Physical Activity at Different Life Stages and Its Consequence on the Initial Immunization and Inflammatory Response Against COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the influence of previous physical activity (PA) during childhood, adolescence, and current PA practice on the production of antibodies and inflammatory response between the first and second doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. METHODS: Fifty-nine men and 56 women were evaluated before the first vaccine, and 12 weeks later, blood samples were taken to quantify production of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 immunoglobulin G antibodies and cytokines. Previous PA during childhood and adolescence was self-referred, and current PA was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. RESULTS: A positive and significant association was observed only between PA practice during adolescence and an increase in antibody production in adulthood (ß = 2012.077, 95% confidence interval, 257.7953-3766.358, P = .025). Individuals who practiced PA during adolescence showed higher production of antibodies between the first and second vaccine dose compared to nonpractitioners (P = .025) and those that accumulated ≥150 minutes per week of current moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA), and presented higher antibody production in relation to who did <150 minutes per week of MVPA (P = .046). Individuals that were practitioners during childhood produced higher G-CSF (P = .047), and those that accumulated ≥150 minutes per week of current MVPA demonstrated lower IP-10 levels (P = .033). However, PA practitioners during adolescence presented higher G-CSF (P = .025), IL-17 (P = .038), IL-1RA (P = .005), IL-1ß (P = .020), and IL-2 (P = .026) levels. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that adults that accumulated at least 150 minutes of MVPA per week or practiced PA during adolescence developed an improved immune and inflammatory response against COVID-19 vaccination.

Pharmacogenetics of angiotensin modulators according to APOE-ϵ4 alleles and the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVE: In Alzheimer's disease (AD), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) could reduce cerebrovascular dysfunction, while angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) might increase brain amyloid-ß by suppressing effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 1, an amyloid-ß-degrading enzyme. However, ACEis could benefit patients with AD by reducing the amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein, by central cholinergic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and by peripheral modulation of glucose homeostasis. We aimed to investigate whether the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with clinical changes in patients with AD, while considering apolipoprotein E (APOE)-ϵ4 carrier status and blood pressure response to angiotensin modulators. METHODS: Consecutive outpatients with late-onset AD were screened with cognitive tests and anthropometric measurements, while their caregivers were queried for functional and caregiver burden scores. Prospective pharmacogenetic associations were estimated for 1 year, taking APOE-ϵ4 carrier status and genotypes of the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism into account, along with treatment with ACEis or ARBs. RESULTS: For 193 patients (67.4% women, 53.4% APOE-ϵ4 carriers), the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p = 0.281), while arterial hypertension was prevalent in 80.3% (n = 124 used an ACEi, n = 21 used an ARB). ARBs benefitted mostly APOE-ϵ4 carriers concerning caregiver burden variations, cognitive and functional decline. ACEis benefitted APOE-ϵ4 non-carriers concerning cognitive and functional decline due to improved blood pressure control in addition to possible central mechanisms. The ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism led to variable response to angiotensin modulators concerning neurological outcomes and blood pressure variations. CONCLUSION: Angiotensin modulators may be disease-modifiers in AD, while genetic stratification of samples is recommended in clinical studies.

Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2: aspectos fisiológicos, genéticos e formas de exercício físico para seu controle: [revisão] / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: physiological and genetic aspects and the use of physical exercise for diabetes control: [review]

Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) é uma doença metabólica caracterizadapor hiperglicemia e disfunções cardiovasculares, as quais podem ser controladascom exercícios físicos, controle dietético e tratamento farmacológico. Pesquisasrecentes têm demonstrado associações entre DM2 e alguns polimorfismos genéticos,em especial do gene da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina (ECA). A propostadesse estudo foi abordar a fisiopatologia do DM2 e a prática de exercício físicocomo forma de controle não farmacológico da glicemia e pressão arterial destespacientes, bem como a associação entre o DM2 e polimorfismos do gene da ECA.A pesquisa incluiu livros da área de saúde, bem como artigos de revisão e originaisreferentes ao tema abordado, pesquisados nos bancos de dados disponíveis na internet:Pubmed, Scielo e Portal Capes. As palavras chave utilizadas foram “bloodglucose”, “type 2 diabetes”, “exercise”, “blood pressure” e “ACE gene polymorphism”,e suas traduções para a língua portuguesa. Os principais assuntos do presente artigoreferem-se à prática diária de exercícios, tipo e intensidades adequadas que têm semostrado eficazes no controle glicêmico e hemodinâmico, assim como as possíveisrelações com os polimorfismos da ECA, que ainda se apresentam incipientes, poisa constatação de associações entre estes podem ser fortemente influenciadas pelotipo de população estudada. Os benefícios do exercício são indiscutíveis e suasrecomendações apresentadas nesta revisão. Porém a literatura ainda é carente deestudos analisando os efeitos do exercício físico para diabéticos, considerando suarelação com aspectos genéticos, o que coloca este assunto em evidência como objetode estudo na atualidade.

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a metabolic disease characterized byhyperglycemia and cardiovascular dysfunctions that can be controlled with physical exercise,dietary control and pharmacological treatment. Recent research has demonstratedassociations between DM2 and some genetic polymorphisms, especially alterations tothe gene that codes for Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE). The purpose of thisstudy was to discuss the pathophysiology of DM2 and the use of physical exercise as anon-pharmacological method for controlling these patients’ glycemia and blood pressure.The relationship between DM2 and polymorphisms of the ACE gene was also covered.The literature search included textbooks in the healthcare field in addition to reviewarticles and original articles found on the databases Pubmed, Scielo and Portal Capes.Keywords used were “blood glucose”, “type 2 diabetes”, “exercise”, “blood pressure”and “ACE gene polymorphism” and their translations in Portuguese. The main subjectof this article is the practice of daily exercise, the types and intensities that have proveneffective for glycemic and haemodinamic control and possible relationships with the ACEpolymorphism, which are currently still tentative, since the evidence of associations canbe strongly influenced by the population studied. The benefits of exercise are unquestionableand the recommended forms are discussed in this review. However the literatureis still lacking studies that analyze the effects of physical exercise on diabetics and takeinto account the relationship with genetic aspects. This area is evidently an appropriatesubject for further research.