Ultrasonic synthesis of green lipid nanocarriers loaded with Scutellaria barbata extract: a sustainable approach for enhanced anticancer and antibacterial therapy.

Ultrasonic manufacturing has emerged as a promising eco-friendly approach to synthesize lipid-based nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery. This study presents the novel ultrasonic preparation of lipid nanocarriers loaded with Scutellaria barbata extract, repurposed for anticancer and antibacterial use. High-frequency ultrasonic waves enabled the precise self-assembly of DSPE-PEG, Span 40, and cholesterol to form nanocarriers encapsulating the therapeutic extract without the use of toxic solvents, exemplifying green nanotechnology. Leveraging the inherent anticancer and antibacterial properties of Scutellaria barbata, the study demonstrates that lipid encapsulation enhances the bioavailability and controlled release of the extract, which is vital for its therapeutic efficacy. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy analyses confirmed the increase in size and successful encapsulation post-loading, along with an augmented negative zeta potential indicating enhanced stability. A high encapsulation efficiency of 91.93% was achieved, and in vitro assays revealed the loaded nanocarriers' optimized release kinetics and improved antimicrobial potency against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, compared to the free extract. The combination of ultrasonic synthesis and Scutellaria barbata in an eco-friendly manufacturing process not only advances green nanotechnology but also contributes to sustainable practices in pharmaceutical manufacturing. The data suggest that this innovative nanocarrier system could provide a robust platform for the development of nanotechnology-based therapeutics, enhancing drug delivery efficacy while aligning with environmental sustainability.

Exploring the detailed role of interleukins in cancer: A comprehensive review of literature.

The cancer cells that are not normal can grow into tumors, invade surrounding tissues, and travel to other parts of the body via the lymphatic or circulatory systems. Interleukins, a vital class of signaling proteins, facilitate cell-to-cell contact within the immune system. A type of non-coding RNA known as lncRNAs mediates its actions by regulating miRNA-mRNA roles (Interleukins). Because of their dual function in controlling the growth of tumors and altering the immune system's response to cancer cells, interleukins have been extensively studied concerning cancer. Understanding the complex relationships between interleukins, the immune system, the tumor microenvironment, and the components of interleukin signaling pathways that impact the miRNA-mRNA axis, including lncRNAs, has advanced significantly in cancer research. Due to the significant and all-encompassing influence of interleukins on the immune system and the development and advancement of cancers, lncRNAs play a crucial role in cancer research by modulating interleukins. Their diverse effects on immune system regulation, tumor growth encouragement, and tumor inhibition make them appealing candidates for potential cancer treatments and diagnostics. A deeper understanding of the relationship between the biology of interleukin and lncRNAs will likely result in more effective immunotherapy strategies and individualized cancer treatments.

Two effective factors in cancer: Investigating the effect of ncRNAs in cancer and also the effect of nanotherapy in its treatment.

Cancer remains one of the most pressing health challenges globally, necessitating ongoing research into innovative therapeutic approaches. This article explores two critical factors influencing cancer: ncRNAs and nanotherapy. The role of ncRNAs, including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, in cancer pathogenesis, progression, and treatment resistance is elucidated. Additionally, the potential of nanotherapy, leveraging nanoscale materials for targeted drug delivery and enhanced therapeutic efficacy, is investigated. By comprehensively analyzing the molecular mechanisms underlying ncRNA dysregulation and the promise of nanotherapy in cancer treatment, this article aims to provide valuable insights into novel therapeutic strategies for combating cancer.

Choline chloride/urea as a green and efficient deep eutectic solvent in three-component and four-component synthesis of novel pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c] pyrazole derivatives with antibacterial and antifungal activity.

In this study, choline chloride/urea was used as a green deep eutectic solvent in the three-component reaction of hydrazine/phenylhydrazine, malononitrile, and aromatic aldehydes for synthesizing pyrazole derivatives, and in the four-component reaction of methyl/ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine/phenylhydrazine, malononitrile, and aromatic aldehydes for synthesizing pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives. Elemental analysis, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy were used to confirm the structure of the synthesized pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c] pyrazole derivatives. The antimicrobial effects of the synthesized pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c] pyrazole derivatives were investigated. In antimicrobial tests, instructions from clinical and laboratory standards institutes were used. Antimicrobial study was done on pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative species, and specialized aquatic strains and fungal species. Using choline chloride/urea, novel pyrazole derivatives and pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives were synthesized, and other derivatives were synthesized with higher efficiency in less time than some previously reported methods. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) obtained for derivatives were higher than some antibiotic drugs. Synthesis and reports of new derivatives of pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole, and investigation and reports of their antimicrobial properties on gram-positive, gram-negative, and specialized aquatic and fungal species are among the novel and important findings of this study.

Dietary polyphenols and the risk of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence has suggested that dietary polyphenols may be protective against metabolic syndrome (MetS); however, the available evidence is contradictory. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the association between dietary intake of polyphenols and the odds of MetS. METHODS: The PubMed and Scopus databases were systematically searched to obtain eligible studies. The risk of MetS for the highest versus the lowest intakes of total, subclasses and individual polyphenols were examined by pooling odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) using the random effects model. RESULTS: A total of 14 studies (6 cohort and 8 cross-sectional studies) involving a total of 50,366 participants with 10,879 cases of MetS were included. When various polyphenol compounds were pooled, they were significantly related to a 22% decreased odds of MetS (([5 studies]; OR: 0.78; 95%CI: 0.72-0.85). Higher intakes of total flavonoids (([9 studies]; OR: 0.78; 95%CI: 0.72-0.85), flavan-3-ols (([2 studies]; OR: 0.64; 95%CI: 0.43-0.94), isoflavones (([3 studies]; OR: 0.84; 95%CI: 0.75-0.93), stilbenes (([4 studies]; OR: 0.86; 95%CI: 0.76-0.97), flavones (([2 studies]; OR: 0.79; 95%CI: 0.71-0.89), and quercetin (([2 studies]; OR: 0.63; 95%CI: 0.43-0.93) were also significantly associated with a decreased risk of MetS. The associations were not modified by the age of the participants. No association was found for total polyphenols, phenolic acids, lignans, anthocyanins, and flavonols. CONCLUSION: The results of this meta-analysis supported that higher polyphenol intake can lower the risk of MetS.

Therapeutic significance of long noncoding RNAs in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

About 70% of cases of breast cancer are compromised by Estrogen-positive breast cancer. Through its regulation of several processes, including cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis, Estrogen signaling plays a pivotal role in the genesis and progression of this particular kind of breast cancer. One of the best treatment strategies for treating Estrogen-positive breast cancer is blocking Estrogen signaling. However, patients' treatment failure is mainly caused by the emergence of resistance and metastases, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic targets. Numerous studies have shown long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) to play a role in Estrogen-mediated carcinogenesis. These lncRNAs interact with co-regulators and the Estrogen signaling cascade components, primarily due to Estrogen activation. Vimentin and E-cadherin are examples of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers, and they regulate genes involved in cell cycle progression, such as Cyclins, to affect the growth, proliferation, and metastasis of Estrogen-positive breast cancer. Furthermore, a few of these lncRNAs contribute to developing resistance to chemotherapy, making them more desirable targets for enhancing results. Thus, to shed light on the creation of fresh approaches for treating this cancer, this review attempts to compile recently conducted studies on the relationship between lncRNAs and the advancement of Estrogen-positive breast cancer.

Optimization by Box-Behnken design for environmental contaminants removal using magnetic nanocomposite.

In this study, a CoO-Fe2O3/SiO2/TiO2 (CIST) nanocomposite was synthesized and utilized as an adsorbent to remove methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG), and copper (Cu) from aqueous environments. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Input parameters included pH (3-10), contact time (10-30 min), adsorbent amount (0.01-0.03 g), and pollutant concentration (20-60 mg L-1). The effects of these parameters on the removal process efficiency were modeled and optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The RSM-BBD method demonstrated the capability to develop a second-degree polynomial model with high validity (R2 ˃ 0.99) for the removal process. The optimization results using the RSM-BBD method revealed a removal efficiency of 98.01%, 93.06%, and 88.26% for MB, MG, and Cu, respectively, under optimal conditions. These conditions were a pH of 6, contact time of 10 min, adsorbent amount of 0.025 g, and concentration of 20 mg L-1. The synthesized adsorbent was recovered through five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles using hydrochloric acid. The results showed an approximately 12% reduction from the first to the seventh cycle. Also, MB, MG, and Cu removal from real water samples in optimal conditions was achieved in the range of 81.69-98.18%. This study demonstrates the potential use of CIST nanocomposite as an accessible and reusable option for removing MB, MG, and Cu pollutants from aquatic environments.

Oral microbiota and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review of their relation and carcinogenic mechanisms.

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancer worldwide. Emerging research suggests a strong association between OSCC and the oral microbiota, a diverse community of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. Pathogenic bacteria, in particular Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, have been closely linked to OSCC. Moreover, certain oral fungi, such as Candida albicans, and viruses, like the human papillomavirus, have also been implicated in OSCC. Despite these findings, the precise mechanisms through which the oral microbiota influences OSCC development remain unclear and necessitate further research. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the oral microbiota and its relationship with OSCC and discusses potential carcinogenic pathways that the oral microbiota may activate or modulate are also discussed.

Mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles as emerging therapeutic tools in the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a neurological condition characterized by severe long-term consequences and an unfavorable prognosis for numerous patients. Despite advancements in stroke treatment, existing therapeutic approaches possess certain limitations. However, accumulating evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold promise as a potential therapy for various neurological disorders, including IS, owing to their advantageous properties, such as immunomodulation and tissue regeneration. Additionally, MSCs primarily exert their therapeutic effects through the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), highlighting the significance of their paracrine activities. These EVs are small double-layered phospholipid membrane vesicles, carrying a diverse cargo of proteins, lipids, and miRNAs that enable effective cell-to-cell communication. Notably, EVs have emerged as attractive substitutes for stem cell therapy due to their reduced immunogenicity, lower tumorigenic potential, and ease of administration and handling. Hence, this review summarizes the current preclinical and clinical studies performed to investigate the safety and therapeutic potential of MSCs and their EVs derived from different sources, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood, and Wharton's jelly in IS.

A review of recent advancement in covalent organic framework (COFs) synthesis and characterization with a focus on their applications in antibacterial activity.

The primary objective of this review is to present a comprehensive examination of the synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial applications of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). COFs represent a distinct category of porous materials characterized by a blend of advantageous features, including customizable pore dimensions, substantial surface area, and adaptable chemical properties. These attributes position COFs as promising contenders for various applications, notably in the realm of antibacterial activity. COFs exhibit considerable potential in the domain of antibacterial applications, owing to their amenability to functionalization with antibacterial agents. The scientific community is actively exploring COFs that have been imbued with metal ions, such as copper or silver, given their observed robust antibacterial properties. These investigations strongly suggest that COFs could be harnessed effectively as potent antibacterial agents across a diverse array of applications. Finally, COFs hold immense promise as a novel class of materials for antibacterial applications, shedding light on the synthesis, characterization, and functionalization of COFs tailored for specific purposes. The potential of COFs as effective antibacterial agents beckons further exploration and underscores their potential to revolutionize antibacterial strategies in various domains.

Overcoming drug resistance with specific nano scales to targeted therapy: Focused on metastatic cancers.

Metastatic cancer, which accounts for the majority of cancer fatalities, is a difficult illness to treat. Currently used cancer treatments include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, and targeted treatment (immune, gene, and hormonal). The disadvantages of these treatments include a high risk of tumor recurrence and surgical complications that may result in permanent deformities. On the other hand, most chemotherapy drugs are small molecules, which usually have unfavorable side effects, low absorption, poor selectivity, and multi-drug resistance. Anticancer drugs can be delivered precisely to the cancer spot by encapsulating them to reduce side effects. Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers can be used for drug release at cancer sites and provide target-specific delivery. As previously stated, metastasis is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality. We have evaluated the usage of nano-medications in the treatment of some metastatic tumors.

Magnetic nanocomposite based on chitosan-gelatin hydrogel embedded with copper oxide nanoparticles: A novel and promising catalyst for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives.

Nanocatalysts are vital in several domains, such as chemical processes, energy generation, energy preservation, and environmental pollution mitigation. An experimental study was conducted at room temperature to evaluate the catalytic activity of the new gelatin-chitosan hydrogel/CuO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite in the asymmetric Hantzsch reaction. All components of the nanocomposite exhibit a synergistic effect as a Lewis acid, promote the reaction. Dimedone, ammonium acetate, ethyl acetoacetate, and other substituted aldehydes were used to synthesize diverse polyhydroquinoline derivatives. The nanocomposite exhibited exceptional efficacy (over 90 %) and durability (retaining 80 % of its original capacity after 5 cycles) as a catalyst in the one-pot asymmetric synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives. Also, turnover numbers (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) have been checked for catalyst (TON and TOF = 50,261 and 100,524 h-1) and products. The experiment demonstrated several benefits, such as exceptional product efficacy, rapid reaction time, functioning at ambient temperature without specific requirements, and effortless separation by the use of an external magnet after the reaction is finished. The results suggest the development of a magnetic nanocatalyst with exceptional performance. The composition of the Ge-CS hydrogel/CuO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was thoroughly analyzed using several methods including FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, VSM, BET, and TGA. These analyses yielded useful information into the composition and characteristics of the nanocomposite, hence further enhancing the knowledge of its possible uses.

A therapeutical insight into the correlation between circRNAs and signaling pathways involved in cancer pathogenesis.

Pre-messenger RNA molecules are back-spliced to create circular RNAs, which are non-coding RNA molecules. After a thorough investigation, it was discovered that these circRNAs have critical biological roles. CircRNAs have a variety of biological functions, including their ability to operate as microRNA sponges, interact with proteins to alter their stabilities and activities, and provide templates for the translation of proteins. Evidence supports a link between the emergence of numerous diseases, including various cancer types, and dysregulated circRNA expression. It is commonly known that a significant contributing element to cancer development is the disruption of numerous molecular pathways essential for preserving cellular and tissue homeostasis. The dysregulation of multiple biological processes is one of the hallmarks of cancer, and the molecular pathways linked to these processes are thought to be promising targets for therapeutic intervention. The biological and carcinogenic effects of circRNAs in the context of cancer are thoroughly reviewed in this article. Specifically, we highlight circRNAs' involvement in signal transduction pathways and their possible use as novel biomarkers for the early identification and prognosis of human cancer.

Role of genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cell exosomes and LncRNAs in respiratory diseases treatment.

The term acute respiratory disease encompasses a wide range of acute lung diseases, which in recent years have been ranked among the top three deadly diseases in the world. Since conventional treatment methods, including the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, have had no significant effect on the treatment process of these diseases, the attention of the medical community has been drawn to alternative methods. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotential stem/progenitor cells that have extensive immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties and also play a critical role in the microenvironment of injured tissue. MSC secretomes (containing large extracellular vesicles, microvesicles, and exosomes) are a newly introduced option for cell-free therapies that can circumvent the hurdles of cell-based therapies while maintaining the therapeutic role of MSC themselves. The therapeutic capabilities of MSCs have been showed in many acute respiratory diseases, including chronic respiratory disease (CRD), novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID -19), and pneumonia. MSCs offer novel therapeutic approaches for chronic and acute lung diseases due to their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the efficacy and safety of MSC-derived products in preclinical models of lung diseases and highlight the biologically active compounds present in the MSC secretome and their mechanisms involved in anti-inflammatory activity and tissue regeneration.

Isothermal amplification methods in cancer-related miRNA detection; a new paradigm in study of cancer pathology.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression. They are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including development, differentiation, cell cycle regulation, and response to stress. Numerous studies have demonstrated that miRNAs are present in different bodily fluids, which could serve as an important biomarker. The advancement of techniques and strategies for the identification of cancer-associated miRNAs in human specimens offers a novel opportunity to diagnose cancer in early stages, predict patient prognosis and evaluate response to treatment. Isothermal techniques including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), rolling circle amplification (RCA), or recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) offer simplicity, efficiency, and rapidity in miRNA detection processes. In contrast to traditional PCR (polymerase chain reaction), these techniques analysis and quantify miRNA molecules in specimens using a single constant temperature. In this comprehensive review, we summarized the recent advances in cancer-related miRNA detection via highly sensitive isothermal amplification methods by more focusing on the involved mechanism.

Getting to know ovarian cancer: Focusing on the effect of LncRNAs in this cancer and the effective signaling pathways.

This article undertakes a comprehensive investigation of ovarian cancer, examining the complex nature of this challenging disease. The main focus is on understanding the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the context of ovarian cancer (OC), and their regulatory functions in disease progression. Through extensive research, the article identifies specific lncRNAs that play significant roles in the intricate molecular processes of OC. Furthermore, the study examines the signaling pathways involved in the development of OC, providing a detailed comprehension of the underlying molecular mechanisms. By connecting lncRNA dynamics with signaling pathways, this exploration not only advances our understanding of ovarian cancer but also reveals potential targets for therapeutic interventions. The findings open up opportunities for targeted treatments, highlighting the importance of personalized approaches in addressing this complex disease and driving progress in ovarian cancer research and treatment strategies.

Aptamer-Magnetic Nanoparticle Complexes for Powerful Biosensing: A Comprehensive Review.

The selective and sensitive diagnosis of diseases is a significant matter in the early stages of the cure of illnesses. To elaborate, although several types of probes have been broadly applied in clinics, magnetic nanomaterials-aptamers, as new-generation probes, are becoming more and more attractive. The presence of magnetic nanomaterials brings about quantification, purification, and quantitative analysis of biomedical, especially in complex samples. Elaborately, the superparamagnetic properties and numerous functionalized groups of magnetic nanomaterials are considered two main matters for providing separation ability and immobilization substrate, respectively. In addition, the selectivity and stability of aptamer can present a high potential recognition element. Importantly, the integration of aptamer and magnetic nanomaterials benefits can boost the performance of biosensors for biomedical analysis by introducing efficient and compact probes that need low patient samples and fast diagnosis, user-friendly application, and high repeatability in the quantification of biomolecules. The primary aim of this review is to suggest a summary of the effect of the employed other types of nanomaterials in the fabrication of novel aptasensors-based magnetic nanomaterials and to carefully explore various applications of these probes in the quantification of bioagents. Furthermore, the application of these versatile and high-potential probes in terms of the detection of cancer cells and biomarkers, proteins, drugs, bacteria, and nucleoside were discussed. Besides, research gaps and restrictions in the field of biomedical analysis by magnetic nanomaterials-aptamers will be discussed.

A chemometric approach based on response surface methodology for optimization of antibiotic and organic dyes removal from water samples.

In this study, the Fe3O4/rGO/Ag magnetic nanocomposite was synthesized and employed as an adsorbent for the removal of tetracycline (TC), crystal violet (CV), and methylene blue (MB) from water samples. The influential parameters in the removal process were identified and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Characterization of the product was performed through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. XRD and SEM analysis revealed the successful synthesis of the Fe3O4/rGO/Ag nanocomposite. EDX analysis elucidated the accuracy and clarity of the chemical composition of the magnetic nanocomposite structure. Additionally, the separation of the nano-adsorbent from the solution can be achieved using a magnetic field. Maximum removal of analytes was obtained at pH of 6, amount of nanocomposite 0.014 g, ultrasonic time of 8 min and concentration of 21 mg L-1. Under optimal conditions, the removal efficiencies for TC, CV, and MB were 91.33, 95.82, and 98.19%, respectively. Also, it was observed that after each adsorption-desorption cycle, Fe3O4/rGO/Ag magnetic nanocomposite had good stability to remove TC, CV, and MB. Achieving nearly 98% removal efficiency in optimal conditions showed that Fe3O4/rGO/Ag magnetic nanocomposite is an effective adsorbent for removing TC, CV, and MB from wastewater samples.

COX 2-inhibitors; a thorough and updated survey into combinational therapies in cancers.

Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes are pivotal in inflammation and cancer development. COX-2, in particular, has been implicated in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. Recently, COX-2 inhibitors have arisen as potential therapeutic agents in cancer treatment. In addition, combining COX inhibitors with other treatment modalities has demonstrated the potential to improve therapeutic efficacy. This review aims to investigate the effects of COX inhibition, both alone and in combination with other methods, on signaling pathways and carcinogenesis in various cancers. In this study, a literature search of all major academic databases was conducted (PubMed, Scholar google), including the leading research on the mechanisms of COX-2, COX-2 inhibitors, monotherapy with COX-2 inhibitors, and combining COX-2-inhibitors with chemotherapeutic agents in tumors. The study encompasses preclinical and clinical evidence, highlighting the positive findings and the potential implications for clinical practice. According to preclinical studies, multiple signaling pathways implicated in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis can be suppressed by inhibiting COX. In addition, combining COX inhibitors with chemotherapy drugs, targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and miRNA-based approaches has enhanced anti-tumor activity. These results suggest that combination therapy has the potential to overcome resistance mechanisms and improve treatment outcomes. However, caution must be exercised when selecting and administering combination regimens. Not all combinations of COX-2 inhibitors with other drugs result in synergistic effects; some may even have unfavorable interactions. Therefore, personalized approaches that consider the specific characteristics of the cancer and the medications involved are crucial for optimizing therapeutic strategies. In conclusion, as monotherapy or combined with other methods, COX inhibition bears promise in modulating signaling pathways and inhibiting carcinogenesis in various cancers. Additional studies and well-designed clinical trials are required to completely elucidate the efficacy of COX inhibition and combination therapy in enhancing cancer treatment outcomes. This narrative review study provides a detailed summary of COX-2 monotherapy and combination targeted therapy in cancer treatment.

A perspective on emerging therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer: Focusing on molecular medicine and drug resistance.

The majority of cancer cases are colorectal cancer, which is also the second largest cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Metastasis is the leading cause of death for patients with colorectal cancer. Metastatic colorectal cancer incidence are on the rise due to a tiny percentage of tumors developing resistant to medicines despite advances in treatment tactics. Cutting-edge targeted medications are now the go-to option for customized and all-encompassing CRC care. Specifically, multitarget kinase inhibitors, antivascular endothelial growth factors, and epidermal growth factor receptors are widely used in clinical practice for CRC-targeted treatments. Rare targets in metastatic colorectal cancer are becoming more well-known due to developments in precision diagnostics and the extensive use of second-generation sequencing technology. These targets include the KRAS mutation, the BRAF V600E mutation, the HER2 overexpression/amplification, and the MSI-H/dMMR. Incorporating certain medications into clinical trials has significantly increased patient survival rates, opening new avenues and bringing fresh viewpoints for treating metastatic colorectal cancer. These focused therapies change how cancer is treated, giving patients new hope and better results. These markers can significantly transform and individualize therapy regimens. They could open the door to precisely customized and more effective medicines, improving patient outcomes and quality of life. The fast-growing body of knowledge regarding the molecular biology of colorectal cancer and the latest developments in gene sequencing and molecular diagnostics are directly responsible for this advancement.