The effect of body mass index on complications in cardiac implantable electronic device surgery.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) procedures are prone to complications. In our study, we investigated the effect of body mass index (BMI) on CIED-related complications. METHODS: 1676 patients who had undergone CIED surgery (de novo implantation, system upgrade, generator change, pocket revision or lead replacement) at two heart centers in Turkey and met the study criteria were included in our study. For analysis of primary and secondary endpoints, patients were classified as non-obese (BMI < 25 kg/m2 ), overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2 ), and obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 ). The primary endpoint was accepted as cumulative events, including the composite of clinically significant hematoma (CSH), pericardial effusion or tamponade, pneumothorax, and infection related to the device system. Secondary outcomes included each component of cumulative events. RESULTS: The rate of cumulative events, defined as primary outcome, was higher in the obese patient group, and we found a significant difference between the groups (3.0%, 4.3%, 8.9%, p = .001). CSH and pneumothorax rates were significantly higher in the obese patient group (0.3%, 0.9%, 1.9%, p = .04; 1.0%, 1.4%, 3.3%, p = .04, respectively). According to our multivariate model analysis; gender (OR:1.882, 95%CI:1.156-3.064, p = .01), hypertension (OR:4.768, 95%CI:2.470-9.204, p < .001), BMI (OR:1.069, 95%CI:1.012-1.129, p = .01) were independent predictors of cumulative events rates. CONCLUSIONS: Periprocedural complications associated with CIED (especially hematoma and pneumothorax) are more common in the group with high BMI.

The prognostic value of ORBIT risk score in predicting major bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The most significant adverse effect of antithrombotic medication in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is major bleeding, which is related to increased mortality. Studies on ORBIT risk score in predicting major bleeding in ACS patients are limited. OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to examine whether the ORBIT score calculated at the bedside can identify major bleeding risk in patients with ACS. METHODS: This research was retrospective, observational, and conducted at a single center. Analyses of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were utilized to define the diagnostic value of CRUSADE and ORBIT scores. The predictive performances of the two scores were compared using DeLong's method. Discrimination and reclassification performances were evaluated by the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and net reclassification improvement (NRI). RESULTS: The study included 771 patients with ACS. The mean age was 68.7 ± 8.6 years, with 35.3 % females. 31 patients had major bleeding. Twenty-three of these patients were BARC 3 A, five were BARC 3 B, and three were BARC 3 C. Bleeding history [OR (95 % CI), 2.46 (1.02-5.94), p = 0.021], hemoglobin levels [OR (95 % CI), 0.54 (0.45-0.63), p < 0.001], and age > 74 years [OR (95 % CI), 1.03 (1.01-1.06), p = 0.039] were independent predictors of major bleeding. The ORBIT score was an independent predictor of major bleeding in the multivariate analysis: continuous variables [OR (95 % CI), 2.53 (2.61-3.95), p < 0.001] and risk categories [OR (95 % CI), 3.06 (1.69-5.52), p < 0.001]. Comparison of c-indexes for major bleeding events revealed a non-significant difference for the discriminative ability of the two tested scores (p = 0.07) with a continuous NRI of 6.6 % (p = 0.026) and an IDI of 4.2 % (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In ACS patients, the ORBIT score independently predicted major bleeding.

The relationship of frontal QRS-T angle between patients with newly diagnosed true and white coat hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: The frontal QRS-T (f-QRST) angle is a measure of depolarization and repolarization heterogeneity and may be a predictor of poor ventricular health. We aimed to investigate whether the f-QRST angle indicates myocardial damage and predicts newly diagnosed true hypertension (HT) in patients with white coat hypertension. METHODS: We measured the f-QRST angle of 63 subjects with WHC and 105 patients with newly diagnosed HT. Laboratory tests and ABPM were followed up in all patients. The f-QRST angle was calculated on the surface ECGs. RESULTS: Of the patients in the study, 38.9% were female and 61.1% were male. The mean age was calculated as 59 ± 11 years. A comparison between both groups with the f-QRST angles was seen to be statistically significantly higher in the true HT group. The results of the receiving operating characteristic curve showed that the AUC value of the f-QRST angle was 0.94 (95% confidence interval, 0.91-0.97), the cutoff value was 60.5°, the sensitivity was 89.5%, and the specificity was 81%. CONCLUSION: In our study, the f-QRST angle was found to be lower in patients with WHC than in true hypertensive patients. We think that ECG, which is a simple test, can be used to distinguish between true HT and WHC.

The effect of chronic DOAC treatment on clinical outcomes of hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Recent findings indicate that thrombosis is one of the underlying pathophysiology and complication of COVID-19 infection. Therefore, the prognosis of the disease may be more favourable in people who were under oral anticoagulant treatment before the COVID-19 diagnosis. This study aims to evaluate the effects of chronic DOAC use on ICU admission and mortality in hospitalized patients due to COVID-19 infection. METHOD: Between 1 September and 30 November 2020, 2760 patients hospitalized in our hospital due to COVID-19 were screened. A total of 1710 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups as those who use DOAC due to any cardiovascular disease before the COVID-19 infection and those who do not. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients were enrolled in the DOAC group and 1631 patients in the non-DOAC group. Median age of all study patient was 62 (52-71 IQR) and 860 (50.5%) of them were female. The need for intensive care, in-hospital stay, and mechanical ventilation were observed at higher rates in the DOAC group. Mortality was observed in 23 patients (29%) in the DOAC group, and it was statistically higher in the DOAC group (P = .002). In the multivariable analysis, age (OR: 1.047, CI: 1.02-1.06, P < .001), male gender (OR: 1.8, CI: 1.3-2.7, P = .02), lymphocyte count (OR: 0.45, CI: 0.30-0.69, P < .001), procalcitonin (OR: 1.12, CI: 1.02-1.23, P = .015), SaO2 (OR: 0.8, CI: 0.77-0.82, P < .001) and creatinine (OR: 2.59, CI: 1.3-5.1, P = .006) were found to be associated with in-hospital mortality. DOAC treatment was not found to be associated with lower in-hospital mortality in multivariable analysis (OR:1.17, CI: 0.20-6.60, P = .850). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that the use of DOAC prior to hospitalization had no protective effect on in-hospital mortality and intensive care need in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

The effect of RAAS inhibitors on acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and in-hospital mortality in the hypertensive Covid-19 patients.

INTRODUCTION: We have aimed to investigate the relationship between use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin-receptor-blocker (ARB) drugs and acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) and in-hospital mortality in hypertensive Covid-19 patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Consecutive 1345 patients diagnosed with Covid-19 between April and October 2020 who met inclusion criteria were divided into two groups based on presence and absence of AHRF and mortality. The groups were compared regarding epidemiological, clinical, radiological, laboratory findings and treatments methods. The patient groups ACEI, ARB and other antihypertensive drugs (non-ACEI/ARB) were compared regarding same parameters. RESULTS: Median age was 68 (60-76) years in the patient group including 805 (59.9.1%) females. Of the patients, 475 (35.3%), 644 (47.9%) and 226 (16.8%) were using ACEIs, ARBs and non-ACEI/ARB, respectively. AHRF and in-hospital mortality developed in 1053 (78.3%) and 290 (21.6%) patients, respectively. Age, gender, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), neutrophil, lymphocyte, creatinine, D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), ACEI, beta blocker and aspartate transaminase (AST) found statistically significant in the univariable logistic regression performed to identify independent predictors of mortality were included multivariable logistic regression model. Age (OR: 1.066, 95%CI: 1.049-1.083; p < .001), DM (OR: 1.682, 95%CI: 1.238-2.286; p = .001), neutrophil (OR: 1.041, 95%CI: 1.007-1.077; p = .019), creatinine (OR: 1.178, 95%CI: 1.048-1.325; p = .006), CRP (OR: 1.008, 95%CI: 1.006-1.010; p < .001), ACEI (OR: 0.718, 95%CI: 0.521-0.988; p = .042), AST (OR: 1.005, 95%CI: 1.001-1.010; p = .010) were found associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: In our study, it was not detected clinically significant difference between three groups with regard to their relation with in-hospital mortality.

Prognostic impact of bundle branch blocks in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: In this study we aim to determine and compare short term outcomes of all type bundle branch blocks (BBB) according to their onset time among those patients presented with ST-Segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). METHOD: Three thousand fifty-seven ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients who underwent pPCI were retrospectively evaluated. Those patients with BBB in their ECG on admission were re-evaluated for their prior ECG records. A composite of death, recurrent myocardial infarction (re-MI) and stroke in one moth follow up were defined as major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). RESULTS: Three thousand fifty-seven STEMI patients underwent pPCI were enrolled to the study. Among these patients 134 (4.4%) had LBBB, and 120 (3.9%) had RBBB. Bundle brunch block was classified according to the timing of their onset as follows; New or Presumably New BBB, Old BBB, Indeterminate Onset BBB. At one month, 4.8% of the patients died, 2.6% had re-MI/stent thrombosis, 0.5% had stroke. MACE occurred in 7.6% of patients. Left ventricle ejection fraction, BBB, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), shock and age were ranked as the strongest predictors of MACE. Compared to non-BBB, all BBBs except for old RBBB was found to be associated with increased MACE. New onset LBBB was the strongest predictor (OR:13.1, 95%CI:3.98-43.4, p < .001) at one month MACE. CONCLUSION: Compared to non-BBB, all BBBs except for old RBBB was found to be associated with increased MACE. New onset LBBB was the strongest predictor for MACE at one month.

Transvenous extraction of pacemaker leads via femoral approach using a gooseneck snare.

BACKGROUND: The growing problem of endocardial lead infections and lead malfunctions has increased interest in percutaneous lead-removal technology. Transvenous lead extraction (TLE) via simple manual traction (SMT) is the first-line therapy. When SMT is not successful, TLE from the femoral vein using a gooseneck snare (GS) with a radiofrequency ablation catheter (RFAC) may be an alternative option. The aim of our study was to evaluate the success rate of transvenous extraction of chronically implanted leads via the femoral approach using a GS with RFCA in cases of failure with SMT. METHODS: The study included 94 consecutive patients who were referred for lead extraction due to pocket erosion and infection (71 patients) and to lead malfunction (23 patients). Initially, SMT was attempted for all patients. If SMT was not successful, patients underwent TLE using a GS with RFAC. RESULTS: Leads were extracted successfully with SMT in 34 patients (54 leads), while 60 patients (83 leads) underwent TLE using a GS with RFAC. The mean indwelling time of the leads was longer in the femoral approach with GS (87.5 ± 37.9 vs. 31.3 ± 25.8 months; p < 0.001). The procedural success rate was 96.7% in the femoral approach with GS. A preceding implantation lead duration of >51 months predicted an unsuccessful SMT necessitating alternative TLE using a GS with RFAC with 86% sensitivity and 78% specificity (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Transvenous lead extraction via the femoral approach using GS with RFAC may be an alternative approach to SMT with a high success rate, especially when the indwelling time of the leads is long.

The association of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure with global longitudinal strain and scintigraphic infarct size in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) is an independent predictor for prognosis in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. We aimed to investigate the relationship of admission LVEDP measured after a successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) with scintigraphic infarct size (IS) and global longitudinal strain (GLS), a strong predictor of IS, in STEMI patients. A total of 62 consecutive patients with STEMI were enrolled in the study. LVEDP measurements were performed after pPCI in patients who had TIMI-3 flow. Echocardiography was performed 24 h after pPCI and repeated 3 months later. GLS was calculated as an average peak strain from the 3 apical projections. IS was evaluated at the third month by technetium 99m sestamibi. The mean age was 56 ± 8 years in the study population. The mean LVEDP was found 19.4 ± 4.4 mmHg. Median IS was 4% (0-11.7 IQR).The mean GLS at the 24th hour and the third month were found to be - 15.4 ± 2.8 and - 16.7 ± 2.5 respectively. There was a moderate negative correlation between LVEDP and GLS (24th-hour p < 0.001 r = - 0.485 and third-month p < 0.001 r = - 0.489). LVEDP had a moderate positive correlation with scintigraphic IS (p < 0.001 r = 0.545). In the multivariable model, we found that LVEDP was significantly associated with scintigraphic IS (ß coefficient = 0.570, p = 0.008) but was not associated with the 24th hour (ß coefficient = 0.092, p = 0.171) and third month GLS (ß coefficient = 0.037, p = 0.531). This study demonstrated that there was a statistically significant relationship between LVEDP and scintigraphic IS, and IS was increased with high LVEDP values. However, there was not a relationship between LVEDP and GLS.

The effect of favipiravir on QTc interval in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019.

BACKGROUND: The effect of favipiravir on the QTc interval during the treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is unclear. Thus, the current study objective was to evaluate any change in the QTc interval in patients who were hospitalized due to COVID-19 receiving favipiravir treatment. METHOD: Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were assessed in this single-center retrospective study. 189 patients, whose diagnosis was confirmed using real-time PCR, were included in the study. The patients were divided into three groups: those using hydroxychloroquine (Group 1, n = 66), hydroxychloroquine plus favipiravir (Group 2, n = 66), and favipiravir only (Group 3, n = 57). The QTc interval was measured before treatment (QTc-B) and 48 h after (i.e., the median) starting treatment (QTc-AT). RESULTS: The median age was 53 (39-66 IQR) and 97 (51%) of patients were female. The median QTc(Bazett)-change was 7 ms (p = 0.028) and 12 ms (p < 0.001) and in Group 1 and 2, respectively. In Group 3, the median QTc(Bazett)-change was observed as -3 ms and was not statistically significant (p = 0.247). In multivariable analysis, while there was a significant relationship between QTc-AT(Bazett) and hydroxychloroquine (ß coefficient = 2687, 95%CI 2599-16,976, p = 0,008), there was no significant relationship with favipiravir (ß coefficient = 0,180, 95% CI -6435-7724, p = 0,858). Similarly, there was a significant relationship between the QTc-AT interval calculated using the Fredericia formula and hydroxychloroquine (ß coefficient = 2120, 95% CI 0,514-14,398, p = 0,035), but not with favipiravir (ß coefficient = 0,111, 95% CI -6450- 7221, p = 0,911). CONCLUSION: In the ECG recordings received in the following days after the treatment was started in COVID-19 patients, there was a significant prolongation in the QTc interval with hydroxychloroquine, but there was no significant change with favipiravir.

Assessment of cardiac mechanics and biomarkers during headache attack in migraine patients with aura: a prospective study.

Migraine with aura (MA) was found to be associated with increased cardiovascular events (CVE), whereas left ventricular (LV) mechanics were not previously studied in migraineurs. In this study, we aimed to assess LV functions with the utility of two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) and cardiac biomarkers with respect to the headache-free and attack periods and frequency of migraine attacks. Sixty-eight patients with MA were enrolled. During headache-free and attack periods, all patients underwent echocardiographic examination including 2D-STE, and cardiac biomarkers, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and high sensitive cTnT (hs-cTnT) were studied. The impact of headache periods and frequency of attacks on cardiac mechanics and biomarkers were investigated. The mean age of study population was 38.1 ± 7.7 years (56 female) and thirty-one patients (44.6%) had high-frequency migraine attacks. Patients who suffered headache-attack periods had higher frequency of detectable hs-cTnT levels and increased NT-proBNP values which did not differ between low- and high-frequency migraine groups in both periods. Headache attack periods had decreased global longitudinal strain (GLS), increased LV end-systolic volume (LVESV), E/Em ratio and LV torsion (LV-tor) during headache-attack periods. In multivariate analysis; LVESV, LV-tor and high frequency of migraine attacks were associated with decreased GLS (≤ - 20.8), (p 0.038, p 0.026 and p 0.013, respectively). Consequently, 2D-STE findings revealed that migraine attacks, especially with increasing frequencies, could have negative impact on LV mechanics, which adds a new perspective about increased CVE in subjects with MA.

The effect of idiopathic premature ventricular complexes on left ventricular ejection fraction.

AIM: Current literature lacks a definitive threshold of idiopathic premature ventricular complex (PVC) burden for predicting cardiomyopathy (CMP). The main objective of the present study was to evaluate relationship between the PVC burden and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). METHOD: This multicenter, cross-sectional study included 341 consecutive patients with more than 1,000 idiopathic PVC in 24 hr of Holter monitoring admitted to the cardiology clinics between January 2019 and May 2019 in the nineteen different centers. The primary outcome was the LVEF measured during the echocardiographic examination. RESULT: Overall, the median age was 50 (38-60) and 139 (49.4%) were female. Percentage of median PVC burden was 9% (IQR: 4%-17.4%). Median LVEF was found 60% (55-65). We used proportional odds logistic regression method to examine the relationship between continuous LVEF and candidate predictors. Increase in PVC burden (%) (regression coefficient (RE) -0.644 and 95% CI -1.063, -0.225, p < .001), PVC QRS duration (RE-0.191 and 95% CI -0.529, 0.148, p = .049), and age (RE-0.249 and 95% CI -0.442, -0.056, p = .018) were associated with decrease in LVEF. This inverse relationship between the PVC burden and LVEF become more prominent when PVC burden was above 5%. A nomogram developed to estimate the individual risk for decrease in LVEF. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that increase in PVC burden %, age, and PVC QRS duration were independently associated with decrease in LVEF in patients with idiopathic PVC. Also, inverse relationship between PVC burden and LVEF was observed in lower PVC burden than previously known.

Prolonged P wave peak time is associated with the severity of coronary artery disease in patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Multi-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with worse outcome in non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients. Depending on the severity of CAD, there may be prolongation of atrial depolarization time as a result of left ventricular dysfunction and atrial ischemia. Therefore, we aimed to study whether the severity of CAD can be predicted with the P wave peak time (PWPT) in the electrocardiography (ECG) obtained during the diagnosis in NSTEMI patients. METHOD: A total of 162 patients were included. The coronary angiography records of all patients were analyzed and SYNTAX scores were calculated. Patients were divided into two groups, according to CAD severity. In addition to well-known P wave parameters, PWPT, defined as the time from the beginning of the P wave to its peak, was measured in the leads DII and V1. RESULTS: The PWPTs in the leads DII and V1 were significantly longer in the group with severe CAD (71 ±â€¯13 vs. 61 ±â€¯12, p < 0.001, 63 ±â€¯24 vs. 53 ±â€¯18, p = 0.024, respectively). PWPT was found to be an independent predictor of severe CAD and the best cut-off value of PWPT in the lead DII was 69.6 ms with sensitivity of 58.3% and specificity of 78.9%. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that prolonged PWPT, which is a parameter easily obtainable from the ECG, is associated with severe CAD. Recognition of NSTEMI patients with severe CAD at the time of diagnosis before performing coronary angiography may be important for the planning of treatment.

The effect of ticagrelor based dual antiplatelet therapy on development of late left ventricular thrombus after acute anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction.

AIM: The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of ticagrelor as compared to clopidogrel based dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) during post-discharge management on the incidence of left ventricular (LV) thrombus in patients with first acute anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHOD: 641 patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups based on the receipt of either ticagrelor or clopidogrel based DAPT. RESULT: Left ventricular thrombus was detected in 73 (11.4%) patients at the first month echocardiographic examination. Ticagrelor based DAPT was associated with significantly less incidence of LV thrombus when compared to clopidogrel [20 (7.4%) vs 53 (14.0%) OR: 0.50 (0.29-0.86)]. Penalized maximum likelihood estimation (PMLE) logistic regression analyses were performed to fourteen candidate variables for identifying the independent predictors of LV thrombus, ticagrelor (compared with clopidogrel) [OR: 0.53 (0.28-0.96), p = 0.039], body mass index (BMI) [OR: 0.58 (0.44-0.77), p < 0.001], KILLIP class (I vs II-IV) [OR: 0.35 (0.14-0.83), p = 0.017], age [OR: 1.22 (1.08-1.40), p < 0.001], poor postprocedural myocardial blush grade (MBG) [OR: 3.35 (1.32-8.15), p = 0.012] and LVEF predischarge [OR: 0.79 (0.72-0.86), p < 0.001] were found to be associated with LV thrombus. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that the incidence of LV trombus was significantly lower with ticagrelor than clopidogrel-based DAPT during postdischarge treatment for anterior STEMI patients.

Usefulness of The C-Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio for Predicting No-Reflow in ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: The ratio of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) to albumin has been proven to be a more accurate indicator than albumin and CRP levels alone in determining the prognosis of patients with cancer and critical illness. The aim of this study was to determine whether the CRP/albumin ratio (CAR) can be linked to imperfect reperfusion that can worsen the prognosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1217 consecutive STEMI patients who achieved epicardial vessel patency with pPCI were recruited to this study. RESULTS: The study population was divided into 2 groups: reflow (n = 874) and no-reflow (NR) (n = 343) groups. The white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and CAR (0.03 [0.01-0.04] vs 0.06 [0.03-0.12] (P < .001) were significantly higher in the NR group than in the reflow group, and these factors were found to be independent predictors of NR development. The best cut-off value of CAR predicting NR was 0.59 with a sensitivity of 54.7% and specificity of 86.7. The predictive power of CAR surpassed that of CRP, albumin, WBC count and NLR in the receiver operator curve (ROC) curve comparison. CONCLUSION: No-reflow can be predicted by systemic inflammation markers including WBC count, NLR and CAR measured from the blood sample obtained on admission. CAR has a higher clinical value than CRP, albumin level, WBC count and NLR in NR prediction.

Relation of hemoglobin level to no-reflow in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary intervention.

INTRODUCTION: The primary goal in the management of acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is to open the occluded artery at an early stage. The development of no-reflow is multifactorial, and the etiology is not fully understood. There is accumulating evidence that anemia is related to a series of severe complications in cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as thromboembolic events, bleeding complications, uncontrolled hypertension, and inflammation characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines. AIM: We investigated the relationship between hemoglobin level and the no-reflow of infarct-related artery (IRA) in patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 3804 patients with acute STEMI who underwent PPCI were enrolled. The patients were divided into two groups according to thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grades after PPCI. Hematological parameters were measured on admission. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between hemoglobin level and no-reflow. RESULTS: In the current study, 471 (12.4%) patients presented with no-reflow after PPCI. The patients in the no-reflow group had a significantly lower hemoglobin level (12.1 ±1.9 g/dl vs. 13.8 ±1.8 g/dl, p < 0.001). The multivariate logistic regression models revealed that hemoglobin level (OR = 0.564, 95% CI: 0.526-0.605; p < 0.001) was an independent predictor of development of no-reflow. The cutoff value for hemoglobin level was 11.5 g/dl with sensitivity of 83.0% and specificity of 80.0% (AUC = 0.844, 95% CI: 0.821-0.867; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that hemoglobin level showed a moderate diagnostic performance regarding the prediction of no-reflow in patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI.

Relationship between fragmented QRS complexes in leads V4-V6 and left ventricular apical thrombus formation in patients presenting with first acute anterior myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was an investigation of the relationship between fragmented QRS (fQRS) and left ventricular apical thrombus (LVAT) in patients presenting with first acute anterior myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: Consecutive 148 patients (mean age: 60.1±10.1 years; male: 75.6%) with first acute anterior MI who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were included. Study population was divided into 2 groups based on presence of LVAT. fQRS was defined as presence of various RSR' patterns, which included additional R wave or notching of R wave or S wave, and presence of more than 1 R in 2 contiguous leads corresponding to major coronary artery territory on 12-lead electrocardiogram. Patients with bundle branch block were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Of these, 32 (21.6%) had LVAT. Patients with LVAT had higher prevalence of fQRS (53.1% vs. 22.4%; p<0.001) and lower rate of successful PCI (75% vs. 94%; p=0.002) compared with patients without LVAT. More patients in LVAT group had left ventricular ejection fraction of <30% (87.5% vs 65.5%; p=0.010). Groups were similar with respect to other baseline characteristics (p>0.05 for all). Presence of fQRS was independent predictor of LVAT (odds ratio [OR], 2.795; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.058-7.396) in multivariable logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Presence of fQRS in leads V4-V6 is independently associated with LVAT in patients presenting with first acute anterior MI.