Insecticidal potential of organic extracts of Calotropis procera to Spodoptera frugiperda

This study evaluated the toxic effects of organic extracts of Calotropis proceraleaves on the survival, development, and reproduction of Spodoptera frugiperda. Solutions of crude methanol extract and hexane and methanol fractions of C. proceraleaves were added at 1.15% and 2.14% concentrations to the artificial diet of S. frugiperda. The mortality and duration of larval and pupal phases, weights of female and male pupae, deformations of pupae and adults, the reduction of adults able to reproduce, pre-oviposition and oviposition periods, the number of postures per female, and the fecundity and fertility of S. frugiperdafemales were also evaluated. The extracts harmed the survival, development, and reproduction of S. frugiperda. The ingestion of extracts and fractions by caterpillars affected adults by decreasing the oviposition period, the number of postures, fecundity, and fertility. The crude MeOH extract at a2.14% concentration harmed the evaluated parameters of the insect, except for pupal mortality, female pupae weight, and pre-oviposition period. The MeOH fraction at 2.14% caused a 50.0% mortality of caterpillars and 16.0% deformation in pupae and 33.0% inadults, reducing by 72.0% the population able to reproduce. The MeOH fraction at the 2.14% concentration caused 25.0% and 38.0% of pupal mortality and deformation, respectively. Calotropis procerahas promising insecticidal properties for a biological insecticide, a convenient and sustainable strategy for protecting plants against S. frugiperda.

The Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Superparasitism of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata Population Lines on Different Hosts After Field Release.

Evaluating the behavior of the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the field allows improving strategies for its release. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate spatial and temporal variations in the superparasitism of two populations of D. longicaudata on two fruit fly hosts after releasing them in a guava (Psidium guajava L.; cultivar 'Paluma') orchard. The two parasitoid populations used were CS and AS, which were reared on Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), respectively. Four releases were carried out without host choice. Host larvae were offered to the parasitoids in sentinel traps attached at varying heights on the plant, and in plants located at eight different directions and seven distances (7.0, 21.0, 35.0, 49.0, 59.4, 63.0, and 69.3 m) from the center of the parasitoid release point. The traps remained in the orchard for 24, 48, and 168 h after release. After removing the traps, they were taken to the laboratory for scar counting. The percentages of parasitism, superparasitism, mortality, and emergence of parasitoids were determined. Data were analyzed using the generalized linear mixed-effect model (GLMM). The AS females were more active, as they exerted higher parasitism and superparasitism at the first distance and 48 h after release, leaving a higher number of oviposition scars on the host A. fraterculus. Additionally, higher host mortality was observed in A. fraterculus at the closest points and the first 48 h. The highest percentage of parasitoid emergence was observed in C. capitata parasitized by AS females.

Predicting the Invasion Risk by Anastrepha sororcula (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Distinct Geographic Regions.

The movement of endemic fruit flies to new habitats represents a major biological and economic threat. Anastrepha sororcula Zucchi, 1979 is widely distributed in Brazil and also in Colombia, Ecuador, and Paraguay. Here, we present the potential distribution of A. sororcula in endemic areas and project this model into other regions such as part of sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, and Asia to show areas around the world that this species can potentially establish. We combined geographic coordinates with climate data. The models were built using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm. Many mango- and guava-producing countries exhibited climatic suitability for A. sororcula in the regions studied including the nine largest world producers: India, Brazil, Malawi, Kenya, Haiti, Cuba, Colombia, Madagascar, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Many of these countries showed ideal host plant availability and climatic conditions for the entry and establishment of A. sororcula. This study is a pioneer in the identification of representative areas in the world with climatic suitability for A. sororcula, which shows the importance of predicting areas at risk of invasion to monitor the movement and establishment of fruit fly species in new regions, which is fundamental to area-wide integrated pest management programs.

Primeiro registro de Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae) e de uma relação tritrófica com parasitoides em um pomar de citros no estado do Pará, Brasil / First record of Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae) and a tritrophic relation with parasitoids in a citrus orchard in Pará state, Brazil

A citricultura está crescendo no Estado do Pará, Brasil, mas faltam informações sobre as pragas conhecidas como moscas-dasfrutas e os parasitoides associados na região. Visando abordar esta lacuna no conhecimento, foram coletados frutos de laranja (Citrus sinensis), laranja var. lima (C. sinensis), lima-da-pérsia (C. limettioides), limão-cidra (C. medica) e tangerina (C. reticulata). Registramos, pela primeira vez, infestação em condições naturais de campo por Anastrepha obliqua em C. sinensis no Pará e identificamos uma tritrófica entre C. sinensis, A. obliqua e os parasitoides Opius bellus e Asobara anastrephae .

Anatomical and histochemical descriptions of the male reproductive system of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmed) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

ABSTRACT The parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata is an important control agent for several species of fruit flies. Research on the characteristics of the reproductive system and reproductive biology of this parasitoid can be valuable for studies in taxonomy and phylogeny of insects of the order Hymenoptera. In this study we analyzed the histology and histochemistry of the male reproductive system of D. longicaudata. In this species the male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes, two accessory glands, and an ejaculatory duct. Each testicle consists of only one follicle. The testicular follicles are filled with cysts in different stages of spermatogenesis. Histochemical analyses detected proteins and carbohydrates in the cytoplasm of secretory cells and in the lumen of accessory glands. The morphology of the male reproductive system of D. longicaudata differs in some respects from other species of Hymenoptera.

First record of Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae) and a tritrophic relation with parasitoids in a citrus orchard in Pará state, Brazil / Primeiro registro de Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae) e de uma relação tritrófica com parasitoides em um pomar de citros no estado do Pará, Brasil

Citriculture is a growing industry in Pará state, Brazil, but information regarding fruit flies and their associated parasitoids in this region is lacking. To address this gap in knowledge, we collected oranges (Citrus sinensis), lime oranges (C. sinensis), common sweet limes (C. limettioides), citrons (C. medica) and mandarins (C. reticulata). We recorded field infestation by Anastrepha obliqua in C. sinensis under natural conditions for the first time in the study region, and a tritrophic relationship between C. sinensis, A. obliqua, and the parasitoids Opius bellus and Asobara anastrephae was identified.(AU)

A citricultura está crescendo no Estado do Pará, Brasil, mas faltam informações sobre as pragas conhecidas como moscas-das-frutas e os parasitoides associados na região. Visando abordar esta lacuna no conhecimento, foram coletados frutos de laranja (Citrus sinensis), laranja var. lima (C. sinensis), lima-da-pérsia (C. limettioides), limão-cidra (C. medica) e tangerina (C. reticulata). Registramos, pela primeira vez, infestação em condições naturais de campo por Anastrepha obliqua em C. sinensis no Pará e identificamos uma tritrófica entre C. sinensis, A. obliqua e os parasitoides Opius bellus e Asobara anastrephae.(AU)

Parasitism of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) on two fruit fly species / Parasitismo de Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) em duas espécies de moscas-das-frutas

The aim of the present study was to investigate the parasitism of two fruit fly species by different Diachasmimorpha longicaudata strains. Females of two parasitoid strains were reared on Ceratitis capitata or Anastrepha fraterculus that were conditioned in adapted containers. Individual parasitoids were offered 20 larvae for 1 h, using no-choice (20 C. capitata or 20 A. fraterculus) or free-choice (10 of each species) assays. Parasitism was verified by counting scars, and the pupae were classified as non-parasitized (no scars), parasitized (one scar), or superparasitized (multiple scars). Parasitism intensity was compared by evaluating the proportions of non-parasitized, parasitized, and superparasitized larvae. Parasitism intensity and scar frequency were analyzed as functions of host species and parasitoid strain, using chi-square tests. In the non-choice tests, females of both parasitoid strains parasitized the larvae, regardless of host species. However, when the parasitoids had a choice, they preferred to superparasitize A. fraterculus larvae, which are larger than C. capitata larvae. In addition, the female parasitoids parasitized most of the host larvae, regardless of parasitoid strain or host species. However, the frequency of non-parasitized pupae was higher when the offered host species was different from the one in which the parasitoid was reared, and the frequency of superparasitized pupae was higher when the offered host species was the same as the one in which the parasitoid was reared.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o parasitismo de larvas de Tephritidae por duas linhagens de Diachasmimorpha ­longicaudata em duas espécies de mosca-das-frutas. Foram utilizadas fêmeas do parasitoide criadas sobre Ceratitis capitata ou Anastrepha fraterculus acondicionadas em gaiolas adaptadas. Para cada fêmea foram oferecidas 20 larvas durante 1 hora, em ensaio com chance de escolha (20 C. capitata ou 20 A. fraterculus) e sem chance de escolha (10 larvas de cada espécie). Após o parasitismo, o número de cicatrizes foi verificado e os pupários classificados como: não parasitados (ausência de cicatrizes), parasitados (presença de uma cicatriz) e superparasitados (duas ou mais cicatrizes). A intensidade de parasitismo foi avaliada por meio da proporção de larvas não parasitadas, parasitadas ou superparasitadas. As variáveis intensidade de parasitismo e frequência de cicatrizes em virtude do hospedeiro e da linhagem do parasitoide foram analisadas quanto à distribuição de frequência utilizando-se o teste qui-quadrado. No teste sem escolha, independentemente da espécie hospedeira, as fêmeas das duas linhagens parasitaram as larvas oferecidas e, quando tiveram escolha, preferiram superparasitar larvas de A. fraterculus, que são maiores que as de C. capitata. A frequência de pupários sem cicatriz foi maior quando o hospedeiro oferecido foi diferente daquele em que a fêmea foi criada. Independentemente da linhagem do parasitoide, as fêmeas parasitam a maioria das larvas hospedeiras das duas espécies, mas discriminam o hospedeiro, preferindo superparasitar a espécie na qual foi criada o hospedeiro. A. fraterculus foi o preferido para postura de fêmeas.(AU)

Density of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) and host Ceratitis capitata (Wied) larvae for the increase of parasitoid female production / Densidade de Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) e do hospedeiro Ceratitis capitata (Wied) no incremento da produção de fêmeas do parasitoide

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the ratio of Ceratitis capitata larvae/female of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata that results in the increase of parasitism and the production of females in the progeny. We used 8-day-old copulated D. longicaudata females with oviposition parasite experience and third instar larvae of C. capitata from rearing stock maintained at the Laboratory of Biological Control of Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes). Five densities of C. capitata larvae (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50) were offered to parasitoid females that were at five different densities (1, 2, 5, 10, and 15). The larvae were exposed to the parasitoid females by means of "parasitism units" in adapted cages for 1 hour. Sex ratio, percentage of parasitism, and pupal mortality were evaluated. Both host larval density and female parasite density influenced parasitism, female progeny production, and pupal mortality. Higher female production was observed in the progeny in ratios of 1:1 and 2:1 (larvae/females). Ratios above 1:2 reduced the sex ratio, and ratios below 1:1 caused high pupal mortality rates. The females had higher parasitism activity when they were in groups dividing the same space. Equal ratios of Ceratitis capitata larvae and parasitoid females resulted in improved efficiency in progeny females.(AU)

Objetivou se neste estudo avaliar a proporção de larvas de Ceratitis capitata e fêmeas de Diachasmimorpha longicaudata que resulta no incremento do parasitismo e da produção de fêmeas na progênie. Foram utilizadas fêmeas de Diachasmimorpha longicaudata copuladas, com experiência em parasitar e oito dias de idade, e larvas de terceiro instar de C. capitata, provenientes da criação mantida no Laboratório de Controle Biológico da Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES). Cinco densidades de larvas de C. capitata foram oferecidas (10, 20, 30, 40 e 50) às fêmeas do parasitoide, em cinco densidades diferentes (1, 2, 5, 10 e 15). As larvas foram expostas às fêmeas do parasitoide por meio de "unidades de parasitismo", em gaiolas adaptadas, pelo tempo determinado de uma hora. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: razão sexual, porcentagem de parasitismo e mortalidade pupal. Tanto a densidade de larvas de C. capitata quanto a densidade de fêmeas do parasitoide influenciaram no parasitismo, na produção de fêmeas na progênie e na mortalidade pupal. Foi observada nas proporções 1:1 e 1:2 (larvas/fêmeas) maior produção de fêmeas na progênie. Proporções acima de 1:2 reduziram a razão sexual, e valores abaixo de 1:1 causaram altas porcentagens de mortalidade pupal. As fêmeas apresentaram maior atividade de parasitismo quando estavam em grupos dividindo o mesmo espaço. Proporções iguais de larvas de C. capitata e fêmeas do parasitoide resultaram em melhor eficiência na produção de fêmeas na progênie.(AU)

Parasitism of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) on two fruit fly species / Parasitismo de Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) em duas espécies de moscas-das-frutas

The aim of the present study was to investigate the parasitism of two fruit fly species by different Diachasmimorpha longicaudata strains. Females of two parasitoid strains were reared on Ceratitis capitata or Anastrepha fraterculus that were conditioned in adapted containers. Individual parasitoids were offered 20 larvae for 1 h, using no-choice (20 C. capitata or 20 A. fraterculus) or free-choice (10 of each species) assays. Parasitism was verified by counting scars, and the pupae were classified as non-parasitized (no scars), parasitized (one scar), or superparasitized (multiple scars). Parasitism intensity was compared by evaluating the proportions of non-parasitized, parasitized, and superparasitized larvae. Parasitism intensity and scar frequency were analyzed as functions of host species and parasitoid strain, using chi-square tests. In the non-choice tests, females of both parasitoid strains parasitized the larvae, regardless of host species. However, when the parasitoids had a choice, they preferred to superparasitize A. fraterculus larvae, which are larger than C. capitata larvae. In addition, the female parasitoids parasitized most of the host larvae, regardless of parasitoid strain or host species. However, the frequency of non-parasitized pupae was higher when the offered host species was different from the one in which the parasitoid was reared, and the frequency of superparasitized pupae was higher when the offered host species was the same as the one in which the parasitoid was reared.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o parasitismo de larvas de Tephritidae por duas linhagens de Diachasmimorpha ­longicaudata em duas espécies de mosca-das-frutas. Foram utilizadas fêmeas do parasitoide criadas sobre Ceratitis capitata ou Anastrepha fraterculus acondicionadas em gaiolas adaptadas. Para cada fêmea foram oferecidas 20 larvas durante 1 hora, em ensaio com chance de escolha (20 C. capitata ou 20 A. fraterculus) e sem chance de escolha (10 larvas de cada espécie). Após o parasitismo, o número de cicatrizes foi verificado e os pupários classificados como: não parasitados (ausência de cicatrizes), parasitados (presença de uma cicatriz) e superparasitados (duas ou mais cicatrizes). A intensidade de parasitismo foi avaliada por meio da proporção de larvas não parasitadas, parasitadas ou superparasitadas. As variáveis intensidade de parasitismo e frequência de cicatrizes em virtude do hospedeiro e da linhagem do parasitoide foram analisadas quanto à distribuição de frequência utilizando-se o teste qui-quadrado. No teste sem escolha, independentemente da espécie hospedeira, as fêmeas das duas linhagens parasitaram as larvas oferecidas e, quando tiveram escolha, preferiram superparasitar larvas de A. fraterculus, que são maiores que as de C. capitata. A frequência de pupários sem cicatriz foi maior quando o hospedeiro oferecido foi diferente daquele em que a fêmea foi criada. Independentemente da linhagem do parasitoide, as fêmeas parasitam a maioria das larvas hospedeiras das duas espécies, mas discriminam o hospedeiro, preferindo superparasitar a espécie na qual foi criada o hospedeiro. A. fraterculus foi o preferido para postura de fêmeas.(AU)

Density of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) and host Ceratitis capitata (Wied) larvae for the increase of parasitoid female production / Densidade de Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) e do hospedeiro Ceratitis capitata (Wied) no incremento da produção de fêmeas do parasitoide

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the ratio of Ceratitis capitata larvae/female of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata that results in the increase of parasitism and the production of females in the progeny. We used 8-day-old copulated D. longicaudata females with oviposition parasite experience and third instar larvae of C. capitata from rearing stock maintained at the Laboratory of Biological Control of Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes). Five densities of C. capitata larvae (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50) were offered to parasitoid females that were at five different densities (1, 2, 5, 10, and 15). The larvae were exposed to the parasitoid females by means of "parasitism units" in adapted cages for 1 hour. Sex ratio, percentage of parasitism, and pupal mortality were evaluated. Both host larval density and female parasite density influenced parasitism, female progeny production, and pupal mortality. Higher female production was observed in the progeny in ratios of 1:1 and 2:1 (larvae/females). Ratios above 1:2 reduced the sex ratio, and ratios below 1:1 caused high pupal mortality rates. The females had higher parasitism activity when they were in groups dividing the same space. Equal ratios of Ceratitis capitata larvae and parasitoid females resulted in improved efficiency in progeny females.(AU)

Objetivou se neste estudo avaliar a proporção de larvas de Ceratitis capitata e fêmeas de Diachasmimorpha longicaudata que resulta no incremento do parasitismo e da produção de fêmeas na progênie. Foram utilizadas fêmeas de Diachasmimorpha longicaudata copuladas, com experiência em parasitar e oito dias de idade, e larvas de terceiro instar de C. capitata, provenientes da criação mantida no Laboratório de Controle Biológico da Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES). Cinco densidades de larvas de C. capitata foram oferecidas (10, 20, 30, 40 e 50) às fêmeas do parasitoide, em cinco densidades diferentes (1, 2, 5, 10 e 15). As larvas foram expostas às fêmeas do parasitoide por meio de "unidades de parasitismo", em gaiolas adaptadas, pelo tempo determinado de uma hora. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: razão sexual, porcentagem de parasitismo e mortalidade pupal. Tanto a densidade de larvas de C. capitata quanto a densidade de fêmeas do parasitoide influenciaram no parasitismo, na produção de fêmeas na progênie e na mortalidade pupal. Foi observada nas proporções 1:1 e 1:2 (larvas/fêmeas) maior produção de fêmeas na progênie. Proporções acima de 1:2 reduziram a razão sexual, e valores abaixo de 1:1 causaram altas porcentagens de mortalidade pupal. As fêmeas apresentaram maior atividade de parasitismo quando estavam em grupos dividindo o mesmo espaço. Proporções iguais de larvas de C. capitata e fêmeas do parasitoide resultaram em melhor eficiência na produção de fêmeas na progênie.(AU)

Aqueous extract of pequi fruit to control Spodoptera frugiperda in corn / Extrato aquoso de fruto de pequizeiro para o controle de Spodoptera frugiperda em milho

Pequi fruit peels contain steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, compounds that are potentially useful for integrated pest management. As such, the aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal activity of aqueous extracts of pequi fruit peels on Spodoptera frugiperda. Field-grown corn plants of the cultivar 'Al Alvaré' were sprayed with extract concentrations of 0.8%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% (v/v) 40 and 47 days after germination. The pequi peels were chopped, oven dried (65°C for 72 hours), and ground in a grinding mill. The resulting powder was used to prepare a base-line extract (10%), and the other concentrations evaluated were prepared by diluting this extract. The intensity of the damage caused by S. frugiperda caterpillars was evaluated 43, 46, 50, and 53 days after germination, using a visual scoring scale. Application of the extract decreased the amount of damage caused by the caterpillars. The 5% extract concentration was the most effective, while the 10% extract concentration showed evidence of phytotoxicity after the second spraying. These results suggest that the pequi extract is toxic to the S. frugiperda caterpillars and can be used for the management of this pest.(AU)

Nas cascas dos frutos de pequi já foram identificados esteroides, triterpenos, flavonoides, taninos e saponinas, substâncias promissoras no manejo integrado de pragas. Com base nesta informação, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a ação inseticida de extratos aquosos das cascas dos frutos de pequi a Spodoptera frugiperda. O ensaio foi realizado em campo, utilizando sementes de milho do cultivar 'AL Alvaré' que aos 40 e 47 dias após a germinação foram pulverizadas com concentrações dos extratos de 0,8%, 2,5%, 5% e 10% (v/v). Os extratos foram preparados a partir de cascas dos frutos de pequi que, após picadas, foram secas em estufa (65°C, por 72 horas) e moídas em moinho de facas. Com o pó foi preparado um extrato padrão (10,0%). As demais concentrações foram obtidas a partir deste extrato. Foram avaliadas a intensidade das injúrias causadas pelas lagartas de S. frugiperda em plantas com 43, 46, 50 e 53 dias, utilizando uma escala visual de notas. As pulverizações dos extratos reduziram o número de injúrias provocadas pelas lagartas. A concentração de 5% foi a mais eficiente nesta redução e a de 10% causou fitotoxicidade após a segunda pulverização. O extrato pequi é tóxico às lagartas de S. frugiperda e pode ser utilizado no manejo desta praga.(AU)

Aqueous extract of pequi fruit to control Spodoptera frugiperda in corn / Extrato aquoso de fruto de pequizeiro para o controle de Spodoptera frugiperda em milho

Pequi fruit peels contain steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, compounds that are potentially useful for integrated pest management. As such, the aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal activity of aqueous extracts of pequi fruit peels on Spodoptera frugiperda. Field-grown corn plants of the cultivar 'Al Alvaré' were sprayed with extract concentrations of 0.8%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% (v/v) 40 and 47 days after germination. The pequi peels were chopped, oven dried (65°C for 72 hours), and ground in a grinding mill. The resulting powder was used to prepare a base-line extract (10%), and the other concentrations evaluated were prepared by diluting this extract. The intensity of the damage caused by S. frugiperda caterpillars was evaluated 43, 46, 50, and 53 days after germination, using a visual scoring scale. Application of the extract decreased the amount of damage caused by the caterpillars. The 5% extract concentration was the most effective, while the 10% extract concentration showed evidence of phytotoxicity after the second spraying. These results suggest that the pequi extract is toxic to the S. frugiperda caterpillars and can be used for the management of this pest.(AU)

Nas cascas dos frutos de pequi já foram identificados esteroides, triterpenos, flavonoides, taninos e saponinas, substâncias promissoras no manejo integrado de pragas. Com base nesta informação, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a ação inseticida de extratos aquosos das cascas dos frutos de pequi a Spodoptera frugiperda. O ensaio foi realizado em campo, utilizando sementes de milho do cultivar 'AL Alvaré' que aos 40 e 47 dias após a germinação foram pulverizadas com concentrações dos extratos de 0,8%, 2,5%, 5% e 10% (v/v). Os extratos foram preparados a partir de cascas dos frutos de pequi que, após picadas, foram secas em estufa (65°C, por 72 horas) e moídas em moinho de facas. Com o pó foi preparado um extrato padrão (10,0%). As demais concentrações foram obtidas a partir deste extrato. Foram avaliadas a intensidade das injúrias causadas pelas lagartas de S. frugiperda em plantas com 43, 46, 50 e 53 dias, utilizando uma escala visual de notas. As pulverizações dos extratos reduziram o número de injúrias provocadas pelas lagartas. A concentração de 5% foi a mais eficiente nesta redução e a de 10% causou fitotoxicidade após a segunda pulverização. O extrato pequi é tóxico às lagartas de S. frugiperda e pode ser utilizado no manejo desta praga.(AU)

Dispersal capacity of fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in irrigated coffee plantations

Diachasmimorpha longicaudata is an Old World parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies that was widely introduced in the Americas to control pest species such as the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. Augmentative releases in irrigated coffee plantations in semiarid regions of Brazil are under consideration and dispersal capacity of D. longicaudata in this habitat are important to develop release strategies. Approximately 2,000 individuals of D. longicaudata (5 to 7 days old) were released in the center of a fruiting coffee plantation every two weeks from Dec. 2009 to Apr. 2010. Dispersal from the central release point was monitored to the north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest at 11 distances, beginning at 4.6 m and ending at 90 m from the release point. At each point, a parasitism unit (approximately 120 larvae of C. capitata in the 3rd instar wrapped in voile fabric) and 10 coffee beans were collected. The average dispersion distance and dispersion area were estimated by the model proposed by Dobzhansky and Wright (1943). The average dispersion distances were 27.06 m (as estimated by fruit collection) and 33.11 m (as estimated by oviposition traps). The average dispersion areas were 1,315.25 m2 and 1,752.45 m2 originating from the collection of beans and parasitism units, respectively. Cohorts of 2,000 adult D. longicaudata released at six points ha1 are estimated to result in sufficient colonization to exert significant control of Ceratitis capitata.

Dispersal capacity of fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in irrigated coffee plantations

Diachasmimorpha longicaudata is an Old World parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies that was widely introduced in the Americas to control pest species such as the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. Augmentative releases in irrigated coffee plantations in semiarid regions of Brazil are under consideration and dispersal capacity of D. longicaudata in this habitat are important to develop release strategies. Approximately 2,000 individuals of D. longicaudata (5 to 7 days old) were released in the center of a fruiting coffee plantation every two weeks from Dec. 2009 to Apr. 2010. Dispersal from the central release point was monitored to the north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest at 11 distances, beginning at 4.6 m and ending at 90 m from the release point. At each point, a parasitism unit (approximately 120 larvae of C. capitata in the 3rd instar wrapped in voile fabric) and 10 coffee beans were collected. The average dispersion distance and dispersion area were estimated by the model proposed by Dobzhansky and Wright (1943). The average dispersion distances were 27.06 m (as estimated by fruit collection) and 33.11 m (as estimated by oviposition traps). The average dispersion areas were 1,315.25 m2 and 1,752.45 m2 originating from the collection of beans and parasitism units, respectively. Cohorts of 2,000 adult D. longicaudata released at six points ha1 are estimated to result in sufficient colonization to exert significant control of Ceratitis capitata.(AU)

Bioatividade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas da mosca-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. ) / Bioactivity of aqueous extracts of plants to the fruit fly larvae, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. )

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas recém-eclodidas de Ceratitis capitata. Folhas de algodão-de-seda (Calotropis procera), citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), pinha (Annona squamosa),pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) e tingui (Magoniapubescens) foram coletadas, secas e moídas em moinho de facas até a obtenção de um pó. Tais pós foram adiciona dos em água destilada para a preparação dos extratos aquosos (10%, p/v). As suspensões contendo os compostos hidrossolúveis foram filtradas, a fim de se conseguir os extratos que foram adicionados à dieta artificial das larvas da mosca. À dieta controle, adicionou-se somente água destilada. Os ensaios foram realizados em DIC, com quatro tratamentos e um controle. Todos os tratamentos foram constituídos por 10 repetições, cada uma com 10 larvas recém-eclodidas de C. capitata. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade larval e a eficiência de controle (E%) dos extratos aquosos às larvas. Os extratos de juazeiro, tingui e pinhão-manso são os mais tóxicos e eficientes no controle das larvas de C. capitata, causando elevadas mortalidades.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of aqueous plant extracts to neonate larvae of Ceratitis capitata. Silk cotton (Calotropis procera), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), joazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro),sugar apple (Annona squamosa), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) and tingui (Magonia pubescens) were collected, dried, and milled in a knife mill in order to obtain a powder. These powders were added in distilled water to prepare aqueous extracts (10%, w/v). The suspension containing the hydrosoluble compounds was filtered to get the extracts, which were added to the artificial diet of fruit fly larvae. Only distilled water was added in the control diet. Assays were carried out in DIC, with four treatments (aqueous extracts) and one control. All treatments consisted of 10 repetitions, each containing 10 newly hatched larvae ofC. capitata. Larval mortality and control efficiency (E%) of aqueous extracts to the larvae were evaluated. The joazeiro, tingui and jatropha extracts are the most toxic and effective in controlling larvae of C. capitata, causing high mortality.(AU)

Bioactivity of aqueous extracts of plants to the fruit fly larvae, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. ) / Bioatividade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas da mosca-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. )

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of aqueous plant extracts to neonate larvae of Ceratitis capitata. Silk cotton (Calotropis procera), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), joazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), sugar apple (Annona squamosa), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) and tingui (Magonia pubescens) were collected, dried, and milled in a knife mill in order to obtain a powder. These powders were added in distilled water to prepare aqueous extracts (10%, w/v). The suspension containing the hydrosoluble compounds was filtered to get the extracts, which were added to the artificial diet of fruit fly larvae. Only distilled water was added in the control diet. Assays were carried out in DIC, with four treatments (aqueous extracts) and one control. All treatments consisted of 10 repetitions, each containing 10 newly hatched larvae of C. capitata. Larval mortality and control efficiency (E%) of aqueous extracts to the larvae were evaluated. The joazeiro, tingui and jatropha extracts are the most toxic and effective in controlling larvae of C. capitata, causing high mortality.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas recém-eclodidas de Ceratitis capitata. Folhas de algodمo-de-seda (Calotropis procera), citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), pinha (Annona squamosa), pinhمo-manso (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia)e tingui (Magonia pubescens) foram coletadas, secas e moيdas em moinho de facas até a obtençمo de um pَ. Tais pَs foram adicionados em لgua destilada para a preparaçمo dos extratos aquosos (10%, p/v). As suspensُes contendo os compostos hidrossolْveis foram filtradas, a fim de se conseguir os extratos que foram adicionados à dieta artificial das larvas da mosca. ہ dieta controle, adicionou-se somente لgua destilada. Os ensaios foram realizados em DIC, com quatro tratamentos e um controle. Todos os tratamentos foram constituيdos por 10 repetiçُes, cada uma com 10 larvas recém-eclodidas de C. capitata. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade larval e a eficiência de controle (E%) dos extratos aquosos às larvas. Os extratos de juazeiro, tingui e pinhمo-manso sمo os mais tَxicos e eficientes no controle das larvas de C. capitata, causando elevadas mortalidades.(AU)

Bioatividade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas da mosca-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)

ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of aqueous plant extracts to neonate larvae of Ceratitis capitata. Silk cotton (Calotropis procera), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), joazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro),sugar apple (Annona squamosa), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) and tingui(Magonia pubescens) were collected, dried, and milled in a knife mill in order to obtain a powder. These powders were added in distilled water to prepare aqueous extracts (10%, w/v). The suspension containing the hydrosoluble compounds was filtered to get the extracts, which were added to the artificial diet of fruit fly larvae. Only distilled water was added in the control diet. Assays were carried out in DIC, with four treatments (aqueous extracts) and one control. All treatments consisted of 10 repetitions, each containing 10 newly hatched larvae ofC. capitata. Larval mortality and control efficiency (E%) of aqueous extracts to the larvae were evaluated. Thejoazeiro, tingui and jatropha extracts are the most toxic and effective in controlling larvae of C. capitata, causing high mortality.

RESUMO:O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas recém-eclodidas de Ceratitis capitata.Folhas de algodão-de-seda (Calotropis procera), citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), pinha (Annona squamosa),pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifo- lia) e tingui (Magoniapubescens)foram coletadas, secas e moídas em moinho de facas até a obtenção de um pó. Tais pós foram adiciona dos em água destilada para a preparação dos extratos aquosos (10%, p/v). As suspensões contendo os compostos hidrossolúveis foram filtradas, a fim de se conseguir os extratos que foram adicionados à dieta artificial das larvas da mosca. À dieta controle, adicionou-se somente água destilada. Os ensaios foram realizados em DIC, com quatro tratamentos e um controle. Todos os tratamentos foram cons tituídos por 10 repetições, cada uma com 10 larvas recém-eclodidas de C. capitata. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade larval e a eficiência de controle (E%) dos extratos aquosos às larvas. Os extratos de juazeiro, tingui e pinhão-manso são os mais tóxicos e eficientes no controle das larvas de C. capitata, causando elevadas mortalidades.

Bioactivity of aqueous extracts of plants to the fruit fly larvae, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. ) / Bioatividade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas da mosca-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. )

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of aqueous plant extracts to neonate larvae of Ceratitis capitata. Silk cotton (Calotropis procera), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), joazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), sugar apple (Annona squamosa), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) and tingui (Magonia pubescens) were collected, dried, and milled in a knife mill in order to obtain a powder. These powders were added in distilled water to prepare aqueous extracts (10%, w/v). The suspension containing the hydrosoluble compounds was filtered to get the extracts, which were added to the artificial diet of fruit fly larvae. Only distilled water was added in the control diet. Assays were carried out in DIC, with four treatments (aqueous extracts) and one control. All treatments consisted of 10 repetitions, each containing 10 newly hatched larvae of C. capitata. Larval mortality and control efficiency (E%) of aqueous extracts to the larvae were evaluated. The joazeiro, tingui and jatropha extracts are the most toxic and effective in controlling larvae of C. capitata, causing high mortality.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas recém-eclodidas de Ceratitis capitata. Folhas de algodمo-de-seda (Calotropis procera), citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), pinha (Annona squamosa), pinhمo-manso (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia)e tingui (Magonia pubescens) foram coletadas, secas e moيdas em moinho de facas até a obtençمo de um pَ. Tais pَs foram adicionados em لgua destilada para a preparaçمo dos extratos aquosos (10%, p/v). As suspensُes contendo os compostos hidrossolْveis foram filtradas, a fim de se conseguir os extratos que foram adicionados à dieta artificial das larvas da mosca. ہ dieta controle, adicionou-se somente لgua destilada. Os ensaios foram realizados em DIC, com quatro tratamentos e um controle. Todos os tratamentos foram constituيdos por 10 repetiçُes, cada uma com 10 larvas recém-eclodidas de C. capitata. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade larval e a eficiência de controle (E%) dos extratos aquosos às larvas. Os extratos de juazeiro, tingui e pinhمo-manso sمo os mais tَxicos e eficientes no controle das larvas de C. capitata, causando elevadas mortalidades.

Bioatividade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas da mosca-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)

ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of aqueous plant extracts to neonate larvae of Ceratitis capitata. Silk cotton (Calotropis procera), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), joazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro),sugar apple (Annona squamosa), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) and tingui(Magonia pubescens) were collected, dried, and milled in a knife mill in order to obtain a powder. These powders were added in distilled water to prepare aqueous extracts (10%, w/v). The suspension containing the hydrosoluble compounds was filtered to get the extracts, which were added to the artificial diet of fruit fly larvae. Only distilled water was added in the control diet. Assays were carried out in DIC, with four treatments (aqueous extracts) and one control. All treatments consisted of 10 repetitions, each containing 10 newly hatched larvae ofC. capitata. Larval mortality and control efficiency (E%) of aqueous extracts to the larvae were evaluated. Thejoazeiro, tingui and jatropha extracts are the most toxic and effective in controlling larvae of C. capitata, causing high mortality.

RESUMO:O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas recém-eclodidas de Ceratitis capitata.Folhas de algodão-de-seda (Calotropis procera), citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), pinha (Annona squamosa),pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifo- lia) e tingui (Magoniapubescens)foram coletadas, secas e moídas em moinho de facas até a obtenção de um pó. Tais pós foram adiciona dos em água destilada para a preparação dos extratos aquosos (10%, p/v). As suspensões contendo os compostos hidrossolúveis foram filtradas, a fim de se conseguir os extratos que foram adicionados à dieta artificial das larvas da mosca. À dieta controle, adicionou-se somente água destilada. Os ensaios foram realizados em DIC, com quatro tratamentos e um controle. Todos os tratamentos foram cons tituídos por 10 repetições, cada uma com 10 larvas recém-eclodidas de C. capitata. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade larval e a eficiência de controle (E%) dos extratos aquosos às larvas. Os extratos de juazeiro, tingui e pinhão-manso são os mais tóxicos e eficientes no controle das larvas de C. capitata, causando elevadas mortalidades.

Efeito da idade das larvas de Ceratitis capitata (Wied. ) sobre a qualidade biológica do parasitoide Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) / Effect of the age of larvae Ceratitis capitata (Wied. ) in the biological quality of parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead)

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da idade (tamanho) das larvas de Ceratitis capitata utilizadas na criação de Diachasmimorpha longicaudata sobre o parasitismo, a razão sexual e a longevidade das fêmeas da progênie, quando as fêmeas mães foram mantidas sozinhas ou competindo pelo mesmo hospedeiro. Para isso, foram oferecidas larvas de cinco, seis, sete e oito dias de idade às fêmeas do parasitoide em "unidades de parasitismo", no interior de gaiolas adaptadas, contendo uma ou duas fêmeas do parasitoide de sete dias de idade. O número de fêmeas do parasitoide dividindo a mesma "unidade de parasitismo" não afetou nenhum aspecto da qualidade do parasitoide. O tamanho do hospedeiro influenciou significativamente no número de parasitoides emergidos. Larvas hospedeiras menores (cinco dias) provocaram uma redução no parasitismo em relação às larvas de seis, sete e oito dias de idade. Houve maior emergência de parasitoides machos de hospedeiros com cinco e seis dias de idade, enquanto mais fêmeas emergiram de larvas com sete e oito dias de idade. As fêmeas de D. longicaudata provenientes de larvas com seis, sete e oito dias viveram mais do que as fêmeas obtidas de larvas com cinco dias de idade. Larvas hospedeiras maiores, quando utilizadas na criação de parasitoides de moscas-das-frutas, aumentam a porcentagem de parasitismo, o número de fêmeas na progênie e a longevidade das fêmeas da progênie, podendo proporcionar vantagens econômicas quando utilizadas para liberação aumentativa no campo.(AU)

This work was carried out in order to evaluate the influence of age (size) of larvae Ceratitis capitata used in the rearing of the Diachasmimorpha longicaudata on parasitism, sex ratio of the progeny and the longevity of progeny's females, when the mothers were maintained alone or sharing the same host. Larvae at different ages (five, six, seven and eight days old), in "units of parasitism" were offered to female parasitoids, inside adapted cages, containing one or two seven days old female parasitoids. The number of females of the parasitoid sharing the same "unit of parasitism" in the same cage did not affect any aspect of parasitoid quality. However, the size of the host had significant influence on the number of emerged parasitoids. The youngest host larvae (five days old) reduced parasitism more than larvae at six, seven and eight days old. There was higher emergence of male parasitoids of five and six days old hosts, while more females emerged from seven and eight days old larvae. The females of D. longicaudata from larvae with six, seven and eight days old lived more than those obtained from females of five days old larvae. When larger host larvae are used in the rearing of parasitoids of fruit flies, it increases parasitism, the number of female progeny and the longevity of female progeny; it can provide economic advantages when used for augmentative liberation on the field.(AU)