Quality by Design approach for the investigation of critical characteristics of Phyllanthus emblica from different vicinities / 数字中医药（英文）

@#[Objective] To explore the application of Quality by Design (QbD) tools in assessing geographical variations of Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) from five distinct Indian states. [Methods] In the current experiment, the Box-Behnken design with a reduced quartic model and 105 runs was employed with the use of the Design Expert software for randomized response surface mapping. Three different extraction methods (Soxhlet, maceration, and sonication) along with three solventst [distilled water, methanol, and water-methanol mixture (50 : 50 v/v)] were considered in the present study. The anti-oxidant activities, total flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC) in the P. emblica were determined and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the major components. [Results] The QbD overlay plot showed that the extractive value of the P. emblica was no less than 30% w/w, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) no less than 60% mcg/mL (micrograms per millilitre), TFC no less than 75 mg QE/g (milligrams of quercetin equivalents per gram), and TPC no less than 80 mg GAE/g (milligrams of gallic acid equivalents per gram). Moreover, the GC-MS data confirmed the presence of variation in the bioactives of P. emblica extracts. [Conclusion] The model was significant in describing the variation in extractive value, DPPH, TFC, and TPC. The QbD approach may tend to prioritize thoroughness in the extraction process, ultimately resulting in improved quality in the extracted products.

Multifunctional nanoparticles for trimodal photodynamic therapy-mediated photothermal and chemotherapeutic effects.

Herein, we posit a biocompatible and pH-switchable integrated nano-delivery of CBP/ICG to the in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that nanoparticles (NPs) have insignificant toxicity and good biocompatibility, and possess excellent tumor targeting efficiency as evidenced by highly efficient tumor ablation under near -infrared (NIR) illumination. In addition, we have conjugated folic acid as a targeting ligand for folate receptor-targeted delivery. Particularly, targeted delivery of dual CBP/ICG loaded NPs provide targeted detection and transporting potential to specific receptor-expressing tumors, and then CBP interfering with DNA damage and ICG generates singlet oxygen as well as photothermal heat when irradiated with NIR for simultaneous trimodal PDT/PTT/Chemotherapy. Using an animal model, a dramatic reduction in tumor growth without any evidence of significant long-term toxicity to organs after administration of NPs for trimodal therapy subjecting to NIR illumination. Thus, the in vivo satisfactory antitumor trimodal combined efficacy concurrent with complete tumor eradication and promising potential for advanced clinical phototherapy.

Histopathological changes of radial artery wall in patients of chronic kidney disease stage 5 undergoing AV fistula formation and their correlation with serum iPTH levels.

Vascular complications arise in uremic patients in the absence of clinically significant atherosclerotic disease. Elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and abnormal calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) balance have been implicated in vascular damage in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, but there is lack of histo-pathological studies. Patients with CKD stage 5 and 5D who underwent arterio-venous fistula were included in this study. Baseline and laboratory parameters including assessment of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, intact PTH (iPTH) and vitamin D level were documented. The specimens of the arterial wall were obtained during the procedure and were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups iPTH <400 (Group A) and iPTH >400 (Group B). Mean intimal thickness (IT) was significantly high in patients of Group B (60.4 ± 24.1 µ m) as compared with patients of Group A (37.8 ± 14.9 µm) (P = 0.003). Vascular calcification was comparable in both groups. The iPTH level was found to be an independent risk factor for high intima thickness (correlation coefficient 0.653) (P-value <0.01). Patients with high (≥ 400 pg/mL) iPTH have 8.93 times the risk of developing intimal thickness of ≥ 60 µ m as compared with patients with low (<400 pg/mL) iPTH (P-value <0.05), with 95% confidence interval of 1.27, 62.61. The mean IT of the radial artery significantly correlated with the iPTH level, while vascular calcification was independent of the iPTH level. Hyperparathyroidism is an important cause of ongoing vascular damage and may contribute to higher vascular events in CKD patients.

Greater palatine foramen--key to successful hemimaxillary anaesthesia: a morphometric study and report of a rare aberration

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Accurate localisation of the greater palatine foramen (GPF) is imperative while negotiating the greater palatine canal for blocking the maxillary nerve within the pterygopalatine fossa. The aim of this study was to define the position of the foramen relative to readily identifiable intraoral reference points in order to help clinicians judge the position of the GPF in a consistently reliable manner.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The GPF was studied in 100 dried, adult, unsexed skulls from the state of Maharashtra in western India. Measurements were made using a vernier caliper.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean distances of the GPF from the midline maxillary suture, incisive fossa, posterior palatal border and pterygoid hamulus were 14.49 mm, 35.50 mm, 3.40 mm and 11.78 mm, respectively. The foramen was opposite the third maxillary molar in 73.38% of skulls, and the direction in which the foramen opened into the oral cavity was found to be most frequently anteromedial (49.49%). In one skull, the greater and lesser palatine foramina were bilaterally absent. Except for the invariably present incisive canals, there were no accessory palatal foramina, which might have permitted passage of the greater palatine neurovascular bundle in lieu of the absent GPF. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of such a non-syndromic presentation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The GPF is most frequently palatal to the third maxillary molar. For an edentulous patient, the foramen may be located 14-15 mm from the mid-palatal raphe or about 12 mm anterior to the palpable pterygoid hamulus.</p>

Giant solitary symptomatic tentorial xanthogranuloma in an adult: a case report.

Xanthogranulomas involving the central nervous system are uncommon, of which dural-based xanthogranuloma is rare. Xanthogranuloma of the dura large enough to cause symptoms is very rare. Intracranial xanthogranuloma usually occurs in association with systemic diseases like histiocytosis X or familial hyperproteinemia or Erdheim-Chester's disease. We report a case a 40-year-old male with a huge symptomatic tentorial xanthogranuloma not associated with systemic disease.