The Effect of Antioxidant Agents on Cisplatin-Induced Laryngeal Histological Alterations in Rats.

The larynx-related adverse effects that depend on cisplatin decrease patient comfort and many antioxidants have been used to eliminate these side effects. We aimed to identify the laryngeal mucosal changes imposed by cisplatin and investigated whether antioxidants, and their healing effects on these changes, may help reduce laryngeal complications in patients resulting from adverse effects in the larynx. A rat model was designed to evaluate the effects of cisplatin on the larynx and the protective role of antioxidants. Single-dose cisplatin was given both intraperitoneally alone and additionally administered with p-coumaric acid, melatonin, resveratrol, vitamin D, and oleic acid over 5 days. Whole larynges were dissected and evaluated histologically, histochemically, and immunohistochemically. Varying degrees of mucosal changes cisplatin group, but neither erosion nor an ulcer was observed. Numerous variable histological effects of antioxidants were observed on cisplatin exposed laryngeal mucosa. The most obvious effects of cisplatin were edema. The results of the study showed that resveratrol was the most preventive antioxidant agent against cisplatin-dependent mucosal changes. The highest increase in the Ki67 index was in the oleic acid group. Vitamin D increased stromal cyclooxygenase-2 expression that may have an effect on increasing mucosal damage.

The possible mechanisms of the human microbiome in allergic diseases.

In the present paper, we discuss the importance of the microbiome in allergic disease. In this review paper, the data from the Medline (PubMed) and search engine of Kirikkale University were systematically searched for all relevant articles in June 15th, 2015 for the past 30 years. The keywords of "microbiome", "dysbiosis", "allergy", "allergic rhinitis", "allergic disease", "mechanisms" and "treatment" were used alone or together. In this paper, microbiomes were presented in terms of "Definition", "Influence of \the human microbiome on health", "The microbiome and allergic diseases", and "Modulation of the gut microbiota in terms of treatment and prevention". Microbiological dysbiosis is also reviewed. The microbiome is the genetic material of all microbes (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses) that live on or in the human body. Microbes outnumber human cells in a 10:1 ratio. Most microbes live in the gut, particularly the large intestine. Changes in the immune function of the respiratory tract are (at least in theory) linked to the immunomodulatory activity of the gut microbiota via the concept of a "common mucosal response". The gut microbiota shapes systemic immunity, thus affecting the lung mucosa. Alternatively, changes in the gut microbiota may reflect alterations in the oropharyngeal microbiota, which may in turn directly affect the lung microbiota and host immune responses via microaspiration. Dysbiosis is defined as qualitative and quantitative changes in the intestinal flora; and modern diet and lifestyle, antibiotics, psychological and physical stress result in alterations in bacterial metabolism, as well as the overgrowth of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. All immune system components are directly or indirectly regulated by the microbiota. The nature of microbial exposure early in life appears to be important for the development of robust immune regulation; disruption of either the microbiota or the host response can trigger chronic inflammation. Dysbiosis is also an important clinical entity. Antibiotics, psychological and physical stress, and dietary factors contribute to intestinal dysbiosis.

Clinical efficacy of immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Aeroallergen immunotherapy (AIT) should be considered for patients who exhibit symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR), rhinoconjunctivitis, and/or asthma after natural exposure to allergens and who also demonstrate specific immunoglobulin E antibodies against relevant allergens. METHODS: In this paper, clinical efficacy of immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis is reviewed. RESULT: Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) is effective for seasonal and perennial AR. Sustained effectiveness requires several years of treatment. SCIT may prevent the development of allergic asthma in children with AR. Sublingual allergen immunotherapy (SLIT) is currently considered an alternative treatment to the subcutaneous route. The use of SLIT has been included in international guidelines for the treatment of AR with or without conjunctivitis. CONCLUSION: Patients treated with SCIT are at risk of both local and systemic adverse reactions; however, in most cases, symptoms are readily reversible if they are recognized early and treated promptly. The safety profile of SLIT is good; therefore, SLIT can be self-administered by patients in their homes. In this article, we reviewed the efficacy and safety of allergen immunotherapy.

Alternative products to treat allergic rhinitis and alternative routes for allergy immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Some alternative products instead of immunotherapy are used in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). METHODS: In this paper, alternative products to treat allergic rhinitis and alternative routes for allergy immunotherapy are reviewed. RESULTS: Alternative products and methods used instead of immunotherapy are tea therapy, acupuncture, Nigella sativa, cinnamon bark, Spanish needle, acerola, capsaicin (Capsicum annum), allergen-absorbing ointment, and cellulose powder. N. sativa has been used in AR treatment due to its anti-inflammatory effects. N. sativa oil also inhibits the cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. The beneficial effects of N. sativa seed supplementation on the symptoms of AR may be due to its antihistaminic properties. To improve the efficacy of immunotherapy, some measures are taken regarding known immunotherapy applications and alternative routes of intralymphatic immunotherapy and epicutaneous immunotherapy are used. CONCLUSION: There are alternative routes and products to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Do probiotics have a role in the treatment of allergic rhinitis? A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate clinical evidence for the efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). METHODS: A systematic search was conducted to review the results of all randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement. Primary outcome measurements were total nasal and ocular symptom scores (SS) and quality of life (QoL) questionnaires. Secondary outcome measurements were individual nasal SS and immunologic parameters. RESULTS: Twenty-two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were included. Seventeen trials showed significant benefit of probiotics clinically, whereas eight trials showed significant improvement in immunologic parameters compared with placebo. All five studies with Lactobacillus paracasei (LP) strains demonstrated clinically significant improvements compared with placebo. Probiotics showed significant reduction in nasal and ocular SS (standardized mean difference [SMD], -1.23, p < 0.001; and SMD, -1.84, p < 0.001; respectively), total, nasal, and ocular QoL scores compared with placebo (SMD, -1.84, p < 0.001; SMD, -2.30, p = 0.006; and SMD, -3.11, p = 0.005; respectively). Although heterogeneity was high, in subgroup analysis, SMD for total nasal and ocular symptoms with patients with seasonal AR and for nasal QoL scores for studies with LP-33 strain were significant and homogenous. Scores of nasal blockage, rhinorrhea, and nasal itching were significantly lower in the probiotic group compared with placebo. The meta-analysis studies SS the Japanese guidelines revealed a significant, homogenous SMD score of -0.34 for individual nasal SS, above the minimal important clinical difference value of 0.3. The T-helper 1 to T-helper 2 ratio was significantly lower in the probiotic group compared with placebo (SMD, -0.78; p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Despite high variability among the studies, synthesis of available data provided significant evidence of beneficial clinical and immunologic effects of probiotics in the treatment of AR, especially with seasonal AR and LP-33 strains. With the rising pool of studies, the most promising strains in specific allergies can be revealed and adjuvant therapy with probiotics can be recommended for the treatment of AR.

Update on local allergic rhinitis.

We here provide an update on the literature regarding local allergic rhinitis (LAR). In reviewing LAR, we have included an updated definition, classifications, mechanisms, comorbidities, and recommendations for diagnosis and treatment for LAR, as well as the defined research areas for future evidence-based studies. LAR is a localised nasal allergic response in the absence of systemic atopy characterised by local production of specific IgE (sIgE) antibodies, a TH2 pattern of mucosal cell infiltration during natural exposure to aeroallergens, and a positive nasal allergen provocation test response, with the release of inflammatory mediators. The localised allergic response of LAR is an important topic for the study of allergies. This review provides an update on the current knowledge of LAR.

Managing anaphylaxis in the office setting.

BACKGROUND: Although the definition of anaphylaxis for clinical use may vary by professional health care organizations and individuals, the definition consistently includes the concepts of a serious, generalized or systemic, allergic or hypersensitivity reaction that can be life-threatening or even fatal. METHODS: In this review, we presented the important topics in the treatment of anaphylaxis in the office setting. This review will discuss triggers and risk factors, clinical diagnosis, and management of anaphylaxis in the office setting. RESULTS: Anaphylaxis in the office setting is a medical emergency. It, therefore, is important to prepare for it, to have a posted, written anaphylaxis emergency protocol, and to rehearse the plan regularly. In this review, we presented the important steps in managing anaphylaxis in the office. Treatment of anaphylaxis should start with epinephrine administered intramuscularly at the first sign of anaphylaxis. Oxygen and intravenous fluids may be needed for moderate-to-severe anaphylaxis or anaphylaxis that is quickly developing or if the patient is unresponsive to the first injection of epinephrine. Antihistamine therapy is considered adjunctive to epinephrine, which mainly relieves itching and urticaria. Corticosteroids, with an onset of action of 4-6 hours, have no immediate effect on anaphylaxis. CONCLUSION: To prevent near-fatal and fatal reactions from anaphylaxis, the patient, the family, and the physician must remember to follow the necessary steps when treating anaphylaxis. In anaphylaxis, there is no absolute contraindication for epinephrine.

Antioxidant activities of curcumin in allergic rhinitis.

We investigated the antioxidant effects of curcumin in an experimental rat model of allergic rhinitis (AR). Female Wistar albino rats (n = 34) were divided randomly into four groups: healthy rats (control group, n = 8), AR with no treatment (AR + NoTr group, n = 10), AR with azelastine HCl treatment (AR + Aze group, n = 8), and AR with curcumin treatment (AR + Curc group, n = 8). On day 28, total blood IgE levels were measured. For measurement of antioxidant activity, the glutathione (GSH) level and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were measured in both inferior turbinate tissue and serum. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured only in inferior turbinate tissue, and paraoxonase (PON) and arylesterase (ARE) activities were measured only in serum. Statistically significant differences were found for all antioxidant measurements (GSH levels and CAT, SOD, GSH-Px activities in the serum and tissue, MDA levels in the tissue, and PON and ARE activities in the serum) between the four groups. In the curcumin group, serum SOD, ARE, and PON and tissue GSH values were higher than the control group. Moreover, tissue GSH levels and serum GSH-Px activities in the curcumin group were higher than in the AR + NoTr group. In the azelastine group, except MDA, antioxidant measurement values were lower than in the other groups. Curcumin may help to increase antioxidant enzymes and decrease oxidative stress in allergic rhinitis. We recommend curcumin to decrease oxidative stress in allergic rhinitis.

Is resveratrol therapeutic when used to treat allergic rhinitisinitis in rats?

PURPOSE: Resveratrol has anti-infective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resveratrol in a rat experimental model of allergic rhinitis (AR). METHODS: Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: control (n=7), AR with no treatment (AR+NoTr, n=7) and AR with resveratrol treatment (AR+Res, n=7). For AR+Res, AR was induced and resveratrol given on days 21-28. On day 28, the total blood IgE levels were measured. Allergic symptoms (sneezing, nose-rubbing, eye lacrimation and nasal congestion) were scored on a 0-3 point scale, and histopathological changes in the nasal mucosa were evaluated. RESULTS: Allergic symptom score of AR+NoTr was higher than the other two groups and the score of AR+Res was higher than the control group. Histopathologically, neither ciliary loss nor chondrocyte hypertrophy differed among the three groups; however, vascular congestion, inflammatory and plasma cell numbers, eosinophil and mast cell infiltration and goblet cell numbers were higher and mast cell infiltration was more prominent in AR+NoTr than in AR+Res and control. AR+Res and control did not differ significantly in any histological parameter. In AR+NoTr, nasal mucosa exhibited ciliary loss, squamous epithelial metaplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular congestion of the lamina propria and goblet cell epithelial metaplasia. In AR+Res, goblet cell metaplasia was focal or absent and infiltration of the lamina propria by inflammatory cells, eosinophils, and plasma cells was reduced relative to AR+NoTr. CONCLUSION: Allergic symptoms and tissue reactions were reduced by resveratrol treatment in rats with experimentally-induced AR.

Complicated Giant Pilomatrixoma of the Parotid Region.

OBJECTIVE: Pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe) is a benign soft tissue tumour arising from dermis or subcutaneous tissue which should be considered in differential diagnosis of preauricular lesions especially when skin fixation is present. CASE REPORT: Twenty-three year old male referred to our clinic with complaint of left preauricular swelling over 18 months which enlarged and became painful in the last 2 months. Because the lesion showed signs of infection, surgery was planned after medical therapy was completed. FNAB suggest pleomorphic adenoma as preliminary diagnosis. US or MRI showed no specific feature. TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS: Total excision, superficial parotidectomy with facial nerve sparing was performed after regression of infectious signs. Postoperatively no recurrence was detected. CONCLUSION: Pilomatrixomas are benign tumours but have diagnostic difficulties according to clinical and cytologic findings. This rare lesion should be kept in mind to avoid misdiagnosis as malign parotid tumours, particularly in the presence of skin change.

Antileukotrienes in adenotonsillar hypertrophy: a review of the literature.

We assessed the use of antileukotrienes for treating adenotonsillar hypertrophy. We reviewed the current literature on the anatomy of adenotonsillar tissue, adenotonsillar hypertrophy/hyperplasia (and the associated pathophysiology and symptoms), and the effects of antileukotrienes used to treat adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Leukotrienes (LTs) are inflammatory mediators produced by a number of cell types, including mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages, and monocytes. There are several types (e.g., LTA4, LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4). By competitive binding to the cysLT1 receptor, LT-receptor antagonist drugs such as montelukast, zafirlukast, and pranlukast block the effects of cySHLTs, improving the symptoms of some chronic respiratory diseases. High numbers of LT receptors have been found in the tonsils of children with obstructive sleep apnea. Antileukotrienes reduce the apnea-hypopnea index and adenotonsillar inflammation. Antileukotrienes may be useful for children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy due to their anti-inflammatory effects, which help to reduce adenotonsillar inflammation.

Septoplasty in children.

OBJECTIVES: Physicians have long had concerns about the potential harmful effects of pediatric septoplasties on the nasoseptal growth process because septal cartilage is important for the growth and development of the face. METHODS: In this review article, pediatric septoplasty and its indications are discussed, together with a literature survey. In addition, overviews of development of the nasal skeleton from neonate to adult, nasal growth, and cartilaginous septum are presented. Important issues and comments on pediatric septoplasties are provided. RESULTS: During septoplasty procedures, elevation of the mucoperichondrium unilaterally or bilaterally does not negatively affect growth of the face. Stabilization of the septum may be easier when mucosal elevation is performed unilaterally. The nasal floor mucosa should not be elevated so to avoid damage to the incisive nerves. Corrections and limited excisions may be done from the cartilaginous septum. Separation of the septal cartilage from the perpendicular plate, especially at the dorsal part, should not be performed because this area is important for the length and height of the nasal septum and nasal dorsum. Incisions or excisions should not be performed through the growing and supporting zones, especially at the sphenoethmoid dorsal zone. CONCLUSION: If there are severe breathing problems related to the septal deviation, septoplasty should be performed. In the majority of cases, septal surgery may be conducted in 6-year-old children. However, if necessary, septal surgery may be performed in younger children and even at birth.

Oxytocin as a protective agent in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.

PURPOSE: Cisplatin is a potent chemotherapeutic drug with serious side effects such as ototoxicity which is characterized by irreversible, bilateral, progressive sensorineural hearing loss. Oxytocin, which is a well-known hormone secreting during pregnancy, has antioxidant and antiinflammatory effect. Our study aims to test and compare the effect of intratympanic (IT) and intraperitoneal (IP) oxytocin on cisplatin ototoxicity with DPOAE. METHODS: A total of 24 Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 received 0.1-0.3 ml IT saline + IP saline solutions for 4 days (n = 6), Group 2 received cumulative dose of 20 mg/kg IP cisplatin divided into two equal doses in first and second days of experiment + 0.1-0.3 ml IT saline for 4 days, Group 3 received same dose of cisplatin as Group 2 + 0.1-0.3 ml IT oxytocin for 4 days, and Group 4 received same dose of cisplatin as Groups 2 and 3 + IP oxytocin with dose of 1 mg/kg. DPOAE was performed prior to procedure and at the end of the experiment on day 5. RESULTS: Group 2 showed severe ototoxic effect of cisplatin according to DPOAE result (p < 0.05). When compared with Group 2, DPOAE amplitude reductions were smaller in Group 3 (3.2, 3.8, 4.5, 6.3 and 7.6 kHz) (p < 0.05) and Group 4 which is statistically significant in 5.4, 6.3 and 7.6 kHz (p < 0.05). When Group 3 and Group 4 were compared, reductions were smaller in 2.7 and 3.2 kHz in Group 3 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In this study, we showed the protective effect of IT and IP oxytocin on cisplatin ototoxicity. We suggest oxytocin in cisplatin ototoxicity, especially via IT route even with high-dose cisplatin.

Clinical efficacy of immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Aeroallergen immunotherapy (AIT) should be considered for patients who exhibit symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR), rhinoconjunctivitis, and/or asthma after natural exposure to allergens and who also demonstrate specific immunoglobulin E antibodies against relevant allergens. METHODS: In this paper, clinical efficacy of immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis is reviewed. RESULT: Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) is effective for seasonal and perennial AR. Sustained effectiveness requires several years of treatment. SCIT may prevent the development of allergic asthma in children with AR. Sublingual allergen immunotherapy (SLIT) is currently considered an alternative treatment to the subcutaneous route. The use of SLIT has been included in international guidelines for the treatment of AR with or without conjunctivitis. CONCLUSION: Patients treated with SCIT are at risk of both local and systemic adverse reactions; however, in most cases, symptoms are readily reversible if they are recognized early and treated promptly. The safety profile of SLIT is good; therefore, SLIT can be self-administered by patients in their homes. In this article, we reviewed the efficacy and safety of allergen immunotherapy.

Alternative products to treat allergic rhinitis and alternative routes for allergy immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Some alternative products instead of immunotherapy are used in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). METHODS: In this paper, alternative products to treat allergic rhinitis and alternative routes for allergy immunotherapy are reviewed. RESULTS: Alternative products and methods used instead of immunotherapy are tea therapy, acupuncture, Nigella sativa, cinnamon bark, Spanish needle, acerola, capsaicin (Capsicum annum), allergen-absorbing ointment, and cellulose powder. N. sativa has been used in AR treatment due to its anti-inflammatory effects. N. sativa oil also inhibits the cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. The beneficial effects of N. sativa seed supplementation on the symptoms of AR may be due to its antihistaminic properties. To improve the efficacy of immunotherapy, some measures are taken regarding known immunotherapy applications and alternative routes of intralymphatic immunotherapy and epicutaneous immunotherapy are used. CONCLUSION: There are alternative routes and products to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Nasal tip sutures: Techniques and indications.

OBJECTIVES: The surgical anatomy of the nasal tip is determined by intrinsic factors, such as the nasal tip volume, shape, definition, and symmetry. These factors are intimately related to the morphology of the lower lateral cartilages. Tip sutures reduce the need for grafts and allow the surgeon to manipulate the tip with a high degree of precision and better long-term clinical outcomes. In this review, we evaluated common nasal tip suture techniques to clarify the similarities and differences among them. METHODS: The following nasal tip suture techniques were investigated: medial crural fixation suture, middle crura suture, transdomal (dome creating, dome binding, domal definition) suture, interdomal suture, lateral crural mattress suture, columella septal suture, intercrural suture, tip rotation suture, craniocaudal transdomal suture, lateral crural spanning suture, suspension suture, tongue-in-groove technique, and lateral crural steal. RESULTS: Tip sutures increase tip projection, narrow the tip, provide stabilization, and provide tip rotation. The sutures may be used separately or together. CONCLUSION: Nasal tip sutures have long been used as noninvasive suture techniques. Each suture technique has unique benefits, and various key points must be considered when using these techniques.

Effect of Transtympanic Injection of Melatonin on Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity.

OBJECTIVE: Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent that is widely used in cancer treatment. Numerous side effects have been detected, one of which is ototoxicity. Melatonin, a product of the pineal gland, has a neuroendocrinoimmunological role in vertebrates. In the present study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups. Group 1 was administered both intraperitoneal and transtympanic saline; Group 2, 12 mg/kg of intraperitoneal single-dose cisplatin and transtympanic saline; and Group 3, 12 mg/kg of intraperitoneal single-dose cisplatin and 0.1 mg/mL of transtympanic melatonin for 5 days. Before and after the procedure, distortion product otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem responses of all the rats were measured. At the end of the procedure, the cochleas of the rats were investigated at the microscopic level. RESULTS: Group 3 had lesser threshold shift in otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem responses at all frequencies than Group 2 (p<0.005). The difference was not significant between Group 1 and Group 3. On the microscopic level, more epithelial loss and less TNF staining were detected in Group 2 than in Group 3. CONCLUSION: As an antioxidant and immune modulator, melatonin is effective against cisplatin ototoxicity. Both hearing thresholds and tissue investigations supported this conclusion. Melatonin can also be used to treat cisplatin ototoxicity using transtympanic local application in lower doses.

Severe destruction of the upper respiratory structures after brief exposure to a dieffenbachia plant.

Dieffenbachia is a common domestic plant. Oral contact with the plant generally causes slight effects, but when chewed it may result in painful oropharyngeal edema. Even though the mechanism through which this plant causes toxicity is not known, calcium oxalate crystals (rhaphides) and protease in the idioblast of the plant are considered to be the causes. Our aim was to show the lethal effects of a common domestic plant named Dieffenbachia.A 70-year-old male patient applied to our clinic with aphasia, dysphagia, sialorrhea, wounds on the lips and tongue, and swelling on the face. There was edema on his tongue, soft palate, uvula, anterior pharyngeal plica, epiglottis and aryepiglottic fold, and ulceration on the right side of his tongue, the right cheek mucosa, right-lower gingival, soft palate, tongue base, epiglottis anterior surface, and free edge.Dieffenbachia toxicity presents both minimal and serious problems, which can be life threatening, as in our case. Toxic cases resulting in serious clinical pictures due to Dieffenbachia are rare.

Huge internal carotid artery aneurysm presenting as tonsillar asymmetry.

Aneurysms of the extracranial portion of the carotid artery are extremely rare. Internal carotid artery aneurysm is an uncommon cause of tonsillary asymmetry. Although internal carotid artery aneurysms usually remain asymptomatic, the clinical manifestation requires the tonsillar enlargement. Asymmetry as a sole determining factor for tonsillectomy may lead to unnecessary operations. We report a patient with a giant internal carotid artery aneurysm presenting as tonsillary asymmetry that might be mistaken for a tonsillar neoplasia. When faced with a tonsillar asymmetry, an otolaryngologist must keep aneurysms in mind.