Anti-Inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Photoprotective Investigation of Red Propolis Extract as Sunscreen Formulation in Polawax Cream.

Many activities have been described for propolis, including, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, antioxidant and wound healing properties. Recently, propolis has been highlighted due to its potential application in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, motivating a better understanding of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Propolis and its main polyphenolic compounds presented high antioxidant activity, and effectiveness as broad spectrum UVB and UVA photoprotection sunscreens. Through a qualitative phytochemical screening, the ethanolic red propolis extracts (EEPV) (70% at room temperature and 70% at a hot temperature) presented a positive result for flavonoids and terpenoids. It presented an antioxidant activity for reducing 50% of DPPH of 17 and 12 µg/mL for extraction at room temperature and at a hot temperature, respectively. The UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis allowed the annotation of 40 substances for EEPV-Heated and 42 substances for EEPV-Room Temperature. The IC50 results of the ABTS scavenging activity was 4.7 µg/mL for both extractions, at room temperature and at a hot temperature. Additionally, we also evaluated the cytotoxic profile of propolis extracts against macrophage (RAW 264.7 cells) and keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), which showed non-cytotoxic doses in cell viability assays even after a long period of exposure. In addition, propolis extracts showed antibacterial activity for Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), demonstrating potential biological activity for the creation of formulations aimed at disease control and prevention.

Anemia and nutritional aspects in adolescent athletes: a cross-sectional study in a reference sport organization / Anemia e aspectos nutricionais em atletas adolescentes: estudo transversal em agremiação desportiva de referência nacional

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the association between anemia and nutritional aspects in adolescent athletes from a large sport club. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, involving 298 athletes aged between 10 and 17 years, submitted to measurement of skin folds, weight and height, and collection of capillary blood in duplicate to determine hemoglobin values. It was carried out in a random sample composed of athletes from eight sport modalities. Results: Regarding nutritional status, 10.1% of athletes were overweight based on body mass index and 70 (23.5%) athletes had a percentage of body fat classified as high or very high. The prevalence of anemia was 16.4%, being more prevalent in judo (37.1%), basketball (34%) and futsal (20.5%) athletes. Low hemoglobin levels were significantly associated with shorter stature (p=0.006). Conclusions: There was a significant association between anemia and short stature, suggesting that the athlete's height-weight development may be affected in suboptimal conditions of oxygen distribution.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre anemia e aspectos nutricionais em atletas adolescentes de um clube desportivo de grande porte. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo de corte transversal que envolveu 298 atletas com idades entre 10 e 17 anos, submetidos à aferição de dobras cutâneas, peso e altura, além de coleta de sangue capilar em duplicata para a determinação dos valores de hemoglobina. Foi realizado em amostra aleatória composta de atletas oriundos de oito modalidades esportivas. Resultados: Em relação ao estado nutricional, 10,1% dos atletas apresentaram excesso de peso com base no índice de massa corpórea e 70 (23,5%) atletas estavam com porcentagem de gordura corporal classificada como alta ou muito alta. A prevalência de anemia foi de 16,4%, mais prevalente nos atletas do judô (37,1%), basquete (34%) e futsal (20,5%). Níveis baixos de hemoglobina foram associados à menor estatura (p=0,006). Conclusões: Observou-se associação significativa entre anemia e baixa estatura, o que sugere que o desenvolvimento pôndero-estatural do atleta pode ser afetado em condições subótimas de distribuição de oxigênio.

Anemia and nutritional aspects in adolescent athletes: a cross-sectional study in a reference sport organization.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between anemia and nutritional aspects in adolescent athletes from a large sport club. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, involving 298 athletes aged between 10 and 17 years, submitted to measurement of skin folds, weight and height, and collection of capillary blood in duplicate to determine hemoglobin values. It was carried out in a random sample composed of athletes from eight sport modalities. RESULTS: Regarding nutritional status, 10.1% of athletes were overweight based on body mass index and 70 (23.5%) athletes had a percentage of body fat classified as high or very high. The prevalence of anemia was 16.4%, being more prevalent in judo (37.1%), basketball (34%) and futsal (20.5%) athletes. Low hemoglobin levels were significantly associated with shorter stature (p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant association between anemia and short stature, suggesting that the athlete's height-weight development may be affected in suboptimal conditions of oxygen distribution.

Nanohybrid composed of graphene oxide functionalized with sodium hyaluronate accelerates bone healing in the tibia of rats.

This study synthesized and characterized a nanohybrid composed of graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with sodium hyaluronate (HY) (GO-HY), evaluated its effect in vitro and determined its osteogenic potential in vivo. The synthesized nanohybrid was analyzed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectrometry, Thermogravimetry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. MC3T3-E1 cell viability was assessed by MTT assay in 48 and 72 h. Bone defects were created in tibia of 40 Wistar rats and filled with blood clot (control), 1% HY, GO (50, 100 and 200 µg/mL) and the nanohybrid (50, 100 and 200 µg/mL). After 7 and 14 days, histomorphometric analysis was carried out to assess osteogenic potential of the nanohybrid. Immunohistochemical analysis evaluated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in bone defects. Thermogravimetric analysis, Raman and FTIR spectrometry confirmed the functionalization of GO with HY by covalent bonds. Five µg/mL concentrations of the nanohybrid did not alter the viability of the MC3T3-E1 cells. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that the nanohybrid at 100 µg/mL significantly accelerated the bone repair in tibia of rats when compared to controls (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significantly less intense VEGF expression in tibia treated with the nanohybrid when compared to controls (p < 0.05). The nanohybrid composed of GO functionalized with HY was able to induce the acceleration of the tissue regeneration process in bone defects created in the tibia of rats. This novel nanohybrid is a promising material for the field of bone tissue engineering.

Neurological Findings in Children without Congenital Microcephaly Exposed to Zika Virus in Utero: A Case Series Study.

The Zika virus can induce a disruptive sequence in the fetal brain and is manifested mainly by microcephaly. Knowledge gaps still exist as to whether the virus can cause minor disorders that are perceived later on during the first years of life in children who are exposed but are asymptomatic at birth. In this case series, we describe the outcomes related to neurodevelopment through the neurological assessment of 26 non-microcephalic children who had intrauterine exposure to Zika virus. Children were submitted for neurological examinations and Bayley Scales-III (cognition, language, and motor performance). The majority (65.4%) obtained satisfactory performance in neurodevelopment. The most impaired domain was language, with 30.7% impairment. Severe neurological disorders occurred in five children (19.2%) and these were spastic hemiparesis, epilepsy associated with congenital macrocephaly (Zika and human immunodeficiency virus), two cases of autism (one exposed to Zika and Toxoplasma gondii) and progressive sensorineural hearing loss (GJB2 mutation). We concluded that non-microcephalic children with intrauterine exposure to Zika virus, in their majority, had achieved satisfactory performance in all neurodevelopmental domains. One third of the cases had some impairment, but the predominant group had mild alterations, with low occurrence of moderate to severe disorders, similar to other studies in Brazil.

ACE2 activator diminazene aceturate exerts renoprotective effects in gentamicin-induced acute renal injury in rats.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) comprises a rapidly developed renal failure and is associated with high mortality rates. The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) plays a pivotal role in AKI, as the over-active RAS axis exerts major deleterious effects in disease progression. In this sense, the conversion of Angiotensin II (Ang II) into Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) by the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is of utmost importance to prevent worse clinical outcomes. Previous studies reported the beneficial effects of oral diminazene aceturate (DIZE) administration, an ACE2 activator, in renal diseases models. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of DIZE administration in experimental AKI induced by gentamicin (GM) in rats. Our findings showed that treatment with DIZE improved renal function and tissue damage by increasing Ang-(1-7) and ACE2 activity, and reducing TNF-α. These results corroborate with a raising potential of ACE2 activation as a strategy for treating AKI.

Sistematização da assistência de enfermagem a pacientes adultos com diagnóstico de sepse / Systematization of nursing care for adult sepsis patients / Sistematización de la asistencia de enfermería a pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de sepsis

A sepse consiste em uma síndrome clínica associada à presença de infecção com repercussões e disfunções sistêmicas, sendo considerada um problema de saúde pública mundial. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar evidências na literatura científica acerca de assistência de enfermagem desenvolvida para indivíduos adultos com sepse. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre o tema. Pesquisou-se nos bancos de dados Lilacs, PubMed e Cinahl, a partir dos descritores: sepsis; nursing; care nursing; patient care planning. O tempo das publicações limitou-se ao período de 2007 a 2017. A amostra consistiu em 24 artigos primários, que foram agrupados em três categorias temáticas conforme as ideias centrais: implantação de protocolos e instrumentos padronizados para identificação da sepse; aplicação de cuidados de enfermagem na sepse; processos educacionais e pesquisas para qualificação da enfermagem. Os principais cuidados envolveram a identificação de sinais clínicos de sepse, administração de antimicrobianos, fluidos e vasopressores, monitoramento eletrônico, coleta de lactato e gasometrias, curva glicêmica, sistematização da assistência de enfermagem e processos educacionais no trabalho. Identificaram-se a aplicação de ferramentas de triagem e o desenvolvimento de instrumentos para identificação de disfunções orgânicas e de pesquisas para qualificação da assistência a pacientes sépticos. O estudo concluiu que pacientes adultos com sepse exigem cuidados específicos de enfermagem, baseados em metodologias assistenciais fundamentadas em evidências científicas, como protocolos e ferramentas, assim como revelou a necessidade de métodos educacionais para melhoria da atuação da enfermagem.

Sepsis is a clinical syndrome associated with infection with systemic repercussions and dysfunctions, being considered a global public health issue. This study sought to analyze the scientific literature on nursing care for adults diagnosed with sepsis. For this purpose, an integrative literature review was carried out by searching the LILACS, PubMed and CINAHL databases, using the following descriptors: sepsis; nursing; nursing care; patient care planning. Publication time was limited from 2007 to 2017. The 24 primary articles selected were grouped into three thematic categories according to central ideas, namely: Implementation of protocols and standardized instruments for sepsis identification; Application of nursing care in sepsis; Educational processes and research for nursing qualification. The main care involved identification of clinical signs of sepsis, administration of antimicrobial, fluids and vasopressors, electronic monitoring, lactate and blood gas collection, glycemic curve, systematization of nursing care, and educational processes at work. Application of screening tools, development of instruments to identify organ dysfunctions and research to qualify the care for septic patient were identified. The research concluded that adult septic patients require specific nursing care based on evidence-based assistive methodologies, such as protocols and tools, and revealed the need for educational methods to improve nursing performance.

La sepsis es un síndrome clínico asociado a la presencia de infección con repercusiones y disfunciones sistémicas, considerada un problema de salud pública mundial. Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo analizar evidencia en la literatura científica acerca de asistencia de enfermería desarrollada para individuos adultos con sepsis. Para ello, se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura sobre el tema. Se hizo una búsqueda en las bases de datos Lilacs, PubMed y Cinahl a partir de los descriptores: sepsis; nursing; care nursing; patient care planning. El tiempo de las publicaciones se limitó de 2007 a 2017. La muestra consistió en 24 artículos primarios, que fueron agrupados en tres categorías temáticas conforme a las ideas centrales: Implantación de protocolos e instrumentos estandarizados para la identificación de sepsis; Aplicación de cuidados de enfermería en la sepsis; y Procesos educativos e investigaciones para la calificación de la enfermería. Los principales cuidados involucraron la identificación de signos clínicos de sepsis, administración de los antimicrobianos, fluidos y vasopresores, monitoreo electrónico, recolección de lactato y gasometrías, curva glucémica, sistematización de la asistencia de enfermería y procesos educativos en el trabajo. Se identificó la aplicación de herramientas de clasificación, desarrollo de instrumentos para la identificación de disfunciones orgánicas y de investigaciones para la calificación de la asistencia a pacientes sépticos. Se concluyó que los pacientes adultos con sepsis exigen cuidados específicos de la enfermería basados en metodologías asistenciales fundamentadas en evidencia científica, como protocolos y herramientas, así como la necesidad de métodos educativos para mejorar la actuación de la enfermería.

Carbon nanotubes functionalized with sodium hyaluronate: Sterilization, osteogenic capacity and renal function analysis.

AIM: This study determined the optimum gamma irradiation dosage to sterilize sodium hyaluronate (HY), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and CNT functionalized with HY (HY-SWCNT and HY-MWCNT), evaluated the structural integrity of the materials and assessed whether sterilized materials kept biological properties without affecting renal function. MAIN METHODS: Materials were submitted to dosages of 100 gγ to 30 Kgγ and plated onto agar mediums for colony forming units (CFUs) counting. Sterilized samples were inoculated with 107Bacillus clausii, submitted again to gamma irradiation, and plated in agar mediums for CFUs counting. Scanning electron microscope was used for structural evaluation of sterilized materials. Tooth sockets of rats were treated with sterilized materials for bone formation assessment and renal function of the animals was analyzed. KEY FINDINGS: The optimum gamma dosage for sterilization was 250 gγ for HY and 2.5 Kgγ for the other materials without meaningful structural changes. Sterilized materials significantly increased bone formation (p < 0.05) and they did not compromise renal function and structure. SIGNIFICANCE: Gamma irradiation efficiently sterilized HY, SWCNT, MWCNT, HY-SWCNT and HY-MWCNT without affecting structural aspects while maintaining their desirable biological properties.

Physical training improves exercise tolerance, cardiac function and promotes changes in neurotrophins levels in chagasic mice.

AIMS: To investigate the effects of moderate aerobic physical training on cardiac function and morphology as well as on the levels of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) of animals infected with the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. MAIN METHODS: Twenty-eight male C57BL/6 mice were distributed into 4 groups: sedentary control (SC), trained control (TC), sedentary infected (CHC) and trained infected (CHT). The infection was performed by intraperitoneal injection of trypomastigote forms and the animals were adapted to treadmill in the week before the beginning of the training protocol, initiated 45 days post infection. Maximal exercise test (TEM) was performed at the baseline as well as at the end of the 4th, 8th and 12th weeks of training. At the end of the 12th week, all animals were evaluated for cardiac morphology and function by echocardiography. KEY FINDINGS: CHC group showed a larger area of right ventricle (RVA), increased end-systolic volume and reduction in ejection fraction (EF), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and fractional area change (FAC). The training reduced the RVA and improved the FAC of chagasic animals. GDNF level was higher in TC and CHC groups compared to SC in heart and BDNF levels were higher in CHC compared to SC in heart and serum. SIGNIFICANCE: Physical training ameliorated the cardiac function of infected animals and promoted adjusts in BDNF and GDNF levels. These findings evidenced these neurotrophins as possible biomarkers of cardiac function responsive to exercise stimulus.

Beneficial Effects of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Activator Dize in Renovascular Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) 2 is an important modulator of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) and the RAS plays a central role in renovascular hypertension. Very few studies investigated the role of components of the counterregulatory RAS axis (ACE2, Ang-(1-7) and Mas receptor) in renovascular hypertension and the results are controversial. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Diminazene Aceturate (DIZE) administration on renal function and renal inflammation parameters in 2K1C hypertensive rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups: sham-operated animals, 2K1C+saline and 2K1C+DIZE orally (1 mg/kg/day). At the end of the 30 days of treatment, renal function was analyzed and kidneys from all the groups were collected and processed separately for measurement of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, cytokines, chemokines and nitric oxide levels. RESULTS: Oral DIZE administration for 4 weeks in hypertensive rats attenuated renal dysfunction and reduced the levels of MPO and NAG, cytokines and chemokines (IL1ß, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1) and increased urinary nitrate/nitrite levels in 2K1C hypertensive rats. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that ACE2 activation may effectively improve renal alterations and inflammation induced by renovascular hypertension.

Planejamento reprodutivo na estratégia saúde da família: estudo qualitativo sobre a dinâmica do atendimento e os desafios do programa / Reproductive planning and family health strategy: care dynamics and the challenges of the program

O estudo objetivou analisar a dinâmica do atendimento e desafios em planejamento reprodutivo desenvolvido na Estratégia Saúde da Família em município do Recôncavo Baiano. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, aplicado a seis enfermeiras e doze usuárias. As atividades desenvolvidas revelam a existência de ações de assistência e de educação em saúde, porém não há grupos formais nem planejamento sistematizado para as atividades educativas. As Unidades disponibilizam os principais métodos contraceptivos, mas em quantidade não compatíveis com a realidade local, podendo acarretar em descontinuidade da assistência. Os desafios enfrentados no programa relacionam-se à oferta dos métodos, à baixa adesão do público jovem, (des)uso do preservativo para evitar as infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e baixo nível educacional das usuárias. É indiscutível a necessidade de implementação de ações pelos gestores de saúde, com o intuito de garantir a disponibilidade e variedade dos métodos contraceptivos, visando melhor qualidade na assistência em planejamento reprodutivo.

The study aimed at analyzing the dynamics of health care and the challenges in reproductive planning developed in the Family Health Strategy in the city of Recôncavo Baiano. This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach applied to six nurses and twelve users. The developed activities reveal the existence of health care and education actions, but no formal groups or systematic planning for educational activities. The Health Care Units provide the main contraceptive methods, but in amounts that are not compatible with the local reality, which may lead to discontinuation of care. The challenges faced by the program are the offer of methods, the low adherence of young patients, use or lack of use of condoms to avoid sexually transmitted diseases and the low educational level of users. The need for implementing actions by health managers is indisputable, with the purpose of guaranteeing the availability and variety of contraceptive methods, aiming at a better quality of care in reproductive planning.

Comparações entre o desempenho motor e oportunidades de estimulação motora no ambiente domiciliar de lactentes residentes nas regiões Sudeste e Norte do Brasil / Comparaciones del desempeño motor y oportunidades de estimulación motora en el entorno del hogar de lactantes moradores en las regiones Sureste y Norte de Brasil / Comparisons between motor performance and opportunities for motor stimulation in the home environment of infants from the North and Southwest regions in Brazil

A proposta deste estudo foi comparar as relações entre o desempenho motor e as características do ambiente familiar (espaço físico, atividades diárias, brinquedos) de lactentes residentes em duas regiões do Brasil, Norte (Marabá, PA) e Sudeste (Piracicaba, SP). Foram utilizados a Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) para a análise do desempenho motor e o Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development - Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS) para a análise do ambiente familiar em oitenta lactentes de 3 a 18 meses de idade. Os grupos dos dois municípios não diferiram quanto ao desempenho motor (p>0,05), porém, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos no que se refere à frequência em creches, à escolaridade paterna e ao número de quartos nas residências. Os resultados também indicaram diferenças significativas para as oportunidades no lar, com o grupo de Marabá obtendo pontuações significativamente menores na maior parte do AHEMD-IS: espaço externo (p=0,021), brinquedos para motricidade fina (p<0,001) e grossa (p<0,001), e o escore total do AHEMD-IS (p=0,002). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos nas atividades diárias e no espaço interno da residência. O desempenho motor e as oportunidades no ambiente domiciliar (total do AHEMD-IS) demonstraram uma correlação fraca tanto para o grupo de Marabá (r=0,33; p=0,03) quanto para o grupo de Piracicaba (r=0,45; p<0,001). Em conclusão, apesar dos grupos apresentarem níveis de desenvolvimento motor similares, o grupo de lactentes em Marabá apresentou menos affordances (oportunidades de ação) comparados aos residentes de Piracicaba, o que, no futuro, pode resultar em diferenças no desempenho motor dos grupos.

En este estudio tuvo el propósito de comparar las relaciones entre el desempeño motor y las características del entorno del hogar (el espacio físico, las actividades diarias, los juguetes) de lactantes moradores en dos regiones de Brasil, el Norte (Marabá, PA) y el Sureste (Piracicaba, SP). Se utilizaron el Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) para el desempeño motor y el Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS) para el análisis del entorno del hogar en ochenta lactantes de 3 hasta 18 meses de edad. Los grupos de los dos municipios no presentaron diferencias significativas en relación al desempeño motor (p>0,05), sin embargo, se encontraron diferencias significativas en lo que se refiere a la asistencia a guardería, al nivel de educación del padre y al número de habitaciones en sus casas. Los resultados también mostraron diferencias significativas en las oportunidades en los hogares, el grupo de Marabá obtuvo puntuaciones significativamente menores en la mayor parte del AHEMD-IS: espacio externo (p=0,021), juguetes para habilidades motoras finas (p<0,001) y gruesas (p<0,001), y el escore total del AHEMD-IS (p=0,002). En cuanto a las actividades diarias y al espacio interno de las casas no se encontraron diferencias. El desempeño motor y las oportunidades en el entorno del hogar (total del AHEMD-IS) mostraron una correlación baja tanto para el grupo del Marabá (r=0,33; p=0,03) como para el de Piracicaba (r=0,45; p<0,001). Aunque los grupos presentaron niveles semejantes de desarrollo motor, se concluyó que el grupo de lactantes de Marabá presentó menos affordances (oportunidades de acción) que el de Piracicaba, lo que puede resultar en diferencias para su futuro en relación al desempeño motor de los grupos.

This study aimed at comparing the relationships between motor development and the characteristics in the home environment (physical space, daily activities, toys) of infants in two Brazilian regions, North (Marabá, PA) and Southeast (Piracicaba, SP). Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) was used to analyze motor development, and Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development - Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS) was used in order to analyze the family environments of eight breastfeed babies of 3 to 18 months of age. The groups in the two municipalities were not different in regards to motor development (p<0.05); however, significant differences were found among groups concerning day care frequency, fatherly schooling, and number of rooms in households. The results also indicated significant differences for opportunities at home, with the group from Marabá receiving significantly lower scores for the most part of the AHEMD-IS: external space (p=0.021), toys for fine motor skills (p<0.001), and total AHEMD-IS score (p=0.002). No differences were found among groups in daily activities and the internal space of homes. Motor development and opportunities in the home environment (total AHEMD-IS) were found to have weaker correlations for both the group from Marabá (r=0.33; p=0.03) and the group from Piracicaba (r=0.45; p<0.001). In summary, although both groups had similar motor development levels, the group of infants from Marabá was found to have fewer affordances (opportunities for action) as compared to the ones living in Piracicaba, which may result in differences in the motor development of the groups in the future.

Morphological and quantitative study of collagen fibers in healthy and diseased human gingival tissues.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate types I, III and IV collagen in healthy gingival tissue and to compare them to gingival tissues suffering from chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two man patients were selected. The patients belonged to three diagnostic categories: healthy gingiva (HG), chronic gingivitis (CG) and chronic periodontitis (CP), based on clinical and radiographical criteria. Gingival tissue samples were obtained from patients who underwent periodontal surgery procedures. Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE), Picrosirius red, indirect immunofluorescence by confocal microscopy and quantitative analyses were performed to identify the presence and location of types I, III and IV collagen. Statistical significance was verified using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: Samples from HG group showed thick collagen fibers arranged in a parallel pattern. Samples from CG group showed dilated blood vessels; collagen fibers and inflammatory cells were found dispersed throughout the tissue. Samples from CP group showed the extracellular matrix severely damaged, disorganized collagen fibers and large amount of inflammatory cells. The HG group showed an apparent higher expression of type I collagen, when compared to tissues with CG and CP, however no statistical differences were detected (p=0.064). The types III and IV collagen fibers showed no difference in expression in tissues with gingivitis and periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS: Following the periodontal disease there was a morphological destruction of the extracellular matrix with lower expression of collagen, which led to a change in tissue architecture that might compromise its functional capacity. There were differences in type I collagen expression among healthy, chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis tissue samples.

Chronic activation of endogenous angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects diabetic rats from cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction.

In this study, we evaluated whether the activation of endogenous angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) would improve the cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction of diabetic rats. Ten days after induction of type 1 diabetes (streptozotocin, 50 mg kg(-1) i.v.), the rats were treated orally with 1-[(2-dimethylamino)ethylamino]-4-(hydroxymethyl)-7-[(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl oxy]-9H-xanthene-9-one (XNT), a newly discovered ACE2 activator (1 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), or saline (equivalent volume) for 30 days. Autonomic cardiovascular parameters were evaluated in conscious animals, and an isolated heart preparation was used to analyse cardiac function. Diabetes induced a significant decrease in the baroreflex bradycardia sensitivity, as well as in the chemoreflex chronotropic response and parasympathetic tone. The XNT treatment improved these parameters by ≈ 76% [0.82 ± 0.09 versus 1.44 ± 0.17 Ratio between changes in pulse interval and changes in mean arterial pressure (ΔPI/ΔmmHg)], ∼85% (-57 ± 9 versus -105 ± 10 beats min(-1)) and ≈ 205% (22 ± 2 versus 66 ± 12 beats min(-1)), respectively. Also, XNT administration enhanced the bradycardia induced by the chemoreflex activation by v 74% in non-diabetic animals (-98 ± 16 versus -170 ± 9 Δbeats min(-1)). No significant changes were observed in the mean arterial pressure, baroreflex tachycardia sensitivity, chemoreflex pressor response and sympathetic tone among any of the groups. Furthermore, chronic XNT treatment ameliorated the cardiac function of diabetic animals. However, the coronary vasoconstriction observed in diabetic rats was unchanged by ACE2 activation. These findings indicate that XNT protects against the autonomic and cardiac dysfunction induced by diabetes. Thus, our results provide evidence for the viability and effectiveness of oral administration of an ACE2 activator for the treatment of the cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction caused by diabetes.

Fator de risco para bócio: teor de iodo no sal para consumo humano em Mato Grosso do Sul / Risk factor for goiter: iodine in salt for human consumption in Mato Grosso do Sul

Introdução: a carência de iodo no organismo é considerada um problema de saúde pública, pois pode causar bócio no adulto, e nas crianças, levar ao atraso no crescimento e na capacidade de aprendizagem. Objetivos: este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o teor de iodo no sal consumido no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Métodos: foram coletadas 596 amostras, de 67 marcas, pelas vigilâncias sanitárias, nos estabelecimentos comerciais de 63 municípios, no período de outubro de 2007 a março de 2009. As análises foram realizadas em triplicata, no Laboratório de Físico-química de Alimentos do Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Estadual, através da metodologia de titulação com tiossulfato de sódio. Resultados: os resultados apresentaram o valor médio do teor de iodo de 31,26mg\Kg, mediana de 30,55mg\Kg, desvio padrão de 9,52mgKg, coeficiente de variação de 30,47%, teve como limite inferior valor abaixo do LD 2.5rmg/Kg) e limite superior de 79,10mgkg de sal. Com 5,4% de amostras insatisfatórias em relação à legislagão vigente, distribuídas em 25,4% dos municípios. Conclusão: a presença de amostras com ausência, deficiência e excesso de iodo aponta para a necessidade de contínuo monitorariento e vigilância para garantir às crianças e à população suprimento adequado de iodo através do sal. Estudos de inquérito nutricional são necessários para avaliar a ingestão da população através da determinação da excreção urinária de iodo.

Introduction: in the last few decades many efforts have been carried through to reduce the tobaccoism. However, still the number of smokers in the country is very great, leading these individuals the cardiovascular risks, compromising the physical and mental health of the individuals and the society. The incidence of tobaccoism in the population of the feminine sex in fertile age comes increasing throughout the years. The women who smoke are 20% part 45% of the population in general, being able to vary for age, etnia, income and educational level. Another situation that worries is the pregnant that makes tobacco use during the pregnancy. This vice in such a way brings risks to the pregnant how much to the embryo, being able to develop congenital problems. Objectives: the execution of this research had for objective to identify the possible alterations of the vital signals in smoking and not smoking pregnant in the childbirth work. Methods: were collected 596 samples of 67 brands, for health surveillance, in commercial establishments from 63 municipalities during the period October 2007 to March 2009. Analyses were performed in triplicate, at the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Foods Central Laboratory of Public Health State, through the method of titration with sodium thiosulfate. Results: results showed the average iodine content of 31.26 mg kg, median of 30.55 mg kg, standard deviation of t 9.52 mg \kg, coetticient of variation of 30.47% was the lower limit value below the method detection limit (2.5 mg/kg) and upper limit of 79.10 mg kg salt. With 5.4% of unsatisfactory samples in relation to legislation, distributed in 25.4% of the municipalities. Conclusion: the presence of samples with absence, deficiency and iodine excess points to the need for continuous monitoring and surveillance to ensure the children and the population an adequate iodine supply through salt. Nutritional survey studies are needed to assess the intake of the population by determining the urinary iodine excretion.

Contaminação por agrotóxicos carbamatos e organofosforados emágua para consumo humano de Dourados, MS, 2008 a 2009 / Contamination by pesticides and organophosphates carbamates in drinking water of Dourados, MS, from 2008 to 2009

A água para consumo humano deve atender a padrões de potabilidade enão oferecer riscos à saúde, de acordo com a legislação brasileira vigente.Inserido no padrão de potabilidade para substâncias químicas que representam risco à saúde estão os agrotóxicos e seus valores máximos permitidos. Com objetivo de avaliar o nível de contaminação por agrotóxicoscarbamatos e organofosforados, em águas para consumo humanodistribuídas por SAA ou por SA do município de Dourados, um dosmunicípios de maior área colhida do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS,) oLaboratório de Toxicologia do Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública (Lacen-MS) analisou 487 amostras de água coletadas pela Vigilância SanitáriaMunicipal de Dourados-MS. Utilizou-se a metodologia de extração comdiclorometano e dosagem enzimática por método colorimétrico. Osresultados encontrados apresentaram contaminações (acima de 20 por cento de inibição da AchE) em 2,9 por cento das amostras distribuídas por SAA e em 1,2 por cento das amostras de SA. Estes percentuais alcançaram 29,8 por cento e 43,6 por cento, respectivamente, quando considerado o limite de quantificação do método de 2,5 μg.L-1 (5 por cento de inibição). Verificou-se correlação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre percentual de inibição e índice pluviométrico 48h antes da coleta das amostras. Recomenda-se omonitoramento contínuo da qualidade da água consumida pela população local, a fim de fortalecer as ações de Vigilância Sanitária, e garantir o consumo de água que não ofereça risco à saúde da população, corroborando com as ações de Saúde Pública.

The drinking water must meet standards for drinking water and no healthrisks, according to Brazilian legislation. Inserted into drinkable water forchemicals that pose a health risk are the pesticides and their maximumallowed. In order to evaluate the level of contamination by pesticidescarbamates and organophosphates in the drinking water distributed by SAAor SA of Dourados, one of the largest cities of the harvested area of MatoGrosso do Sul (MS) Laboratory Central Toxicology Laboratory of PublicHealth (Lacen-MS) analyzed 487 water samples collected by the MunicipalSanitary Dourados-MS. We used the method of extraction withdichloromethane and enzyme dosage by colorimetric method. The resultsshowed contamination (above 20% inhibition of AChE) in 2.9% of samplesdistributed by SAA and by 1.2% of samples from SA. These percentagesstood at 29.8% and 43.6% respectively, when considering the limit ofquantification of 2.5 μg.L-1 (5% inhibition). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between inhibition percentage and rainfall 48 hours before collection of samples. We recommend continuous monitoring of thequality of water consumed by the local population in order to strengthen theactions of Health Surveillance, and ensure that water consumption does notoffer health risk to the population, agreeing with the actions of Public Health.

The effect of temperature and fasting period on the viability of free-living females of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions.

Little is known about the effect of temperature on viability of free-living phases of the life cycle of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) despite of its importance as vector of several pathogens. Knowledge of the effect of abiotic factors on the capacity of a given tick species to infest new hosts is important for routine experimental activities under laboratory conditions, and may be relevant to understand the transmission of pathogens. The study evaluates the viability of R. sanguineus females held at 18 +/- 1, 27 +/- 1 and 32 +/- 1 degrees C and 80 +/- 5% RH (saturation deficits of 3.0, 5.3 and 7.2 mmHg, respectively) for three fasting periods (3 and 20 days and the day when female mortality reached approximately 50% after ecdysis), under laboratory conditions. In general, the best result on viability was obtained when rabbits were infested with unfed female ticks after three or 20 fasting days at both 27 +/- 1 and 32 +/- 1 degrees C and 80 +/- 5% RH.

Avaliação microbiológica de queijos tipo Minas Frescal artesanal, comercializados no Mercado Municipal de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 2000 / Microbiological evaluation of fresh handmade Minas cheese commercialized at Municipal Market in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 2000

Foram analisadas vinte (20) amostras de queijo tipo "Minas" frescal, comercializadas no Mercado Municipal, produzidos em vários municípios do Estado, no período de outubro a novembro de 2000. Os parâmetros microbiológicos pesquisados foram: Coliformes fecais, Salmonella sp, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus, através da metodologia do Compedium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods (APHA, 1984) e do Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL). De acordo com a Portaria 451 de 19 de setembro de 1997 - Ministério da Saúde, apenas duas (02) amostras apresentaram resultados aceitáveis para consumo humano. O resultado obtido é um alerta às autoridades sanitárias em relação à produção e ao comércio deste produto, diante do risco à saúde do consumidor.

Variações do pH dos sabonetes e indicações para sua utilização na pele normal e na pele doente / Variations in the pH of soaps and indications for its use in normal and diseased skin

Preconiza-se o uso de sabonetes com pH ácido ou neutro porque não interferem na microflora cutânea e são menos irritantes. Revisar na literatura a ação do pH de sabonetes na pele e determinar o pH dos produtos disponíveis no comércio. Analisou-se o pH de 68 sabonetes (42 adultos e 26 infantis), em barra e líquido, por meio de pHmetro e fita reativa, em iguais condições ambientais e água potável (pH 5,2) como solvente. Neste estudo o nível de significância mínimo adotado foi de 5 por cento. Houve correspondência entre os métodos de aferição do pH. Dos sabonetes para adultos, 30 eram em barra e 12 líquidos. Dos sabonetes em barra, 29 apresentaram pH variando entre 9 e 10 e, dos líquidos, seis pH<6,9. Dos infantis, 23 eram em barra e 3 líquidos. Dos sabonetes em barra, um apresentou pH<6,9 e os demais, pH>8. Dos líquidos, um sabonete apresentou pH variando entre 7 e 7,9 e dois entre 6 e 6,9. Os sabonetes neutros ou ácidos têm-se tornado uma real alternatica para doenças dermatológicas e para a pele sadia. Portanto, é importante o conhecimento desses conceitos para melhor aplicação na prática médica diária