LPG on its surface. It expresses gp63 at lower levels compared to pathogenic species and, is highly sensitive to complement-mediated lysis. This species also lacks intracellular/extracellular activities of proteolytic enzymes. It has metabolic differences with pathogenic species, exhibiting a lower abundance of metabolites including ABC transporters, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and steroids, TCA cycle, glycine/serine/threonine metabolism, glyoxylate/dicarboxylate metabolism and pentose-phosphate pathways. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The non-pathogenic phenotype of L. tarentolae is associated with alterations in several biochemical and molecular features. This reinforces the need of comparative studies between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of virulence during host-parasite interactions.

Long-term occurrence of multiple antimicrobial drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates harboring virulent potential in a tertiary hospital from Brazil.

Klebsiella pneumoniae strains are globally associated with a plethora of opportunistic and severe human infections and are known to spread genes conferring antimicrobial resistance. Some strains harbor virulence determinants that enable them to cause serious disease in any patient, both in the hospital and in the community. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of antimicrobial resistance and virulence traits (by gene detection and string test) among 83 K. pneumoniae isolates obtained from patient cultures of a scholar tertiary hospital in the Midwestern Brazil (Brasília, DF). Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis showed that 94% (78/83) of the isolates presented one of the following resistance profiles: resistant (R, 39), multidrug-resistant (MDR, 29), or extensively drug-resistant (XDR, 10). Several MDR and XDR strains harbored multiple virulence genes and displayed hypermucoviscous phenotype. These characteristics were observed among isolates obtained throughout all the sample collection period (2013 - 2017). The K2 serotype gene, a molecular marker of hypervirulence, was detected in three isolates, one of which classified as XDR. Sequence typing revealed the occurrence of isolates belonged to high-risk (ST13) and multiple resistance-spreading clones (ST105). Thus, our findings showed the occurrence of virulent potential isolates that also presented MDR/XDR phenotypes from 2013 to 2015. This study also indicates the probable convergence of virulence and resistance since at least 2013 in Brazil.

Thoracic Spine Mobility and Posture: Correlation and Predictive Values in Physically Independent Older Adults.

The posture undergoes changes during aging and may serve as a marker for the evaluation of the thoracic spine. This study aimed to correlate the variables for the evaluation of thoracic spine mobility and propose predictive equation models from the measurements of the thoracic Schober test and the digital inclinometer in older adults. The mobility of thoracic flexion and extension by levels (T1, T8 and T12) of 41 older adult subjects (66 ± 7 years) was quantified with a digital inclinometer (degrees) and Schober's test (cm). There was a moderate positive correlation between the digital inclinometer and the Schober test at T1 (r = .69), T12 (r = .60), and total flexion levels T1 to T12 (r = .74). Simple linear regression equations showed that thoracic Schober predicts thoracic mobility measures for these same levels. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between the inclinometer and the Schober Test measurements. The development of predictive equation models based on the thoracic Schober test could potentially enhance the ability to predict spinal mobility in physically independent older adults.

Leishmania (Sauroleishmania) tarentolae versus pathogenic species: comparative evaluation of protease activity, glycoconjugates, resistance to complement and metabolome composition

BACKGROUND Leishmania tarentolae is a non-pathogenic species found in lizards representing an important model for Leishmania biology. However, several aspects of this Sauroleishmania remain unknown to explain its low level of virulence. OBJECTIVES We reported several aspects of L. tarentolae biology including glycoconjugates, proteolytic activities and metabolome composition in comparison to pathogenic species (Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major). METHODS Parasites were cultured for extraction and purification of lipophosphoglycan (LPG), immunofluorescence probing with anti-gp63 and resistance against complement. Parasite extracts were also tested for proteases activity and metabolome composition. FINDINGS Leishmania tarentolae does not express LPG on its surface. It expresses gp63 at lower levels compared to pathogenic species and, is highly sensitive to complement-mediated lysis. This species also lacks intracellular/extracellular activities of proteolytic enzymes. It has metabolic differences with pathogenic species, exhibiting a lower abundance of metabolites including ABC transporters, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and steroids, TCA cycle, glycine/serine/threonine metabolism, glyoxylate/dicarboxylate metabolism and pentose-phosphate pathways. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The non-pathogenic phenotype of L. tarentolae is associated with alterations in several biochemical and molecular features. This reinforces the need of comparative studies between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of virulence during host-parasite interactions.

Escala para determinar intervalo de avaliação dos acessos periféricos em pediatria: Estudo convergente assistencial / Assessment interval scale for peripheral intravenous catheters in pediatrics: A convergent care research study / Escala para determinar el intervalo de evaluación del acceso periférico en pediatría: Estudio convergente assistencial

Resumo Enquadramento: Segundo a literatura 58,7% a 86,7% dos pacientes hospitalizados têm um cateter venoso periférico. Contudo, a utilização desse dispositivo não é isenta de complicações. A gestão desses dispositivos gera uma necessidade significativa de cuidados pela equipa de enfermagem. Objetivo: Construir e validar uma escala para determinar o intervalo tempo para a avaliação dos acessos periféricos em uso de infusão contínua em pediatria. Metodologia: Estudo, metodológico, observacional, prospetivo, quantitativo e convergente assistencial. Resultados: A escala foi submetida a duas fases para validação de constructo. A somatória final de todos os scores teve concordância de 87,5%. O Teste de confiabilidade de Kappa Ponderado Linear apontou confiabilidade quase perfeita 0,91, 0,87 e 0,88 para a condição clínica do paciente, características das veias e a pontuação final, respetivamente. Todos os indicadores foram estatisticamente significativos (p = 0,001). Conclusão: O intervalo de tempo para avaliação dos acessos periféricos em infusão contínua considerando a especificidade de cada paciente é possível utilizando a Escala Maia e Castro que auxilia a prática da assistência do enfermeiro na população pediátrica.

Abstract Background: According to the literature 58.7% to 86.7% of hospitalized patients have a peripheral venous catheter. However, the use of this device is not without complications. The management of these devices generates a significant demand for care by the nursing team. Objective: Construct and validate a scale to determine the time interval for the evaluation of peripheral accesses using continuous infusion in pediatrics. Methodology: Methodological, observational, prospective, quantitative and convergent assistential study. Results: The scale was submitted to two phases for construct validation. The final sum of all scores had an agreement of 87.5%. The Linear Weighted Kappa Reliability Test showed almost perfect reliability 0.91, 0.87 and 0.88 for patient's clinical condition, vein characteristics and final score respectively. All indicators were statistically significant (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The time interval for the evaluation of peripheral accesses in continuous infusion, considering the specificity of each patient, is possible using the Maia e Castro scale, which helps the practice of nursing care in pediatric patients.

Marco contextual: Según la bibliografía, entre el 58,7% y el 86,7% de los pacientes hospitalizados tienen un catéter venoso periférico. Sin embargo, el uso de este dispositivo no está exento de complicaciones. La gestión de estos dispositivos genera una importante necesidad de cuidados por parte del equipo de enfermería. Objetivo: Construir y validar una escala para determinar el intervalo de tiempo para evaluar los accesos periféricos mediante infusión continua en pediatría. Metodología: Estudio metodológico, observacional, prospectivo, cuantitativo y convergente asistencial. Resultados: La escala se sometió a dos fases de validación de constructo. La suma final de todas las puntuaciones mostró una concordancia del 87,5%. La prueba de fiabilidad Kappa lineal ponderada indicó una fiabilidad casi perfecta de 0,91, 0,87 y 0,88 para el estado clínico del paciente, las características de las venas y la puntuación final, respectivamente. Todos los indicadores fueron estadísticamente significativos (p = 0,001). Conclusión: El intervalo de tiempo para evaluar los accesos periféricos en infusión continua, teniendo en cuenta la especificidad de cada paciente, es posible utilizando la Escala de Maia y Castro, que ayuda a la práctica de los cuidados de enfermería en la población pediátrica.

Challenges of a two-phase orthodontic treatment of a mandibular lateral incisor-canine transposition and a maxillary palatally displaced canine: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: The management of eruption disturbances in orthodontics may be challenging and requires a careful diagnosis and treatment planning. This case report discusses the challenges of a two-phase orthodontic treatment of a patient presenting with a dental eruption pattern anomaly. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 10-year-old boy was presented with no complaints for a routine orthodontic evaluation during mixed dentition. PRIMARY DIAGNOSES: The patient was diagnosed with a skeletal Class I malocclusion with unilateral posterior crossbite, incomplete mandibular lateral incisor-canine transposition and a unilateral maxillary ectopic canine. INTERVENTIONS: Phase 1 started with rapid maxillary expansion to correct maxillary constriction and the ectopic eruption of the right maxillary canine. In the mandibular arch, phase 1 included the extraction of the left primary lateral incisor and canine, alignment of the left permanent lateral incisor and orthodontic traction of the left permanent canine. The duration of phase 1 was 14 months. Phase 2 involved a comprehensive course of orthodontic treatment and started when the patient was aged 13 years. This phase lasted 18 months. RESULTS: An adequate dental occlusion was obtained, and the treatment results were stable after an 18-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: In this case, the early diagnosis of the dental anomalies was valuable as it allowed an early intervention to be undertaken, which resulted in overall treatment simplification and potentially minimised the adverse effects. This case report reinforces the importance of a careful follow-up during mixed dentition.

Non­urgent use of the emergency department: a qualitative semi­structured interview study, Vitória-ES, 2019. / Uso de serviço de emergência por motivos não urgentes: estudo qualitativo com usuários de um pronto-atendimento, Vitória-ES, 2019.

Introduction: The healthcare system is structured to prioritize Primary Health Care (PHC) as the main gateway for accessing care while reserving emergency services for situations requiring immediate attention. However, people's choices often deviate from what one would expect based on their health needs, leading to overburdened emergency services and reduced clinical care effectiveness and efficiency. Objective: This study aims to identify the motivations behind non-urgent health issues leading users to seek care at an emergency department. Method: A qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews was conducted in 2019 with users of an emergency department in Vitória-ES. The collected data underwent thematic analysis. Results: The study included 29 participants, predominantly women, of Black or mixed race, and under 30 years old, who reported issues related to pain or respiratory problems. Notably, participants perceived emergency services as places where they could readily obtain immediate and effective care. Accessing PHC was seen as challenging, and they anticipated that their needs (appointments, tests, medications) would not be promptly met within PHC. Conclusion: Utilizing emergency services for non-urgent concerns is a multifaceted and complex public health problem that extends beyond PHC access difficulties to encompass individual and collective understanding of PHC's role and emergency care. Merely expanding PHC is insufficient; reframing this level care is essential, particularly among younger individuals.

Introdução: o sistema de saúde é organizado de uma forma que prevê a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) como a porta de entrada preferencial para o cuidado, destinando-se os serviços de emergência para situações que exigem atendimento imediato. Contudo, o caminho percorrido pelas pessoas nem sempre reflete o que se esperaria pelo perfil de sua necessidade de saúde, resultando em sobrecarga e baixa efetividade e eficiência dos serviços de emergência. Objetivo: identificar motivações para uso pronto-atendimentos por problemas de saúde não urgentes em usuários deste serviço. Método: estudo qualitativo baseado em entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas em 2019 com usuários de um pronto-atendimento do município de Vitória-ES. Os dados foram submetidos à análise temática derivada da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Participaram 29 pessoas, sendo a maioria mulheres, negras ou pardas, com menos de 30 anos, queixando-se de dor ou problema respiratório. Observou-se, dentre outras coisas, que os entrevistados percebem os serviços urgência e emergência como aqueles onde obterão cuidados imediatos com maior facilidade e resolubilidade, já que é difícil acessar a APS e nela muito provavelmente não terão tudo aquilo que consideram necessário para manejar seu problema (consulta, exames e medicações) de uma maneira imediata, rápida e resolutiva. Conclusão: A utilização de pronto-atendimentos por motivos não urgentes é uma questão complexa. Envolve não apenas a dificuldade de acesso à APS, mas a própria compreensão individual e coletiva do papel da APS e do pronto-atendimento. Não basta, portanto, expandir a APS, mas é preciso também ressignificá-la, em especial junto aos mais jovens.

Energetic responses of head-out water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequence on anaerobic mechanical power.

PURPOSE: While exercise recovery may be beneficial from a physiological point of view, it may be detrimental to subsequent anaerobic performance. To investigate the energetic responses of water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequences on subsequent anaerobic performance, a randomized and controlled crossover experimental design was performed with 21 trained cyclists. METHOD: Participants were assigned to receive three passive recovery strategies during 10 min after a Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT): control (CON: non-immersed condition), cold water immersion (CWI: 20 â„ƒ), and hot water immersion (HWI: 40 â„ƒ). Blood lactate, cardiorespiratory, and mechanical outcomes were measured during the WAnT and its recovery. Time constant (τ), asymptotic value, and area under the curve (AUC) were quantified for each physiologic parameter during recovery. After that, a second WAnT test and 10-min recovery were realized in the same session. RESULTS: Regardless the water immersion temperature, water immersion increased [Formula: see text] (+ 18%), asymptote ([Formula: see text]+ 16%, [Formula: see text] + 13%, [Formula: see text] + 17%, HR + 16%) and AUC ([Formula: see text]+ 27%, [Formula: see text] + 18%, [Formula: see text] + 20%, HR + 25%), while decreased [Formula: see text] (- 33%). There was no influence of water immersion on blood lactate parameters. HWI improved the mean power output during the second WAnT (2.2%), while the CWI decreased 2.4% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Independent of temperature, water immersion enhanced aerobic energy recovery without modifying blood lactate recovery. However, subsequent anaerobic performance was increased only during HWI and decreased during CWI. Despite higher than in other studies, 20 °C effectively triggered physiological and performance responses. Water immersion-induced physiological changes did not predict subsequent anaerobic performance.

Oral Fluvoxamine With Inhaled Budesonide for Treatment of Early-Onset COVID-19 : A Randomized Platform Trial.

BACKGROUND: Previous trials have demonstrated the effects of fluvoxamine alone and inhaled budesonide alone for prevention of disease progression among outpatients with COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the combination of fluvoxamine and inhaled budesonide would increase treatment effects in a highly vaccinated population. DESIGN: Randomized, placebo-controlled, adaptive platform trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04727424). SETTING: 12 clinical sites in Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Symptomatic adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and a known risk factor for progression to severe disease. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly assigned to either fluvoxamine (100 mg twice daily for 10 days) plus inhaled budesonide (800 mcg twice daily for 10 days) or matching placebos. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was a composite of emergency setting retention for COVID-19 for more than 6 hours, hospitalization, and/or suspected complications due to clinical progression of COVID-19 within 28 days of randomization. Secondary outcomes included health care attendance (defined as hospitalization for any cause or emergency department visit lasting >6 hours), time to hospitalization, mortality, patient-reported outcomes, and adverse drug reactions. RESULTS: Randomization occurred from 15 January to 6 July 2022. A total of 738 participants were allocated to oral fluvoxamine plus inhaled budesonide, and 738 received placebo. The proportion of patients observed in an emergency setting for COVID-19 for more than 6 hours or hospitalized due to COVID-19 was lower in the treatment group than the placebo group (1.8% [95% credible interval {CrI}, 1.1% to 3.0%] vs. 3.7% [95% CrI, 2.5% to 5.3%]; relative risk, 0.50 [95% CrI, 0.25 to 0.92]), with a probability of superiority of 98.7%. No relative effects were found between groups for any of the secondary outcomes. More adverse events occurred in the intervention group than the placebo group, but no important differences between the groups were detected. LIMITATION: Low event rate overall, consistent with contemporary trials in vaccinated populations. CONCLUSION: Treatment with oral fluvoxamine plus inhaled budesonide among high-risk outpatients with early COVID-19 reduced the incidence of severe disease requiring advanced care. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Latona Foundation, FastGrants, and Rainwater Charitable Foundation.

Stress response of Rhamdia quelen to the interaction stocking density - Feeding regimen.

This study aimed to verify the effect of different feeding and stocking conditions during 14 days on the gene expression of several hormones and enzymes related to the stress cascade and metabolic parameters in silver catfish Rhamdia quelen under the following experimental conditions: 1) fed at low stocking density (2.5 kg m-3, LSD-F); 2) fed at high stocking density (32 kg m-3, HSD-F); 3) food-deprived at LSD (LSD-FD); and 4) food-deprived at HSD (HSD-FD). Fish from LSD-F and HSD-F groups were fed daily (1 % of their body mass), while fish from food-deprived groups (LSD-FD and HSD-FD) were not fed during the experimental time. Plasma metabolic parameters (glucose, lactate, triglycerides, and proteins) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were evaluated. In addition, mRNA expression of genes related to the stress axis (crh, pomca, pomcb, nr3c2, star, hsd11b2 and hsd20b), heat shock protein family (hsp90 and hspa12a), sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter (slc6a2), and growth axis (gh and igf1) were also assessed. Specific growth rate and HSI decreased in food-deprived fish regardless of stocking density. The HSD-FD group showed weight loss compared to the HSD-F, LSD-F, and LSD-FD groups. Plasma glucose and triglycerides were reduced in food-deprived groups, while lactate and protein levels did not change. The expression of key players of the stress response (crh, pomca, pomcb, hsd11b2, nr3c2, and hsp90b) and growth (gh and igf1) pathways were differently regulated depending on the experimental condition, whereas no statistical difference between treatments was found for hsd20b, scl6a2, hspa12a, and star mRNAs expression. This study suggests that LSD acts as a stressor affecting negatively the physiological status of fed fish, as demonstrated by the reduction in growth rates, altered metabolic orchestration, and a higher crh mRNA expression. In addition, food deprivation also increased mRNA expression of other assessed genes (nr3c2, hsp90b, pomca, and pomcb) in fish from the HSD group, indicating higher responsiveness to stress in this stocking density when combined with food deprivation.

Diálogos interinstitucionais na judicialização da saúde como estratégia de sustentabilidade do SUS / Inter-institutional dialogues in the judicialization of health as a sustainability strategy for the SUS

RESUMO Este estudo teve por objetivo explorar as estratégias dialógicas adotadas na condução dos processos de saúde ajuizados pela Defensoria Pública no município de Barreiras-BA, de modo a demonstrar que o caráter complexo e policêntrico da judicialização exige uma atuação articulada entre os atores envolvidos, voltada à garantia de sustentabilidade do Sistema Único de Saúde. Adotou-se, para tanto, metodologia descritiva e retrospectiva, com foco em base documental. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de uma relação de processos elaborada pela Defensoria Pública atuante no município, seguida da consulta da íntegra dos autos no site do Tribunal de Justiça da Bahia. Foram analisados 94 processos, ajuizados entre janeiro de 2019 a dezembro de 2021. A análise das práticas dialógicas teve como referencial a Teoria da Ação Comunicativa de Habermas. Concluiu-se que a Defensoria possui protagonismo na etapa pré-processual, buscando, em um agir comunicativo, a resolução extrajudicial dos conflitos. Por outro lado, a postura dos órgãos destinatários demonstrou falha na gestão pública da saúde, que age de forma estratégica e não tem a resolução extrajudicial como prioridade. Restou evidente, ademais, a necessidade de fortalecimento do Núcleo de Apoio Técnico do Poder Judiciário (NAT-Jus), ainda pouco consolidado no Judiciário baiano.

ABSTRACT This study aims to explore the dialogic strategies adopted in the conduct of health processes filed by the Public Defender's Office in Barreiras-BA, in order to demonstrate that the complex and polycentric character of judicialization requires an articulated action between the actors involved, aimed at guaranteeing the sustainability of the Unified Health System. A descriptive and retrospective methodology was adopted, focusing on a documental basis. The data were obtained from a list of cases prepared by the Public Defender's Office operating in the municipality, followed by consultation of the entirety of the records on the website of the Court of Justice of Bahia. 94 cases were analyzed, filed between January 2019 and December 2021. The analysis of dialogic practices was based on Habermas' Theory of Communicative Action. It was concluded that the Defender's Office has a leading role in the pre-procedural stage, seeking, in a communicative action, the extrajudicial resolution of conflicts. On the other hand, the attitude of Organs recipient bodies showed a failure in public health management, which acts strategically and does not have extrajudicial resolution as a priority. Furthermore, the need to strengthen the NAT-Jus remained evident, which is still poorly consolidated in the Bahian Judiciary.

[Incorporation of telehealth in primary healthcare and associated factors in Brazil]. / Incorporação de telessaúde na atenção primária à saúde no Brasil e fatores associados.

The study aimed to analyze the Brazil Networks Telehealth Program in the context of primary healthcare (PHC) in Brazil and to identify related factors. This cross-sectional study used data from the second cycle of the Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Basic Healthcare (PMAQ-AB). The sample consisted of 29,756 healthcare teams who joined the program voluntarily. Independent variables included contextual characteristics (region and population size), healthcare unit (type, telephone access, broadband, number of physicians and nurses, consultation offices, community health workers' room, meeting room, existence of telehealth) and health team characteristics (institutional support). Crude and Poisson regression-adjusted analyses assessed which variables are associated with greater use of telehealth. Prevalence of use of telehealth was 32.7% in the total sample and 73.3% among teams with the Program implemented. Tele-education was the most frequently used modality. Higher rates of prevalence of use were found in the South and Southeast of Brazil, in municipalities with up to 30,000 inhabitants, with telehealth implemented in the unit, with presence of at least one physician, and with at least one telephone available in the service. Institutional support had a 40% positive impact on prevalence of use of telehealth. Infrastructure variables such as Internet and availability of rooms with different purposes appeared not to significantly impact the use of these technologies, indicating that institutional support and the implementation of telehealth itself in the unit are more important for increasing adherence to the Program.

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a utilização do Programa Nacional Telessaúde Brasil Redes, no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde no Brasil, identificando os fatores relacionados. Estudo transversal a partir da base de dados do segundo ciclo do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB). A amostra foi composta por 29.756 equipes de saúde que, voluntariamente, aderiram ao programa. As variáveis independentes abrangeram características contextuais (região e porte populacional), da unidade de saúde (tipo, acesso a telefone, banda larga, número de médicos e enfermeiros, consultórios, sala de agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS), sala de reuniões, existência de telessaúde) e da equipe de saúde (apoio institucional). Análises bruta e ajustada por meio de regressão de Poisson avaliaram quais variáveis são associadas ao maior uso do telessaúde. A prevalência de utilização do telessaúde foi de 32,7% no total da amostra e 73,3% entre equipes com o programa implantado. Teleducação foi a modalidade mais frequentemente usada. Maiores prevalências de utilização foram encontradas das regiões Sul e Sudeste, em municípios com até 30 mil habitantes, com telessaúde implantado na unidade, presença de pelo menos um médico e disponibilidade de pelo menos um telefone no estabelecimento. O apoio institucional teve impacto positivo em 40% na prevalência de utilização do telessaúde. Variáveis de estrutura, como Internet e disponibilidade de salas com distintas finalidades, parecem não impactar significativamente a utilização dessas tecnologias, sinalizando que fatores como apoio institucional e a própria implantação do telessaúde na unidade são mais importantes para aumentar a adesão ao programa.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la utilización del Programa Nacional Telesalud Brasil Redes, en el ámbito de la atención primaria en salud en Brasil, identificando los factores relacionados. Estudio transversal a partir de la base de datos del 2º ciclo del Programa Nacional de Mejoría de Acceso y Calidad de la Atención Básica (PMAQ-AB). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 29.756 equipos de salud que voluntariamente se adhirieron al programa. Las variables independientes abarcaron características contextuales (región y tamaño poblacional), de la unidad de salud (tipo, acceso a teléfono, banda ancha, número de médicos y enfermeros, consultorios, sala de agentes comunitarios de salud, sala de reuniones, existencia de telesalud) y del equipo de salud (apoyo institucional). El análisis bruto y ajustado mediante regresión de Poisson evaluaron qué variables se asocian a un mayor uso de telesalud. La prevalencia de utilización de telesalud fue de un 32,7% en el total de la muestra y un 73,3% entre equipos con el programa implantado. Teleducación fue la modalidad más frecuentemente usada. Se encontraron mayores prevalencias de utilización en las regiones Sur y Sudeste, en municipios con hasta 30.000 habitantes, con telesalud implantada en la unidad, presencia de por lo menos un médico y disponibilidad de por lo menos un teléfono en el establecimiento. El apoyo institucional tuvo un impacto positivo en un 40% de la prevalencia de utilización de la telesalud. Variables de estructura como Internet y disponibilidad de salas con distintas finalidades parecen no impactar significativamente en la utilización de estas tecnologías, señalando que los factores como el apoyo institucional y la propia implantación de la telesalud en la unidad son más importantes para aumentar la adhesión al programa.

Effect of early treatment with fluvoxamine on risk of emergency care and hospitalisation among patients with COVID-19: the TOGETHER randomised, platform clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence indicates a potential therapeutic role of fluvoxamine for COVID-19. In the TOGETHER trial for acutely symptomatic patients with COVID-19, we aimed to assess the efficacy of fluvoxamine versus placebo in preventing hospitalisation defined as either retention in a COVID-19 emergency setting or transfer to a tertiary hospital due to COVID-19. METHODS: This placebo-controlled, randomised, adaptive platform trial done among high-risk symptomatic Brazilian adults confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2 included eligible patients from 11 clinical sites in Brazil with a known risk factor for progression to severe disease. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either fluvoxamine (100 mg twice daily for 10 days) or placebo (or other treatment groups not reported here). The trial team, site staff, and patients were masked to treatment allocation. Our primary outcome was a composite endpoint of hospitalisation defined as either retention in a COVID-19 emergency setting or transfer to tertiary hospital due to COVID-19 up to 28 days post-random assignment on the basis of intention to treat. Modified intention to treat explored patients receiving at least 24 h of treatment before a primary outcome event and per-protocol analysis explored patients with a high level adherence (>80%). We used a Bayesian analytic framework to establish the effects along with probability of success of intervention compared with placebo. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04727424) and is ongoing. FINDINGS: The study team screened 9803 potential participants for this trial. The trial was initiated on June 2, 2020, with the current protocol reporting randomisation to fluvoxamine from Jan 20 to Aug 5, 2021, when the trial arms were stopped for superiority. 741 patients were allocated to fluvoxamine and 756 to placebo. The average age of participants was 50 years (range 18-102 years); 58% were female. The proportion of patients observed in a COVID-19 emergency setting for more than 6 h or transferred to a teritary hospital due to COVID-19 was lower for the fluvoxamine group compared with placebo (79 [11%] of 741 vs 119 [16%] of 756); relative risk [RR] 0·68; 95% Bayesian credible interval [95% BCI]: 0·52-0·88), with a probability of superiority of 99·8% surpassing the prespecified superiority threshold of 97·6% (risk difference 5·0%). Of the composite primary outcome events, 87% were hospitalisations. Findings for the primary outcome were similar for the modified intention-to-treat analysis (RR 0·69, 95% BCI 0·53-0·90) and larger in the per-protocol analysis (RR 0·34, 95% BCI, 0·21-0·54). There were 17 deaths in the fluvoxamine group and 25 deaths in the placebo group in the primary intention-to-treat analysis (odds ratio [OR] 0·68, 95% CI: 0·36-1·27). There was one death in the fluvoxamine group and 12 in the placebo group for the per-protocol population (OR 0·09; 95% CI 0·01-0·47). We found no significant differences in number of treatment emergent adverse events among patients in the fluvoxamine and placebo groups. INTERPRETATION: Treatment with fluvoxamine (100 mg twice daily for 10 days) among high-risk outpatients with early diagnosed COVID-19 reduced the need for hospitalisation defined as retention in a COVID-19 emergency setting or transfer to a tertiary hospital. FUNDING: FastGrants and The Rainwater Charitable Foundation. TRANSLATION: For the Portuguese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Instruments used to measure the quality of life related to oral health: integrated review / Instrumentos utilizados para medir a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde oral: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the instruments used to measure the quality of life related to oral health (HRQoL) as well as the measures that were adapted for the Portuguese language of Brazil. This is an integrative review whose inclusion criteria were papers in Portuguese, English and Spanish, published and indexed in databases Medline (PubMed) and Virtual Health Library (BVS). One thousand two hundred and sixty papers submitted, fifty-five were considered eligible for review, from which the following information was extracted: instrument; composition; community; sample size; measured domains / dimensions; and author, year, country. Subsequently, the data related to the translation and cultural adaptation processes for the Portuguese language of Brazil were collected in order to evaluate the psychometric properties of each study. The studies of this review show that the HRQoL theme has remained in evidence since the creation of the first instruments and seems not to be close to being exhausted. Of the 36 instruments presented, only 17 articles were identified in the databases assessed for cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese and validation of psychometric properties. Thus, despite the enormous dissemination of instruments, the need for translation, adaptation in the language and analysis of psychometric properties was pointed out in this study.

RESUMO Objetivou-se identificar os instrumentos utilizados para medir a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal (QVRSB) bem como as medidas que foram adaptadas para a língua portuguesa do Brasil. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, cujos critérios de inclusão foram artigos nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, publicados e indexados nas bases de dados Medline (PubMed) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Dentre os 1.260 artigos levantados, 55 foram considerados elegíveis para a revisão dos quais se extraíram as seguintes informações: instrumento; composição; público-alvo; tamanho da amostra; domínios/dimensões medidas; e autor, ano, local. Posteriormente, foram levantados os dados referentes aos processos de tradução e adaptação cultural para o idioma português do Brasil com a finalidade de avaliar os dados referentes às propriedades psicométricas de cada estudo. Os estudos desta revisão mostram que a temática QVRSB se mantem em evidência desde a criação dos primeiros instrumentos e parece não estar perto de se esgotar. Dos 36 instrumentos apresentados, apenas 17 artigos foram identificados nas bases de dados avaliadas quanto a adaptação transcultural para o idioma português do Brasil e validação das propriedades psicométricas. Assim, apesar da enorme difusão de instrumentos, a necessidade de tradução, adaptação no idioma e análise das propriedades psicométricas foi apontada neste estudo.

Incorporação de telessaúde na atenção primária à saúde no Brasil e fatores associados / Incorporation of telehealth in primary healthcare and associated factors in Brazil / Incorporación de la telesalud en la atención primaria en salud en Brasil y factores asociados

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a utilização do Programa Nacional Telessaúde Brasil Redes, no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde no Brasil, identificando os fatores relacionados. Estudo transversal a partir da base de dados do segundo ciclo do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB). A amostra foi composta por 29.756 equipes de saúde que, voluntariamente, aderiram ao programa. As variáveis independentes abrangeram características contextuais (região e porte populacional), da unidade de saúde (tipo, acesso a telefone, banda larga, número de médicos e enfermeiros, consultórios, sala de agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS), sala de reuniões, existência de telessaúde) e da equipe de saúde (apoio institucional). Análises bruta e ajustada por meio de regressão de Poisson avaliaram quais variáveis são associadas ao maior uso do telessaúde. A prevalência de utilização do telessaúde foi de 32,7% no total da amostra e 73,3% entre equipes com o programa implantado. Teleducação foi a modalidade mais frequentemente usada. Maiores prevalências de utilização foram encontradas das regiões Sul e Sudeste, em municípios com até 30 mil habitantes, com telessaúde implantado na unidade, presença de pelo menos um médico e disponibilidade de pelo menos um telefone no estabelecimento. O apoio institucional teve impacto positivo em 40% na prevalência de utilização do telessaúde. Variáveis de estrutura, como Internet e disponibilidade de salas com distintas finalidades, parecem não impactar significativamente a utilização dessas tecnologias, sinalizando que fatores como apoio institucional e a própria implantação do telessaúde na unidade são mais importantes para aumentar a adesão ao programa.

The study aimed to analyze the Brazil Networks Telehealth Program in the context of primary healthcare (PHC) in Brazil and to identify related factors. This cross-sectional study used data from the second cycle of the Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Basic Healthcare (PMAQ-AB). The sample consisted of 29,756 healthcare teams who joined the program voluntarily. Independent variables included contextual characteristics (region and population size), healthcare unit (type, telephone access, broadband, number of physicians and nurses, consultation offices, community health workers' room, meeting room, existence of telehealth) and health team characteristics (institutional support). Crude and Poisson regression-adjusted analyses assessed which variables are associated with greater use of telehealth. Prevalence of use of telehealth was 32.7% in the total sample and 73.3% among teams with the Program implemented. Tele-education was the most frequently used modality. Higher rates of prevalence of use were found in the South and Southeast of Brazil, in municipalities with up to 30,000 inhabitants, with telehealth implemented in the unit, with presence of at least one physician, and with at least one telephone available in the service. Institutional support had a 40% positive impact on prevalence of use of telehealth. Infrastructure variables such as Internet and availability of rooms with different purposes appeared not to significantly impact the use of these technologies, indicating that institutional support and the implementation of telehealth itself in the unit are more important for increasing adherence to the Program.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la utilización del Programa Nacional Telesalud Brasil Redes, en el ámbito de la atención primaria en salud en Brasil, identificando los factores relacionados. Estudio transversal a partir de la base de datos del 2º ciclo del Programa Nacional de Mejoría de Acceso y Calidad de la Atención Básica (PMAQ-AB). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 29.756 equipos de salud que voluntariamente se adhirieron al programa. Las variables independientes abarcaron características contextuales (región y tamaño poblacional), de la unidad de salud (tipo, acceso a teléfono, banda ancha, número de médicos y enfermeros, consultorios, sala de agentes comunitarios de salud, sala de reuniones, existencia de telesalud) y del equipo de salud (apoyo institucional). El análisis bruto y ajustado mediante regresión de Poisson evaluaron qué variables se asocian a un mayor uso de telesalud. La prevalencia de utilización de telesalud fue de un 32,7% en el total de la muestra y un 73,3% entre equipos con el programa implantado. Teleducación fue la modalidad más frecuentemente usada. Se encontraron mayores prevalencias de utilización en las regiones Sur y Sudeste, en municipios con hasta 30.000 habitantes, con telesalud implantada en la unidad, presencia de por lo menos un médico y disponibilidad de por lo menos un teléfono en el establecimiento. El apoyo institucional tuvo un impacto positivo en un 40% de la prevalencia de utilización de la telesalud. Variables de estructura como Internet y disponibilidad de salas con distintas finalidades parecen no impactar significativamente en la utilización de estas tecnologías, señalando que los factores como el apoyo institucional y la propia implantación de la telesalud en la unidad son más importantes para aumentar la adhesión al programa.

Machine learning analysis to predict health outcomes among emergency department users in Southern Brazil: a protocol study.

OBJECTIVE: Emergency services are essential to the organization of the health care system. Nevertheless, they face different operational difficulties, including overcrowded services, largely explained by their inappropriate use and the repeated visits from users. Although a known situation, information on the theme is scarce in Brazil, particularly regarding longitudinal user monitoring. Thus, this project aims to evaluate the predictive performance of different machine learning algorithms to estimate the inappropriate and repeated use of emergency services and mortality. METHODS: To that end, a study will be conducted in the municipality of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, with around five thousand users of the municipal emergency department. RESULTS: If the study is successful, we will provide an algorithm that could be used in clinical practice to assist health professionals in decision-making within hospitals. Different knowledge dissemination strategies will be used to increase the capacity of the study to produce innovations for the organization of the health system and services. CONCLUSION: A high performance predictive model may be able to help decisionmaking in the emergency services, improving quality of care.

Use of Telehealth technologies in Mais Médicos Program ­ Espírito Santo, 2016 / Uso de tecnologias de Telessaúde por médicos do Programa Mais Médicos e fatores associados ­ Espírito Santo, 2016

Telehealth is key to primary health care qualification. There is no knowledge about its use in the Mais Médicos Program. Here, we sought to analyze the use of Telehealth tools at Mais Médicos in Espírito Santo state in 2016. This is a cross-sectional study with a structured questionnaire applied to the total number of physicians present at regional telehealth seminars. The analysis included absolute and relative frequency and bivariate analysis with Fisher's exact test. As a result, 211 doctors (48.6% of the total number of professionals at Mais Médicos) participated. The majority were Cubans who worked in a large urban center with a specialization in Family and Community Medicine. Most (n=130, 61.9%) had already used some Telehealth service, but discontinuously, with Tele-education being the most used (n=101; 77.7%). Getting to know Telehealth and its tools and seeing them as relevant to improving the service were associated with greater use of technologies. The facility and type of device used to access the internet do not influence the use of the program. It is concluded that the knowledge and relevance given to Telehealth tools by professionals and their work context are more associated with their use than structural working conditions.

Telessaúde é uma das estratégias de qualificação da atenção primária. Não há trabalho que analise sua utilização no Programa Mais Médicos. Logo, buscou-se analisar a utilização das ferramentas de Telessaúde no Mais Médicos do estado Espírito Santo em 2016. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com aplicação de questionário estruturado ao total de médicos presentes em seminários regionais em Telessaúde. A análise incluiu frequência absoluta e relativa e análise bivariada com teste exato de Fisher. Como resultado, 211 médicos (48,6% do total de profissionais do Mais Médicos) participaram, sendo a maioria cubanos que atuavam em grande centro urbano com especialização em Medicina de Família e Comunidade. A maior parte (n=130, 61,9%) já havia utilizado algum serviço de Telessaúde, mas de forma descontínua, sendo a teleducação o mais utilizado (n=101; 77,7%). Conhecer o Telessaúde e suas ferramentas e vê-las como relevantes para a melhoria do serviço se associaram a maior uso das tecnologias. A facilidade e o tipo de dispositivo utilizado para acessar a internet não influenciam a utilização do programa. Conclui-se que o conhecimento e a relevância dada às ferramentas de Telessaúde pelos profissionais e seu entorno estão mais associadas a seu uso que as condições estruturais de trabalho.

Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Klebsiella variicola Strains Isolated in a Brazilian Hospital Belong to New Clones.

Klebsiella variicola is mainly associated with opportunistic infections and frequently identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae. This misidentification implies a wrong epidemiology result as well as incorrect attribution to K. pneumoniae as the etiology of some severe infections. Recently, huge efforts have been made to study K. variicola, however, the biological aspects of this species are still unclear. Here we characterized five K. variicola strains initially identified as K. pneumoniae, with a Vitek-2 System and 16S rRNA sequencing. One-step multiplex polymerase chain reaction and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) identified them as K. variicola. Additionally, WGS analysis showed that all the strains are closely related with K. variicola genomes, forming a clustered group, apart from K. pneumoniae and K. quasipneumoniae. Multilocus sequence typing analysis showed four different sequence types (STs) among the strains and for two of them (Kv97 and Kv104) the same ST was assigned. All strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and three showed virulence phenotypes including invasion capacity to epithelial cells, and survival in human blood and serum. These results showed the emergence of new K. variicola clones with pathogenic potential to colonize and cause infection in different tissues. These characteristics associated with MDR strains raise great concern for human health.