Rate and predictors of insufficient sweat volume in very young infants after pilocarpine gel iontophoresis: prospective, population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the rate and predictors of 'quantity not sufficient' (QNS) among Brazilian infants younger than 3 months with positive newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF). DESIGN: Prospective, population-based study. SETTING: Public Statewide Newborn Screening Programme where the incidence rate of CF is ≈1:11 000. PATIENTS: Subjects with positive two-tiered immunoreactive trypsinogen. INTERVENTIONS: Sweat induction and collection were performed in the same facility; one sweat sample was obtained per individual. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The QNS rate and its predictors; analysis corresponded to the day of sweat collection. RESULTS: Among the 975 participants, QNS rates for 10 and 15 µL were 3.6% (95% CI 2.5% to 4.9%) and 8.3% (95% CI 6.6% to 10.2%). Infants weighing >3056 and >3845 g and with gestational age higher than 37 weeks had a greater likelihood (5.5 and 6.7, and 2.7 and 5.8 times more, respectively) of avoiding QNS than their peers. CONCLUSION: QNS rates fulfilled the requirements, but predictors differed from those recommended by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundations guidelines.

Peak nasal inspiratory flow in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: Sickle cell disease is the most frequent of the hereditary hemoglobinopathies and it presents multisystemic effects. A manifestation that is commonly found in sickle cell disease is upper airway obstruction, particularly adenotonsillar hypertrophy. This study aims to evaluate the peak nasal inspiratory flow measurements of children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. METHODS: This is a case-control study on children aged between 8 and 15 years who were diagnosed with sickle cell disease. Peak nasal inspiratory flow measurements were obtained from patients. RESULTS: A total of 279 patients were enrolled in this study, with 93 in the case group and 186 in the control group. The case group had an 82.83% chance of having lower peak nasal inspiratory flow values than the control group. In the case group, 75% of the peak nasal inspiratory flow values were in the lower standards, whereas in the control group, only 25% were in the lower standards. CONCLUSION: This study showed a high prevalence of reduced peak nasal inspiratory flow values in children with sickle cell disease and could certainly be incorporated into the day-to-day clinical evaluation of patients as a screening instrument.

Sweat conductivity diagnostic accuracy for cystic fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies to summarise the properties of sweat conductivity (SC) to rule in/out cystic fibrosis (CF). DATA SOURCE: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SciELO and LILACS up to 13 March 2023. STUDY SELECTION: We selected prospective and retrospective diagnostic test accuracy studies which compared SC, measured through two well-established and commercially available devices, that is, Nanoduct or Sweat-Chek Analyser, to quantitative measurement of sweat chloride. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (+LR) and negative likelihood ratio (-LR), and their corresponding 95% CIs. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: The Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies guidelines were followed. Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked by another. The hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristics model was used to estimate diagnostic test accuracy. RESULTS: Ten studies involving 8286 participants were included. The pooled estimates of sensitivity, specificity, +LR and -LR were 0.97 (95% CI 0.94 to 0.98), 0.99 (95% CI 0.98 to 0.99), 171 (95% CI 58 to 500) and 0.02 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.05), respectively. Sensitivity analyses did not reveal a substantial impact of study-level factors on the results, such as study quality, cut-off values for a positive test, study sample size and participant age group. The quality of evidence was considered moderate. CONCLUSION: SC demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance. In addition, its accuracy parameters suggest its role as an alternative to the sweat test for CF diagnosis. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022284504.

Sweat conductivity for diagnosing cystic fibrosis after positive newborn screening: prospective, diagnostic test accuracy study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of sweat conductivity among newborns and very young infants. DESIGN: Prospective, population-based, diagnostic test accuracy study. SETTING: Public Statewide Newborn Screening Programme where the incidence rate of cystic fibrosis (CF) is ≈1:11 000. PATIENTS: Newborns and very young infants with positive two-tiered immunoreactive trypsinogen. INTERVENTIONS: Sweat conductivity and sweat chloride were performed simultaneously, on the same day and facility by independent technicians, with the cut-off values of 80 mmol/L and 60 mmol/L, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), overall accuracy, positive and negative likelihood ratios (+LR, -LR) and post (sweat conductivity (SC)) test probability were calculated to assess SC performance. RESULTS: 1193 participants were included, 68 with and 1108 without CF, and 17 with intermediate values. The mean (SD) age was 48 (19.2) days, ranging from 15 to 90 days. SC yielded sensitivity of 98.5% (95% CI 95.7 to 100), specificity of 99.9% (95% CI 99.7 to 100), PPV of 98.5% (95% CI 95.7 to 100) and NPV of 99.9% (95% CI 99.7 to 100), overall accuracy of 99.8% (95% CI 99.6 to 100), +LR of 1091.7 (95% CI 153.8 to 7744.9) and -LR of 0.01 (95% CI 0.00 to 0.10). After a positive and negative sweat conductivity result, the patient's probability of CF increases around 350 times and drops to virtually zero, respectively. CONCLUSION: Sweat conductivity had excellent accuracy in ruling in or ruling out CF after positive two-tiered immunoreactive trypsinogen among newborns and very young infants.

Peak nasal inspiratory flow in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: a case-control study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Sickle cell disease is the most frequent of the hereditary hemoglobinopathies and it presents multisystemic effects. A manifestation that is commonly found in sickle cell disease is upper airway obstruction, particularly adenotonsillar hypertrophy. This study aims to evaluate the peak nasal inspiratory flow measurements of children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. METHODS: This is a case-control study on children aged between 8 and 15 years who were diagnosed with sickle cell disease. Peak nasal inspiratory flow measurements were obtained from patients. RESULTS: A total of 279 patients were enrolled in this study, with 93 in the case group and 186 in the control group. The case group had an 82.83% chance of having lower peak nasal inspiratory flow values than the control group. In the case group, 75% of the peak nasal inspiratory flow values were in the lower standards, whereas in the control group, only 25% were in the lower standards. CONCLUSION: This study showed a high prevalence of reduced peak nasal inspiratory flow values in children with sickle cell disease and could certainly be incorporated into the day-to-day clinical evaluation of patients as a screening instrument.

Mortalidade por asma em crianças e adolescentes em Minas Gerais ao longo de 20 anos / Asthma mortality in children and adolescents of Minas Gerais over a 20-year period

Introdução: A asma é uma doença inflamatória crônica que acomete cerca de 300 milhões de indivíduos em todo o mundo. Objetivos: Avaliar a mortalidade e a tendência temporal da taxa de mortalidade específica por asma (TMA) em crianças e adolescentes até 19 anos, em Minas Gerais, segundo o sexo, a faixa etária e o local de ocorrência do óbito, entre os anos de 1996 e 2015. Métodos: Este é um estudo ecológico de séries temporais, fundamentado no banco de dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS) por meio dos registros da declaração de óbito. A tendência temporal da TMA foi calculada por meio da análise de regressão linear simples. Resultados: No período analisado, foram registrados 457 óbitos em Minas Gerais, em indivíduos de até 19 anos incompletos, tendo como causa de morte a asma. A maioria dos óbitos ocorreu em menores de cinco anos (72,6%, 332 registros) e no ambiente hospitalar. A TMA reduziu entre o máximo de 0,54 óbito/100.000 habitantes, no ano de 2001, e o mínimo de 0,13/100.000 em 2015. Observou-se redução global da TMA igual a 75%. Conclusão: Observou-se que a TMA em MG reduziu significativamente durante o período estudado, refletindo, possivelmente, as melhorias em relação ao cuidado geral da saúde das crianças e o acesso a políticas públicas para o tratamento de asma.

Introduction: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects about 300 million individuals worldwide. Purpose: To evaluate mortality and temporal trend of asthma-specific mortality rate (AMR) in children and adolescents up to 19 years of age in Minas Gerais, according to gender, age group and place of death, between the years of 1996 and 2015. Methods: This is an ecological time series study, based on the database of Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS) through death certificate records. The temporal trend of AMR has been calculated by simple linear regression analysis. Results: During the analyzed period, 457 deaths had been recorded in Minas Gerais, in individuals up to 19 years old, with asthma as the cause of death. Most deaths occurred in children under five (72.6%, 332 records) and in the hospital environment. The Asthma Mortality Rate (AMR) decreased from a maximum of 0.54 deaths/100,000 inhabitants in 2001 to a minimum of 0.13/100,000 in 2015. There was an overall reduction in AMT of 75%. Conclusion: It has been observed that Minas Gerais' AMR has significantly decreased during the evaluated period, reflecting, possibly, general health care of children and public politics to asthma treatment improvements.

Asthma mortality in children and adolescents of Brazil over a 20-year period.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the number of asthma deaths and the temporal trend of the asthma-specific mortality rate in children and adolescents up to 19 years of age in Brazil. METHODS: This is an ecological time-series study of asthma deaths reported in Brazil, in the population up to 19 years of age, between 1996 and 2015. The specific asthma mortality rate and its temporal trend were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 5014 deaths during the 20 years evaluated, with the majority, 68.1%, being recorded in children under 5 years of age. The specific asthma mortality rate ranged from 0.57/100,000 in 1997 to 0.21/100,000 in 2014, with a significant reduction of 59.8%. Regarding the place of death, 79.4% occurred in a hospital setting. In this sample, the adolescents had a 1.5-fold higher chance of death out-of-hospital than children up to nine years of age. There was no significant difference in the temporal trend between the genders and no significant decrease in out-of-hospital deaths. CONCLUSIONS: This study found a temporal trend for a reduction in asthma deaths over 20 years in children and adolescents in Brazil. Mortality rates varied across the geographic regions of the country and were higher in the Northeast. The prevalence of deaths under 5 years of age may be associated with the greater vulnerability of this age group in low-income countries. In adolescence, deaths outside the hospital environment are noteworthy. Asthma deaths are rare but unacceptable events, considering the treatable nature of the disease and the presence of avoidable factors in most of fatal outcomes.

Asma grave em pacientes adultos e pediátricos: Protocolo da Sociedade Mineira de Pneumologia e Cirurgia Torácica (SMPCT) - 2019 / Severe asthma in adult and pediatric patients: Protocol of the Sociedade Mineira de Pneumologia e Cirurgia Torácica (SMPCT) - 2019

Este documento é uma revisão do protocolo de asma grave da SMPCT de 2015, que se fez necessária devido à atualização de avanços em pesquisas, principalmente em fenotipagem/genotipagem e terapêutica da asma grave, além de asma grave na pediatria. A maioria da publicações relata que 5% a 10% dos asmáticos podem apresentar asma grave. Porém, levantamento na Holanda encontrou uma prevalência menor, de 3,6% ou 10,4/10000 habitantes, que parece ser mais próximo da realidade. Este protocolo tem como população alvo os pacientes com asma grave, adultos e pediátricos, conforme definições de asma grave da"International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma" de 2014 e GINA 2018.1,3 Seus potenciais utilizadores são especialistas em doenças respiratórias que lidam com asma grave, e que devem ser os responsáveis pela aplicação do protocolo, e também clínicos gerais, pediatras, médicos de cuidados primários, enfermeiros, fisioterapeutas e outros profissionais da saúde. É aconselhável consulta com um especialista em asma nos seguintes casos: asma de difícil diagnóstico, suspeita de asma ocupacional, asma persistente não controlada com exacerbações frequentes, asma com risco de morte, eventos adversos significativos ou suspeita de subtipos de asma grave.4 Este documento não tem a intenção de instituir um tratamento padronizado, mas estabelecer bases racionais para decisões em pacientes com asma grave, pois as recomendações não conseguem abranger toda a complexidade do julgamento clínico em casos individuais. Os autores recomendam sua revisão e atualização no período máximo de 3 anos, ou, se necessário, em tempo menor.

Epidemiological trends of allergic diseases in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalences of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in adolescents in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in 2012 by administering the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire, as well as to compare the observed prevalences with those found in studies performed 10 years earlier and employing the same methodology used here. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between May and December of 2012 and involving adolescents in the 13- to 14-year age bracket. Participants were randomly selected from among adolescents studying at public schools in Belo Horizonte and completed the ISAAC questionnaire. Proportions were calculated in order to assess the prevalences of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in the sample as a whole, and the chi-square goodness-of-fit test was used in order to compare the prevalences observed in 2012 with those found in 2002. RESULTS: The prevalences of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in 2012 were 19.8%, 35.3%, and 16.3%, respectively, being significantly higher than those found in 2002 (asthma, p = 0.006; allergic rhinitis, p < 0.01; and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalences of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis among adolescents in 2012 were found to be high, having increased in comparison with those found 10 years earlier, despite efforts in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Parapneumonic pleural effusion: early versus late thoracoscopy / Derrame pleural parapneumônico: comparação entre toracoscopia precoce e tardia

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the best time to perform thoracoscopy for the treatment of complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion in the fibrinopurulent phase in patients ≤ 14 years of age, regarding the postoperative evolution and occurrence of complications. Methods: This was a retrospective comparative study involving patients with parapneumonic pleural effusion presenting with septations or loculations on chest ultrasound who underwent thoracoscopy between January of 2000 and January of 2013. The patients were divided into two groups: early thoracoscopy (ET), performed by day 5 of hospitalization; and late thoracoscopy (LT), performed after day 5 of hospitalization. Results: We included 60 patients, 30 in each group. The mean age was 3.4 years; 28 patients (46.7%) were male; and 47 (78.3%) underwent primary thoracoscopy (no previous simple drainage). The two groups were similar regarding gender, age, weight, and type of thoracoscopy (p > 0.05 for all). There was a significant difference between the ET and the LT groups regarding the length of the hospital stay (14.5 days vs. 21.7 days; p < 0.001). There were also significant differences between the groups regarding the duration of fever in days; the total number of days from admission to the initiation of drainage; and the total number of days with the drain in place. Eight patients (13.6%) had at least one post-thoracoscopy complication, there being no difference between the groups. There were no deaths. Conclusions: Performing ET by day 5 of hospitalization was associated with shorter hospital stays, shorter duration of drainage, and shorter duration of fever, although not with a higher frequency of complications, requiring ICU admission, or requiring blood transfusion.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o melhor momento para a realização de toracoscopia no tratamento de derrame pleural parapneumônico complicado na fase fibrinopurulenta em pacientes ≤ 14 anos de idade quanto a evolução e ocorrência de complicações pós-operatórias. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo e comparativo com pacientes com derrame pleural parapneumônico que apresentavam septações ou loculações à ultrassonografia de tórax e que foram submetidos a toracoscopia no período entre janeiro de 2000 e janeiro de 2013. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: toracoscopia precoce (TP), realizada até o 5º dia da hospitalização; e toracoscopia tardia (TT), realizada após o 5º dia de internação. Resultados: Foram incluídas 60 pacientes, 30 em cada grupo. A média de idade foi de 3,4 anos, 28 pacientes (46,7%) eram do sexo masculino, e 47 (78,3%) foram submetidos à toracoscopia primária, sem realização de drenagem simples prévia. Os grupos TP e TT foram semelhantes quanto ao sexo, idade, peso e tipo de toracoscopia (p > 0,05 para todos). Observou-se uma diferença significativa quanto à média de duração da internação nos grupos TP e TT (14,5 dias vs. 21,7 dias; p < 0,001). Houve também diferenças significativas entre os grupos quanto ao total de dias com febre, total de dias entre internação e início da drenagem e total de dias com dreno. Oito pacientes (13,6%) apresentaram alguma complicação após a toracoscopia, sem diferença entre os grupos. Não houve óbitos. Conclusões: A TP, realizada até o 5º dia da admissão hospitalar, associou-se a menor duração da internação, menor tempo de drenagem e menor duração da febre, sem estar associada a maior frequência de complicações, necessidade de CTI ou hemotransfusão.

Epidemiological trends of allergic diseases in adolescents / Tendência epidemiológica das prevalências de doenças alérgicas em adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the prevalences of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in adolescents in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in 2012 by administering the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire, as well as to compare the observed prevalences with those found in studies performed 10 years earlier and employing the same methodology used here. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between May and December of 2012 and involving adolescents in the 13- to 14-year age bracket. Participants were randomly selected from among adolescents studying at public schools in Belo Horizonte and completed the ISAAC questionnaire. Proportions were calculated in order to assess the prevalences of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in the sample as a whole, and the chi-square goodness-of-fit test was used in order to compare the prevalences observed in 2012 with those found in 2002. Results: The prevalences of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in 2012 were 19.8%, 35.3%, and 16.3%, respectively, being significantly higher than those found in 2002 (asthma, p = 0.006; allergic rhinitis, p < 0.01; and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, p = 0.002). Conclusions: The prevalences of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis among adolescents in 2012 were found to be high, having increased in comparison with those found 10 years earlier, despite efforts in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as prevalências de asma, rinite alérgica e rinoconjuntivite alérgica em adolescentes da cidade de Belo Horizonte (MG) através do questionário do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood no ano de 2012, bem como compará-las com aquelas obtidas em estudos realizados 10 anos antes empregando a mesma metodologia. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com estudantes de 13-14 anos de idade de escolas públicas localizadas no município, selecionados de forma aleatória simples, entre maio e dezembro de 2012, com a utilização do questionário. Foram realizados cálculos das diferenças de proporções para a análise das prevalências de asma, rinite alérgica e rinoconjuntivite alérgica na amostra geral, e o teste de qui-quadrado de adesão foi utilizado para a comparação das prevalências de 2012 e 2002. Resultados: As prevalências de sintomas de asma, rinite alérgica e rinoconjuntivite alérgica em 2012 foram de 19,8%, 35,3% e 16,3%, respectivamente. Houve aumentos significativos dessas prevalências em relação ao ano de 2002 (asma, p = 0,006; rinite alérgica, p < 0.01; e rinoconjuntivite alérgica, p = 0.002). Conclusões: Foram evidenciados elevadas taxas de asma, rinite alérgica e rinoconjuntivite alérgica entre os adolescentes estudados e aumentos dessas prevalências no intervalo de 10 anos, apesar dos esforços no âmbito da prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento dessas doenças.

Parapneumonic pleural effusion: early versus late thoracoscopy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the best time to perform thoracoscopy for the treatment of complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion in the fibrinopurulent phase in patients ≤ 14 years of age, regarding the postoperative evolution and occurrence of complications. METHODS: This was a retrospective comparative study involving patients with parapneumonic pleural effusion presenting with septations or loculations on chest ultrasound who underwent thoracoscopy between January of 2000 and January of 2013. The patients were divided into two groups: early thoracoscopy (ET), performed by day 5 of hospitalization; and late thoracoscopy (LT), performed after day 5 of hospitalization. RESULTS: We included 60 patients, 30 in each group. The mean age was 3.4 years; 28 patients (46.7%) were male; and 47 (78.3%) underwent primary thoracoscopy (no previous simple drainage). The two groups were similar regarding gender, age, weight, and type of thoracoscopy (p > 0.05 for all). There was a significant difference between the ET and the LT groups regarding the length of the hospital stay (14.5 days vs. 21.7 days; p < 0.001). There were also significant differences between the groups regarding the duration of fever in days; the total number of days from admission to the initiation of drainage; and the total number of days with the drain in place. Eight patients (13.6%) had at least one post-thoracoscopy complication, there being no difference between the groups. There were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Performing ET by day 5 of hospitalization was associated with shorter hospital stays, shorter duration of drainage, and shorter duration of fever, although not with a higher frequency of complications, requiring ICU admission, or requiring blood transfusion.

Pulmonary function in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: have we paid proper attention to this problem? / Função pulmonar em crianças e adolescentes com doença falciforme: temos dado atenção adequada a esse problema?

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate pulmonary function and functional capacity in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 70 children and adolescents (8-15 years of age) with sickle cell disease who underwent pulmonary function tests (spirometry) and functional capacity testing (six-minute walk test). The results of the pulmonary function tests were compared with variables related to the severity of sickle cell disease and history of asthma and of acute chest syndrome. Results: Of the 64 patients who underwent spirometry, 15 (23.4%) showed abnormal results: restrictive lung disease, in 8 (12.5%); and obstructive lung disease, in 7 (10.9%). Of the 69 patients who underwent the six-minute walk test, 18 (26.1%) showed abnormal results regarding the six-minute walk distance as a percentage of the predicted value for age, and there was a ≥ 3% decrease in SpO2 in 36 patients (52.2%). Abnormal pulmonary function was not significantly associated with any of the other variables studied, except for hypoxemia and restrictive lung disease. Conclusions: In this sample of children and adolescents with sickle cell disease, there was a significant prevalence of abnormal pulmonary function. The high prevalence of respiratory disorders suggests the need for a closer look at the lung function of this population, in childhood and thereafter.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a função pulmonar e a capacidade funcional em crianças e adolescentes com doença falciforme. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 70 crianças e adolescentes com doença falciforme (8-15 anos), submetidos a testes de função respiratória (espirometria) e de capacidade funcional (teste de caminhada de seis minutos). Os resultados da avaliação da função pulmonar foram comparados com variáveis relacionadas à gravidade da doença falciforme e à presença de história de asma e de síndrome torácica aguda. Resultados: Dos 64 pacientes submetidos à espirometria, 15 (23,4%) apresentaram resultados alterados: distúrbio ventilatório restritivo, em 8; (12,5%) e distúrbio respiratório obstrutivo, em 7 (10,9%). Dos 69 pacientes submetidos ao teste de caminhada de seis minutos, 18 (26,1%) apresentaram resultados alterados na distância em % do previsto para a idade, e houve uma queda ≥ 3% na SpO2 em 36 (52,2%) dos pacientes. Não houve associações significativas entre função pulmonar alterada e as outras variáveis analisadas, exceto para hipoxemia e distúrbio ventilatório restritivo. Conclusões: Observou-se uma significativa prevalência de alterações na função pulmonar nesta amostra de crianças e adolescentes com doença falciforme. A elevada prevalência de distúrbios ventilatórios sugere a necessidade de um olhar mais atento à função pulmonar desde a infância nessa população.

Trancamentos de Matrícula no Curso de Medicina da UFMG: Sintomas de Sofrimento Psíquico / Canceled Enrollments on the UFMG Medical Course: Symptoms of Psychological Distress

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o sofrimento psíquico apresentado nas justificativas dos trancamentos semestrais de matrícula informados pelos estudantes de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e identificar fatores e contextos associados. Estudo retrospectivo e transversal, qualitativo e quantitativo, dos 141 requerimentos de trancamentos ocorridos entre julho de 2007 e julho de 2013, solicitados por 97 estudantes do primeiro ao 12º período do curso. Verificou-se predominância de requerimentos no ciclo básico (55,3%) e como motivação prevalente (59,6%) o sofrimento psíquico. Os trancamentos podem se revelar como sintomas do sofrimento psíquico dos estudantes, associados a fatores como adoecimento psíquico, reprovações, dúvida na escolha do curso, desentendimentos familiares e uso considerado abusivo de drogas. As motivações apresentadas nos pedidos de trancamentos alertam para a necessidade e importância de investimento institucional nos serviços de cuidado e atenção ao aluno de Medicina.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to investigate psychological distress given as justification by students to have canceled their enrollment on semesters of the Federal University of Minas Gerais medical course, and to identify associated factors and contexts. A retrospective, cross-sectional, qualitative and quantitative study was performed on the 141 claims made during the period of July 2007 to July 2013 by 97 students from the 1st to the 12th period of the course. Cancellations predominated in the Basic Cycle (55.3%) with psychological distress the main motivation (59.6%). The cancellations may prove to be symptoms of student psychological distress, associated with factors such as mental illness, failures, doubts over course selection, family disagreements, and what may be deemed as drug abuse. The reasons given for such cancellations warn of the need and importance of institutional investment into welfare services for medical students.

Pulmonary function in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: have we paid proper attention to this problem?

OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate pulmonary function and functional capacity in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. METHODS:: This was a cross-sectional study involving 70 children and adolescents (8-15 years of age) with sickle cell disease who underwent pulmonary function tests (spirometry) and functional capacity testing (six-minute walk test). The results of the pulmonary function tests were compared with variables related to the severity of sickle cell disease and history of asthma and of acute chest syndrome. RESULTS:: Of the 64 patients who underwent spirometry, 15 (23.4%) showed abnormal results: restrictive lung disease, in 8 (12.5%); and obstructive lung disease, in 7 (10.9%). Of the 69 patients who underwent the six-minute walk test, 18 (26.1%) showed abnormal results regarding the six-minute walk distance as a percentage of the predicted value for age, and there was a ≥ 3% decrease in SpO2 in 36 patients (52.2%). Abnormal pulmonary function was not significantly associated with any of the other variables studied, except for hypoxemia and restrictive lung disease. CONCLUSIONS:: In this sample of children and adolescents with sickle cell disease, there was a significant prevalence of abnormal pulmonary function. The high prevalence of respiratory disorders suggests the need for a closer look at the lung function of this population, in childhood and thereafter. OBJETIVO:: Avaliar a função pulmonar e a capacidade funcional em crianças e adolescentes com doença falciforme. MÉTODOS:: Estudo transversal com 70 crianças e adolescentes com doença falciforme (8-15 anos), submetidos a testes de função respiratória (espirometria) e de capacidade funcional (teste de caminhada de seis minutos). Os resultados da avaliação da função pulmonar foram comparados com variáveis relacionadas à gravidade da doença falciforme e à presença de história de asma e de síndrome torácica aguda. RESULTADOS:: Dos 64 pacientes submetidos à espirometria, 15 (23,4%) apresentaram resultados alterados: distúrbio ventilatório restritivo, em 8; (12,5%) e distúrbio respiratório obstrutivo, em 7 (10,9%). Dos 69 pacientes submetidos ao teste de caminhada de seis minutos, 18 (26,1%) apresentaram resultados alterados na distância em % do previsto para a idade, e houve uma queda ≥ 3% na SpO2 em 36 (52,2%) dos pacientes. Não houve associações significativas entre função pulmonar alterada e as outras variáveis analisadas, exceto para hipoxemia e distúrbio ventilatório restritivo. CONCLUSÕES:: Observou-se uma significativa prevalência de alterações na função pulmonar nesta amostra de crianças e adolescentes com doença falciforme. A elevada prevalência de distúrbios ventilatórios sugere a necessidade de um olhar mais atento à função pulmonar desde a infância nessa população.

Atualizações no tratamento de bronquiolite viral aguda / Updates on acute bronchiolitis treatment

Bronquiolite viral aguda consiste em uma afecção viral que acomete lactentes com idade inferior a dois anos, sendo o pico de incidência abaixo de seis meses de vida. O quadro clínico consiste em sintomas de infecção de vias aéreas superiores, que evolui após dois a quatro dias com cansaço, dispneia, taquipneia, além de esforço respiratório. Febre e redução da aceitação da dieta também podem ocorrer. Apneia tem sido relatada em casos graves ou em prematuros. O diagnóstico baseia-se na história clínica e no exame físico, sendo exames complementares reservados quando há suspeita de outros diagnósticos ou de complicações. O tratamento é suportivo, sendo a oxigenoterapia indicada para pacientes com saturação de oxigênio abaixo de 90%. Atualmente, o corticoide oral não tem indicação no tratamento. Broncodilatadores não são indicados de rotina e o uso da salina hipertônica é controverso. O antiviral, ribavirina, tem indicação em casos específicos, devido aos efeitos adversos e ao alto custo. A profilaxia da BVA é fundamental, sendo a lavagem das mãos e o uso de álcool, de máscaras e de luvas essenciais para prevenção da doença. Como medicação profilática, o palivizumabe é indicado apenas em casos selecionados.(AU)

Acute bronchiolitis consists of a viral infection that affects children younger than 2 years old, with the peak of incidence under 6 months. The clinical disease has symptoms of infection of the upper airway, which develops after 2-4 days with fatigue, dyspnea, tachypnea, and respiratory effort. Fever and reduction of dietary compliance, may also occur. Apnea has been reported in severe cases or premature. The diagnosis is based on clinical history and physical examination, reserved additional tests when there is a suspicion of other diagnoses or complications. Treatment is supportive, the oxygen therapy is indicated for patients with oxygen saturation under 90%. Currently, oral corticosteroids has no indication for the treatment. The use of bronchodilators is not routinely indicated and the use of hypertonic saline is controversial. The use of the antiviral ribavirin is indicated in specific cases because there are adverse effects and high costs. Prophylaxis of bronchiolitis is fundamental, and hand-washing, use of alcohol, use of masks and gloves are essential for disease prevention. The use of palivizumab is indicated in selected cases.(AU)

O suicídio na adolescência nas publicações da enfermagem brasileira: revisão integrativa da literatura adolescent / Suicidio adolescente en las publicaciones de la enfermería brasileña: revisión de la literatura integradora / Suicide in brazilian nursing publications: an integrative literature review

Trata-se de um estudo de revisão integrativa que tem por objetivo analisar o levantamento das produções publicadaspela enfermagem brasileira acerca do suicídio na adolescência. Foram analisadas as bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE,SciELO, BDENF e Rev Enf. O levantamento abrangeu as publicações da enfermagem brasileira entre os anos 2000 e2014, sendo identificadas nove referências que compuseram a amostra do estudo. A avaliação dos trabalhospossibilitou a elaboração de três categorias de análise: 1. Quem é o adolescente que tenta o suicídio e quais os meiosutilizados; 2. Os motivos que levam o adolescente ao suicídio; 3. A atuação do enfermeiro na recuperação doadolescente que tenta suicídio. Os resultados destacam a multicausalidade do suicídio na adolescência, os fatores de risco para o suicídio e o papel do enfermeiro na assistência a este sujeito...

The objective of this integrative review study is to survey the works published by Brazilian nursing about suicide inadolescence. The LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO, BDENF, and Rev Enf databases were analyzed. The survey coveredBrazilian nursing publications from 2000 to 2014; 9 references, which comprised the study sample, were identified.The assessment of the works enabled the development of three categories of analysis: 1 - Who is the teenager whoattempts suicide and what means did he/she use? 2 - The reasons teenagers commit suicide; 3 - The role of the nursein the recovery of the teenager who attempts suicide. The results highlight the multiple causes of suicide inadolescence, risk factors for suicide and the role of nurses in the care for the subject...

Un estudio de revisión integradora fue hecho con el objetivo de estudiar las producciones publicadas por la enfermeríabrasileña a respecto de casos de suicidio en la adolescencia. Los datos fueron obtenidos de las bases de datos LILACS,MEDLINE, SciELO BDENF y Rev Enf. La encuesta abarcó las publicaciones de enfermería brasileñas entre los años 2000a 2014. Se identificaron nueve referencias que compusieron la muestra del estudio. La evaluación del trabajo permitióel desarrollo de tres categorías de análisis: 1 - Quién es el adolescente que intenta suicidarse y cuáles son los mediosutilizados; 2 - Las razones que llevan el adolescente al suicidio; 3 - El papel del enfermero en la recuperación deladolescente que intenta suicidarse. Los resultados ponen de relieve las múltiples causas de suicidio en laadolescencia, factores de riesgo para el suicidio y el papel de los enfermeros en el cuidado de este sujeto...

Avaliação em pacientes com fibrose cística a partir da utilização de escores radiográficos / Assessing cystic fibrosis patients through radiological scores

Objetivo: rever a fisiopatologia da doença pulmonar e analisar sua correspondência com a avaliação radiográfica do tórax com base em escores na fibrose cística. Métodos: o levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado a partir das informações disponibilizadas pelas bases de dados Medline, Highwire, LILACS e por pesquisa direta, utilizando os termos Cystic Fibrosis, chest x-ray, lung disease. Resultados: para a elaboração desta revisão narrativa foram selecionados 25 referências bibliográficas abordando a fisiopatologia da doença pulmonar, os fatores que podem influenciar a evolução da fibrose cística e os escores radiográficos utilizados para avaliação do estágio de gravidade da lesão pulmonar. Os escores permitem quantificar, objetivamente, os danos pulmonares detectados na radiografia de tórax. Os artigos originais das descrições dos escores demonstraram de forma individualizada os objetivos de cada um deles, ressaltando sua utilidade e limitações. Conclusão: o conhecimento da fisiopatologia da fibrose cística é fundamental para a compreensão dos escores radiográficos e, principalmente, para o conhecimento de suas limitações. Não há um escore ideal e perfeito, portanto, é necessário conhecer a fisiopatologia da doença e os escores existentes, para então optar pelo escore ou escores a serem utilizados em diferentes situações clínicas.

Objective: To review the pathophysiology of pulmonary disease with emphasis on radiographic evaluation of the chest through scores in cystic fibrosis. Methods: The literature review was performed from the information provided by Medline, Highwire, LILACS and direct search using the Cystic Fibrosis terms, chest x-ray, lung disease. Results: A total of 25 references in the no systematically review addressing the pathophysiology of pulmonary disease, the factors that can influence the course of cystic fibrosis and radiographic scores used to stage the assessment of severity of lung injury. The creation of scores enabled, objectively quantify the lung damage shown on chest radiography. Original articles descriptionsof scores showed individually the objectives of each one of them, pointing their values and their failures. Conclusions: The pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis is critical for the comprehension of radiographic scores, and especially to the knowledge of scoring limitations. There is not a perfect score, so it is necessary to know the pathophysiology of the disease and scores to choose the aproppriate score or scores in defferent clinical situations.

Language evaluation protocol for children aged 2 months to 23 months: analysis of sensitivity and specificity.

PURPOSE: To establish cutoff points for the analysis of the Behavior Observation Form (BOF) of children in the ages of 2 to 23 months and evaluate the sensitivity and specificity by age group and domains (Emission, Reception, and Cognitive Aspects of Language). METHODS: The sample consisted of 752 children who underwent BOF. Each child was classified as having appropriate language development for the age or having possible risk of language impairment. Performance Indicators (PI) were calculated in each domain as well as the overall PI in all domains. The values for sensitivity and specificity were also calculated. The cutoff points for possible risk of language impairment for each domain and each age group were obtained using the receiver operating characteristics curve. RESULTS: The results of the study revealed that one-third of the assessed children have a risk of language impairment in the first two years of life. The analysis of BOF showed high sensitivity (>90%) in all categories and in all age groups; however, the chance of false-positive results was higher than 20% in the majority of aspects evaluated. It was possible to establish the cutoff points for all categories and age groups with good correlation between sensitivity and specificity, except for the age group of 2 to 6 months. CONCLUSION: This study provides important contributions to the discussion on the evaluation of the language development of children younger than 2 years.