Exposición a disruptores endocrinos y otros factores paternos en la etiología del hipospadias y la criptorquidia / Endocrine disrupting chemicals exposure and other parental factors in hypospadias and cryptorchidism etiology

Objetivos. Investigar la asociación entre la exposición a disruptores endocrinos (DE) y otros factores en el desarrollo del hipospadias y la criptorquidia. Material y métodos. Estudio de casos y controles. Consideramos como casos a los niños de entre 6 meses y 6 años de edad diagnosticados de hipospadias y/o criptorquidia que acudieron a las consultas de Urología/Cirugía durante un período de estudio de 6 meses y como controles, a los niños con mismo rango de edad que acudieron a las mismas consultas con otros diagnósticos. Recogimos las variables de interés mediante una encuesta epidemiológica y comparamos los resultados obtenidos en cada grupo mediante tests estadísticos paramétricos. Resultados. Estudiamos 180 pacientes, 90 casos (45 hipospadias/45 criptorquidias) y 90 controles, con edad media de 2,60 ± 1,72 años [rango 0,5-6]. Las medias de edad gestacional y peso al nacer fueron menores en el grupo-caso sin objetivarse diferencias significativas. La edad media materna fue significativamente mayor en el grupo-caso (34,40 ± 5,64 versus 31,74 ± 5,05; p= 0,001). Encontramos asociación significativa entre la exposición ocupacional materna a DE (ftalatos principalmente) y el grupo-caso siendo la Odds ratio (OR) de 3,67 (IC 95%: 1,28-10,51; p= 0,018) y también en la paterna (principalmente a pesticidas/herbicidas) con OR= 6,65 (IC 95%: 2,60-17,02; p= 0,001). Encontramos asociación significativa entre el consumo de tabaco y alcohol paternos y el grupo-caso: OR= 2,08 (IC 95%: 1,11-3,87; p= 0,029) y OR= 2,50 (IC 95%: 1,36-4,57; p= 0,003) respectivamente. Conclusiones. Este estudio supone una pequeña aportación respecto a los posibles factores etiológicos del hipospadias y la criptorquidia, y demuestra la necesidad de estudios ulteriores con mayor potencia estadística para aumentar la evidencia científica de nuestros hallazgos

Aim of the study. To investigate the association between endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) exposure and other paternal factors in the etiology of hipospadias and cryptorchidism. Methods. A case-control study. Cases were infants between 0 and 6 years of age diagnosed with hypospadias or cryptorchidism in our pediatric urology and general pediatric surgery services during a period of 6 months, and controls were infants with the same range of age attending the same services without any urological problem. Several variables were collected by face-to-face interviews with both parents. After data abstraction, we compared the characteristics of both groups using parametric statistical tests. Main results. A total of 180 patients were studied, 90 cases (45 hypospadias/45 cryptorchidism) and 90 controls with a mean age of 2,37 ± 1.50 years [range 0,5-6]. Median of mother´s age was significantly greater in case group (34,40 ± 5,64 versus 31,74 ± 5,05; p= 0,001). Significant differences were observed between cases and controls in regard to maternal occupational exposure to EDC (mainly phthalates), adjusted Odds ratio (OR) was 3.67 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.28- 10.51; p= 0,018] and regarding the paternal occupational exposure to EDC (mainly pesticides and herbicides), adjusted OR was 6.65 [95% CI: 2.60-17.02; p= 0,001]. Increased risk was also observed in smoking fathers and fathers who drink alcohol, adjusted Odds ratio were 2.36 [95% CI: 1.11-3.87; p= 0,029] and 2.50 [95% CI: 1.36-4.57; p= 0,003] respectively. Conclusions. This study represents a little contribution to the possible etiologic factors of hypospadias and cryptorchidism, further studies with higher statistical power would be needed to prove it

Eficacia de la pieloplastia asistida por retroperitoneoscopia versus a la realizada por minilumbotomía posterior / Efficacy of the retroperitoneal-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty versus the mini posterior lumbotomy approach

Objetivo. Evaluar la pieloplastia asistida por retroperitoneoscopia, exteriorizando la unión pieloureteral (PAR) versus la pieloplastia por minilumbotomía posterior en ángulo costovertebral (PMLP). Material y Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de 77 pacientes diagnosticados de estenosis pieloureteral (2007-2013), se analizaron técnica, complicaciones y resultados, mediante la valoración del diámetro anteroposterior de la pelvis renal, grosor del parénquima renal, función renal y morfología de la curva del renograma. Resultados. Realizamos 50 PAR y 21 PMLP. Edad mediana de intervención: 10,85 meses [rango intercuartílico (IC) 86,8] en PAR y 23,3 meses (rango IC 54,7) en PMLP. No hubo diferencias significativas en tiempo quirúrgico. Se dejó doble J en 90% de las PAR y en 52,4% de las PMLP. La incisión fue 1,5 cm en la PAR y 3,0 cm de mediana (rango IC 1,0) en la PMLP (p0,05). El seguimiento mediante ecografía en una media de 68,04 meses de edad (rango 7,5-186,5) y renograma diurético en una media de 50,25 meses de edad (rango 6,6-173,8), evidenciaron mejora en los parámetros arriba señalados en ambos grupos de pacientes, sin diferencias significativas. Conclusiones. En nuestra serie, la PAR es un abordaje con un índice de complicaciones mayor al esperado. Por otra parte, la PMLP es un abordaje seguro y con resultados estéticos y funcionales adecuados

Objective. To evaluate the results of the retroperitoneal-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALP) versus the mini posterior lumbotomy pyeloplasty (MPLP). Material and Methods. A retrospective study of 77 patients diagnosed with ureteropelvic junction obstruction between 2007 and 2013 was made, analyzing the surgical technique, complications and results. The anteroposterior pelvic diameter of the kidney, the thickness of the renal parenchyma, the renal function and the morphology of the renogram curve were also evaluated and compared. Results. We performed 50 RALP and 21 MPLP. Median age of intervention: 10.85 moths (ICR 86.8) in RALP and 23.30 moths (ICR 54.7) in MPLP. No significant differences were found in surgical time (p>0.05). Double J was left in 90% of the RALP and 52.4% of the MPLP. Median length of incision was 1.5 cm of the RALP and 3.0 cm in MPLP (p>0,05). The follow-up was performed using ultrasound in an average of 68,04 months of age (range 7.5-186.5) and diuretic renogram in an average of 50,25 months of age (range 6,6-173,8). The above parameters showed improvements in both groups of patients without significant differences. Conclusions. In our experience, the RALP is a technique with a greater rate of complications than the expected. Moreover, the MPLP, is a technique we consider safe and with adequate aesthetic and functional results

[Efficacy of the retroperitoneal-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty versus the mini posterior lumbotomy approach]. / Eficacia de la pieloplastia asistida por retroperitoneoscopia versus a la realizada por minilumbotomía posterior.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of the retroperitoneal-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALP) versus the mini posterior lumbotomy pyeloplasty (MPLP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 77 patients diagnosed with ureteropelvic junction obstruction between 2007 and 2013 was made, analyzing the surgical technique, complications and results. The anteroposterior pelvic diameter of the kidney, the thickness of the renal parenchyma, the renal function and the morphology of the renogram curve were also evaluated and compared. RESULTS: We performed 50 RALP and 21 MPLP. Median age of intervention: 10.85 moths (ICR 86.8) in RALP and 23.30 moths (ICR 54.7) in MPLP. No significant differences were found in surgical time (p>0.05). Double J was left in 90% of the RALP and 52.4% of the MPLP. Median length of incision was 1.5 cm of the RALP and 3.0cm in MPLP(p<0.05). The Median hospital stay was 2.0 days and 3.0 respectively (p<0.05). We found surgical complications (restenosis and urinoma) in 9 patients of the RALP group and 1 in the mini lumbotomy group (p>0,05). The follow-up was performed using ultrasound in an average of 68,04 months of age (range 7.5-186.5) and diuretic renogram in an average of 50,25 months of age (range 6,6-173,8). The above parameters showed improvements in both groups of patients without significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, the RALP is a technique with a greater rate of complications than the expected. Moreover, the MPLP, is a technique we consider safe and with adequate aesthetic and functional results.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la pieloplastia asistida por retroperitoneoscopia, exteriorizando la unión pieloureteral (PAR) versus la pieloplastia por minilumbotomía posterior en ángulo costovertebral (PMLP). MATERIAL Y METODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de 77 pacientes diagnosticados de estenosis pieloureteral (2007-2013), se analizaron técnica, complicaciones y resultados, mediante la valoración del diámetro anteroposterior de la pelvis renal, grosor del parénquima renal, función renal y morfología de la curva del renograma. RESULTADOS: Realizamos 50 PAR y 21 PMLP. Edad mediana de intervención: 10,85 meses [rango intercuartílico (IC) 86,8] en PAR y 23,3 meses (rango IC 54,7) en PMLP. No hubo diferencias significativas en tiempo quirúrgico. Se dejó doble J en 90% de las PAR y en 52,4% de las PMLP. La incisión fue 1,5 cm en la PAR y 3,0 cm de mediana (rango IC 1,0) en la PMLP (p<0,05). La mediana de estancia fue 2,0 días y 3,0 respectivamente (p<0,05). Encontramos complicaciones (reestenosis y urinomas) en 9 pacientes del grupo PAR y en uno en el grupo de minilumbotomía (p>0,05). El seguimiento mediante ecografía en una media de 68,04 meses de edad (rango 7,5-186,5) y renograma diurético en una media de 50,25 meses de edad (rango 6,6-173,8), evidenciaron mejora en los parámetros arriba señalados en ambos grupos de pacientes, sin diferencias significativas. CONCLUSIONES: En nuestra serie, la PAR es un abordaje con un índice de complicaciones mayor al esperado. Por otra parte, la PMLP es un abordaje seguro y con resultados estéticos y funcionales adecuados.

[Endocrine disrupting chemicals exposure and other parental factors in hypospadias and cryptorchidism etiology]. / Exposición a disruptores endocrinos y otros factores paternos en la etiología del hipospadias y la criptorquidia.

AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the association between endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) exposure and other paternal factors in the etiology of hipospadias and cryptorchidism. METHODS: A case-control study. Cases were infants between 0 and 6 years of age diagnosed with hypospadias or cryptorchidism in our pediatric urology and general pediatric surgery services during a period of 6 months, and controls were infants with the same range of age attending the same services without any urological problem. Several variables were collected by face-to-face interviews with both parents. After data abstraction, we compared the characteristics of both groups using parametric statistical tests. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 180 patients were studied, 90 cases (45 hypospadias/45 cryptorchidism) and 90 controls with a mean age of 2,37 ± 1.50 years [range 0,5-6]. Median of mother´s age was significantly greater in case group (34,40 ± 5,64 versus 31,74 ± 5,05; p= 0,001). Significant differences were observed between cases and controls in regard to maternal occupational exposure to EDC (mainly phthalates), adjusted Odds ratio (OR) was 3.67 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.28-10.51; p= 0,018] and regarding the paternal occupational exposure to EDC (mainly pesticides and herbicides), adjusted OR was 6.65 [95% CI: 2.60-17.02; p= 0,001]. Increased risk was also observed in smoking fathers and fathers who drink alcohol, adjusted Odds ratio were 2.36 [95% CI: 1.11. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents a little contribution to the possible etiologic factors of hypospadias and cryptorchidism, further studies with higher statistical power would be needed to prove it.

OBJETIVOS: Investigar la asociación entre la exposición a disruptores endocrinos (DE) y otros factores en el desarrollo del hipospadias y la criptorquidia. MATERIAL Y METODS: Estudio de casos y controles. Consideramos como casos a los niños de entre 6 meses y 6 años de edad diagnosticados de hipospadias y/o criptorquidia que acudieron a las consultas de Urología/Cirugía durante un período de estudio de 6 meses y como controles, a los niños con mismo rango de edad que acudieron a las mismas consultas con otros diagnósticos. Recogimos las variables de interés mediante una encuesta epidemiológica y comparamos los resultados obtenidos en cada grupo mediante tests estadísticos paramétricos. RESULTADOS: Estudiamos 180 pacientes, 90 casos (45 hipospadias/45 criptorquidias) y 90 controles, con edad media de 2,60 ± 1,72 años [rango 0,5-6]. Las medias de edad gestacional y peso al nacer fueron menores en el grupo-caso sin objetivarse diferencias significativas. La edad media materna fue significativamente mayor en el grupo-caso (34,40 ± 5,64 versus 31,74 ± 5,05; p= 0,001). Encontramos asociación significativa entre la exposición ocupacional materna a DE (ftalatos principalmente) y el grupo-caso siendo la Odds ratio (OR) de 3,67 (IC 95%: 1,28-10,51; p= 0,018) y también en la paterna (principalmente a pesticidas/herbicidas) con OR= 6,65 (IC 95%: 2,60-17,02; p= 0,001). Encontramos asociación significativa entre el consumo de tabaco y alcohol paternos y el grupo-caso: OR= 2,08 (IC 95%: 1,11-3,87; p= 0,029) y OR= 2,50 (IC 95%: 1,36-4,57; p= 0,003) respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio supone una pequeña aportación respecto a los posibles factores etiológicos del hipospadias y la criptorquidia, y demuestra la necesidad de estudios ulteriores con mayor potencia estadística para aumentar la evidencia científica de nuestros hallazgos.

Tumor testicular neonatal / Neonatal testicular tumour

No disponible

II Reunión Nacional de Nefrourología Pediátrica. Puesta al día en el diagnóstico prenatal de anomalías estructurales del riñón y las vías urinarias / II National Meeting of Pediatric Nephro-Urology. Update on the prenatal diagnosis of structural abnormalities in the kidney and urinary tract

Objetivo: Precisar las indicaciones quirúrgicas y la realización de pruebas diagnósticas en pacientes con anomalías estructurales del riñón y las vías urinarias de diagnóstico prenatal. Material y métodos: Se ha revisado la bibliografía más reciente y se han comparado los resultados con la encuesta enviada a los 108 inscritos en la II Reunión Nacional de Nefrourología Pediátrica (nefrólogos y urólogos pediátricos, principalmente) sobre sus pautas de actuación. Se obtuvieron 30 respuestas. Resultados: Casi el 90% de las hidronefrosis de diagnóstico intraútero son transitorias. Los pacientes con un diámetro anteroposterior de la pelvis renal en ecografía <15 mm, realizada no antes del tercer día de vida, no deben ser objeto de pruebas invasivas. No se recomienda realizar una cistografía a todos los niños con dilatación de manera sistemática. En el renograma diurético, la pérdida de función renal en sucesivos renogramas es el principal indicador de intervención. Se recomienda realizar profilaxis antibiótica en pacientes de riesgo. Conclusión: Las respuestas a la encuesta coinciden mayoritariamente con lo recomendado en la bibliografía. El plan inicial con estos pacientes debe ser mínimamente invasivo. Los estudios deben realizarse en el momento del nacimiento en caso de sospecha de obstrucción bilateral o de vía común. En caso de dilataciones unilaterales, la evaluación debe efectuarse a partir del tercer día de vida. Recomendamos realizar profilaxis antibiótica, al menos hasta finalizar los estudios, en las hidronefrosis graves (AU)

Objective: Clarify the indications for surgery and diagnostic tests in patients prenatally diagnosed with structural abnormalities of kidney and urinary tract. Material and methods: We reviewed the recent literature comparing the results with the questionnaire sended to 108 physicians registered on the meeting about their clinical practice (mainly pediatric nephrologists and urologists). We received 30 responses. Results: Almost 90% of hydronephrosis antenatal diagnosed are not permanent. Patients with anteroposterior renal pelvis diameter <15 mm on the ultrasound made no earlier than day 3 of life, should not be subjected to invasive testing. Cystography is not recommended systematically for all children with dilated renal pelvis. Renal function loss in successive renograms is the main indicator of surgery. Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended only in patients at risk. Conclusion: Responses to the questionnaire overwhelmingly agree with the recommendations in the literature. The initial plan with these patients should be minimally invasive. Studies should be performed at birth in case of suspicion of common via or bilateral obstruction. In case of unilateral dilatation, evaluation should be performed after the third day of life. We recommend antibiotic prophylaxis at least until the end of the studies in severe hydronephrosis (AU)

[What can we do to improve our management of intestinal atresia?]. / ¿Qué podemos mejorar en el tratamiento de las atresias intestinales?

OBJECTIVE: To review our management of intestinal atresia (AI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review of patientes with AI, from 1995 to 2011. RESULTS: AI was identified in 41 patients, 29,2% had maternal polyhydramnios and 48,7% were diagnosed prenatally. Four of them had Down Syndrome and 18 had cardiopathy. Duodenal atresia-stenosis (AD) was present in 21 patients, that were treated by 19 duodenoduodenostomy, 1 duodenojejunostomy and 1 duodenotomy with duodenal membrane resection. Jejunoileal atresia (AYI) was present in 20 patients and we performed 15 end to end anastomosis, 1 íleo-colic anastomosis, 1 ileostomy, 2 jejunostomies and 1 end to end anastomosis with jejunostomy. Nine AYI were reoperated: 6 bowel obstructions, 1 evisceration and 2 colo-rectal atresia. The average time on parenteral nutrition was 29 days and average hospital stay was 37,3 days. One AD died due to heart disease. In AYI, 2 required transfer to another center due to short bowel. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal diagnosis of AI is difficult, especially AYI, which is only prenatally diagnosed in 35% of cases. AD respond better to surgery and rarely require reoperation, but mortality is higher than AYI because 57% suffer from heart disease. Reoperations are frecuent in AYI (45% of our patients), usually due to obstruction, ostomy closure and problems resulting from extensive bowel resections. It's important to keep in mind colorectal atresias, which can not be identified.

¿Qué podemos mejorar en el tratamiento de las atresias intestinales? / ¿What can we do to improve our management of intestinal atresia?

OBJETIVO: Aportar nuestra experiencia en el manejo de las atresias intestinales (AI). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Revisión retrospectiva de pacientes con AI atendidos en nuestro centro entre 1995 y 2011. RESULTADOS: Se intervinieron 41 AI, de las cuales el 29,2% pre-sentaron polihidramnios y el 48,7% se diagnosticaron prenatalmente. Cuatro pacientes estaban afectos de síndrome de Down y 18 presentaban cardiopatía. Se halló atresia-estenosis duodenal (AD) en 21 casos, en los que se realizaron 19 duodenoduodenostomías, 1 duodenoyeyunostomia y 1 duodenotomía con resección de membrana duodenal. Se halló atresia yeyuno-ileal (AYI) en 20 casos, en los que se realizaron 15 anastomosis termino-terminales, 1 anastomosis íleo-cólica, 1 ileostomía, 2 yeyu-nostomías y 1 anastomosis término-terminal con yeyunostomía. Fue necesario reoperar a 9 pacientes con AYI: 6 por oclusión intestinal, 1 por evisceración y 2 por atresias colo-rectales inadvertidas. El tiempo medio con nutrición parenteral fue 29 días y la estancia media 37,3 días. Un paciente con AD falleció por cardiopatía y 2 con AYI fueron traslados por síndrome de intestino corto. CONCLUSIONES: El diagnóstico prenatal de atresias intestinales es complejo, sobre todo en las AYI, de las cuales sólo el 35% se diagnos-ticó prenatalmente. Las AD responden mejor al tratamiento quirúrgico y no precisan habitualmente reintervenciones, aunque presentan mayor mortalidad debida a otras malformaciones asociadas. En las AYI son más frecuentes las reoperaciones (45% de nuestros casos) por obstrucción, cierre de ostomías y problemas derivados de resecciones extensas. Es importante tener presentes las atresias colo-rectales, sobre todo mem-branosas, que pueden pasar desapercibidas

OBJECTIVE: To review our management of intestinal atresia (AI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review of patientes with AI, from1995 to 2011. RESULTS: AI was identified in 41 patients, 29,2% had maternal poly-hydramnios and 48,7% were diagnosed prenatally. Four of them had Down Syndrome and 18 had cardiopathy. Duodenal atresia-stenosis (AD) was present in 21 patients, that were treated by 19 duodenoduo-denostomy, 1 duodenojejunostomy and 1 duodenotomy with duodenal membrane resection. Jejunoileal atresia (AYI) was present in 20 patients and we performed 15 end to end anastomosis, 1 íleo-colic anastomosis, 1 ileostomy, 2 jejunostomies and 1 end to end anastomosis with jejunos-tomy. Nine AYI were reoperated: 6 bowel obstructions, 1 evisceration and 2 colo-rectal atresia. The average time on parenteral nutrition was 29 days and average hospital stay was 37,3 days. One AD died due to heart disease. In AYI, 2 required transfer to another center due to short bowel. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal diagnosis of AI is difficult, especially AYI , which is only prenatally diagnosed in 35% of cases. AD respond better to surgery and rarely require reoperation, but mortality is higher than AYI because 57% suffer from heart disease. Reoperations are frecuent in AYI (45% of our patients), usually due to obstruction, ostomy closure and problems resulting from extensive bowel resections. It ́s important to keep in mind colorectal atresias, which can not be identified

[Fertility survey of patients operated on of cryptorchidism in the pediatric age]. / Encuesta de fertilidad en pacientes operados de criptorquidia en edad pediátrica.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the fertility survey made in a cohort of adults operated on as children for cryptorchidism and for whom clinical and surgical data is available and who were studied 10 years ago by spermiogram and hypophyseal axis. METHODS: A fertility survey including data on style of life and work conditions was sent to the homes of 278 adult patients operated on for cryptorchidism. The 94 surveys received (33.8% of those sent) were analyzed using the SPSS 15.0, carrying out a descriptive and analytic study. We consider persons who achieve pregnancy within a maximum of 12 months with regular sexual activity without the use of contraceptives as having normal fertility. RESULTS: A total of 53 cases of those surveyed (56.4%) attempted to have children, 44 (83.1%) being successful. A total of 34 patients (64.2%) were considered fertile with a mean time of 4.15 months to become pregnant. Nineteen patients (35.8%) had attempted to become parents for more than 12 months and only 10 achieved it (18.9%), 5% in a natural way, 2 with ovulation treatment and 3 by in vitro fertilization, with a mean of 26.8 months. There was no success in becoming parents in 9 cases (16.9%). There are no significant differences between fertilization and localization in laterality of the testicle, age at time of surgery and density on spermiogram. There are significant differences between natural paternity and unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidia. CONCLUSIONS: There is a greater proportion of unilateral cryptorchidias in the group that was successful in having children. We need to increase the number of those surveyed in order to draw significant conclusions in regards to fertility and other clinical situations.

Encuesta de fertilidad en pacientes operados de criptorquidia en edad pediátrica / Fertility survey of patients opened on of cryptorchidism in the pediatric ag

Objetivos. Analizar la encuesta de fertilidad realizada en una cohorte de adultos, operados de criptorquidia en edad pediátrica, de los que disponemos datos clínicos y quirúrgicos y que fueron estudiados hace 10 años, realizando un espermiograma y un estudio del eje hipofisario. Métodos. Se envió una encuesta de fertilidad, incluyendo datos de estilo de vida y condiciones de trabajo al domicilio de 278 pacientes adultos operados de criptorquidia. Las 94 encuestas recibidas (33,8% de las enviadas) han sido analizadas con SPSS 15.0, realizando un estudio descriptivo y analítico. Consideramos que tienen fertilidad normal aquellas personas que consiguen el embarazo en un máximo de 12 meses con actividad sexual regular sin uso de anticonceptivos. Resultados. Han intentado tener hijos 53 casos de los encuestados (56,4%) y lo han conseguido 44 (83,1%). Han sido considerados fértiles 34 pacientes (64,2%) con una media de tiempo para embarazarse de 4,15 meses. Diecinueve pacientes (35,8%) han intentado ser padres durante más de 12 meses y lo han conseguido sólo 10 (18,9%), 5 de forma natural, 2 con tratamiento ovulatorio y 3 por FIV, con una media de 26,8 meses. No han conseguido ser padres 9 casos (16,9%). No existen diferencias significativas entre fertilidad y localización y lateralidad del testículo, edad de cirugía y densidad del espermiograma. Existen diferencias significativas entre paternidad natural y la uni o bilateralidad de la criptorquidia. Conclusiones. Existe mayor proporción de criptórquidos unilaterales en el grupo que ha llegado a ser padres. Necesitamos ampliar el número de encuestados para poder sacar conclusiones significativas en cuanto a la fertilidad en otras situaciones clínicas (AU)

Objectives. To analyze the fertility survey made in a cohort of adults operated on as children for cryptorchidism and for whom clinical and surgical data is available and who were studied 10 years ago by spermiogram and hypophyseal axis. Methods. A fertility survey including data on style of life and work conditions was sent to the homes of 278 adult patients operated on for cryptorchidism. The 94 surveys received (33.8% of those sent) were analyzed using the SPSS 15.0, carrying out a descriptive and analytic study. We consider persons who achieve pregnancy within a maximum of 12 months with regular sexual activity without the use of contraceptives as having normal fertility. Results. A total of 53 cases of those surveyed (56.4%) attempted to have children, 44 (83.1%) being successful. A total of 34 patients (64.2%) were considered fertile with a mean time of 4.15 months to become pregnant. Nineteen patients (35.8%) had attempted to become parents for more than 12 months and only 10 achieved it (18.9%), 5% in a natural way, 2 with ovulation treatment and 3 by in vitro fertilization, with a mean of 26.8 months. There was no success in becoming parents in 9 cases (16.9%). There are no signifi cant differences between fertilization and localization in laterality of the testicle, age at time of surgery and density on spermiogram. There are significant differences between natural paternity and unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidia. Conclusions. There is a greater proportion of unilateral cryptorchidias in the group that was successful in having children. We need to increase the number of those surveyed in order to draw signifi cant conclusions in regards to fertility and other clinical situation (AU)

Trastorno de conducta en niños y adolescentes. Abordaje clínico social, escolar y propuestas de mejora / Conduct disorders in children and adolescent. Clinical, social and school interventions, and improvement proposals

La problemática conductual supone una parte significativa de la demanda de atención en salud mental infantil y juvenil. Presentamos los resultados de la experiencia de creación de un grupo de trabajo multidisciplinar que se constituyó con dos objetivos. Discutir sobre el abordaje clínico, social y escolar en Tarragona de los trastornos de conducta en la infancia y en la adolescencia: así como consensuar propuestas de intervención futuras que podrían mejorar tanto evolución como pronóstico de la psicopatología y las situaciones de riesgo social presente en estos menores y sus familias (AU)

Problematic behavior generates a strong demand for attention by child and juvenile mental health services. This paper presents the results obtained by a multidisciplinary work group created with two objectives. To discuss current clinical, social and school approaches in Tarragona concerning conduct disorders in childhood and adolescence, and to agree on proposals for future interventions so as to improve clinical evolution, prognosis and psychosocial adoptions (AU)

Nuestra experiencia con el uso de alfa-líticos en el tratamiento de la disfunción de vaciado / Our experience with the use of alpha-lithic therapy in the treatment of voiding dysfunction

Introducción. El vaciamiento disfuncional (VD) se debe a una disfunción en la musculatura del suelo pélvico, ocasionado por una hiperactividad del esfínter uretral y de la musculatura de esa zona durante la fase de vaciado del ciclo miccional. Los tratamientos utilizados son recomendar hábitos miccionales correctos, biofeedback y ejercicios de relajación pélvica. En la actualidad, también se utilizan fármacos, como alfalíticos e injección de toxina botulínica, pero su experiencia en niños es escasa. Objetivos. Mostrar nuestra experiencia con el uso de alfalíticos en pacientes con VD. Material y métodos. Revisión de los pacientes con VD tratados con alfa-líticos en nuestro servicio. Resultados. 6 pacientes con VD fueron tratados con alfa-líticos(Alfuzosina o Doxazosina). Niña (12 años) con síndrome de Wolfram (..) (AU)

Introduction. Dysfunctional voiding (DV) is due to a dysfunction in the pelvis floor muscles caused by hyperactivity of the urethral sphincter and the musculature of this zone during the voiding phase of the micturition cycle. The treatments used are recommending correct micturition habits, biofeedback and pelvic relaxation exercises. Currently, drugs are also used, such as alpha lithic drugs and injection of botulinic toxin, however its experience in children is limited. Objectives. Show our experience with the use of alpha-lithics inpatients with DV. Material and methods. Review of patients with DV treated with alpha-lithics in our institution .Results. 6 patients with DV were treated with alpha-lithics (Alfuzosin or Doxazosin). Girl (12 years) with Wolfram Syndrome with significant post-void residual urine, who initially rejected intermittent catéter. Residual urine decreases slightly with treatmente, but isn´t (..) (AU)

[The PEG: why wait?]. / La PEG: ¿Por qué esperar?

UNLABELLED: The swallowing disorder is an impediment to feed the patient. The percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) offers importants advantages over nasogastric tube feeding in patients who need long-term enteral nutrition with difficulty to swallow and to failure to thrive. METHODS: We have achieved 40 PEG in our department over the past 10 years. We registered date of the age, weight, indications, types of PEG, the time to first change, evolution of weight and percentiles and the complications. RESULTS: The average age of our patients was 5 years, 30% under 1 year. We used mostly tubes between 9 and 15 Fr and increasing the size according to nutritional needs. The average weight at the time of PEG placement was 13 kg. The main indications were the impossibility to swallow and failure to thrive and the principal diagnosis was the encephalopathy in 45% of cases. The surgical technique was successful in 100%. Of the complications, only two patients required surgery, a gastrocolic fistula and a laparotomy about broken tube of gastrostomy that has been caught in the cecum. In our series we reported 11 cases of mortality from causes unrelated to the gastrotmy. CONCLUSIONS: The PEG is a good alternative to nasogastric tube in patients with swallowing disorders or failure to thrive in chronic diseases, even in children under one year. The early placement of the PEG support the growth development in these patients with chronic disease who require enteral nutrition for long periods. Probably, the time of placement should be more precocious in chronic patients as well tolerated and may have a long life with a good care.

[Differential diagnosis of the interlabial masses in girls under 5-years-old]. / Diagnóstico diferencial de las masas interlabiales en niñas menores de 5 años.

UNLABELLED: The masses that we can be found at interlabial in a girl are a extensive spectrum of heterogenous lesions and often there is a confusion in diagnosis, management and prognosis. METHODS: We present 5 cases of interlabial masses, prolapsed urethra, two paraurethral Skene cysts, botryoid sarcoma and fibroepithelial polyp, and its clinical of debut. RESULTS: A prolapsed urethra is presented in a 4-year-old black girl with vaginal bleeding from edamatous periurethral mass. The paraurethral cyst is a yellowish cystic mass displacing the urethral meatus in two newborn girls. The fibroepithelial polyp is presented in a newborn girl as polipoid and wartlike tumor and not bleeding injury in the introitus. The botryoid sarcoma appears in a 1-year-old girl with ulcerated polypoid mass of 2 cm from vagina. All cases were treated with surgery except the paraurethral cyst that drained spontaneously and the rhabdomyosarcoma was also treated with chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: There must be a good clinical examinations about interlabial masses distinguishing genital or urological origin. The surgery is indicated mainly to reject malignancy because the presentation of sarcoma and polyp could be similar. The prognosis of rhabdomyosarcoma vaginal is good with surgery and chemotherapy. The prolapsed urethra is more common in prepubertal black girls and it is important to exclude sexual abuse. The management of paraurethral cyst is controversial but some authors are advised first observation because they may regress.

Nuestra experiencia en el paciente politraumatizado pediátrico con criterios de ingreso en UCI / Our experience in the poly-traumatized pediatric patient with criteria for admission to the ICU

Objetivo. Presentar nuestra experiencia en el politraumatizado grave con ingreso en UCI pediátrica. Material y método. Se ha realizado un estudio retrospectivo de 78pacientes pediátricos ingresados en UCI por politraumatismo entre 2000y 2008 recogiendo variables de edad, sexo, época del año, lugar, mecanismo, Glasgow e ITP, tipo de lesiones, complicaciones, días de ingreso y fallecimientos. Se lleva a cabo el estudio descriptivo y analítico utilizando el SPSS 15.0 aplicando Chi cuadrado y Correlación de Pearson. Resultados. La edad media de los pacientes es de 8,5 ± 4,2 años siendo el 70% varones. Ocurren más accidentes en verano (37%), el lugar más frecuente es la carretera (47%) y el mecanismo el accidente de tráfico (45%). Ha habido un 15% de éxitus, de los cuales el 75% ocurre en las primeras 24 horas. Existe relación entre trauma abdominal y tipo de mecanismo (p<0,05), siendo el más frecuente el accidente de (..) (AU)

Objective. To present our experience with severe pediatric trauma. The pediatric trauma is the leading cause of death in children under2 years. Methods. We achieved a retrospective study from 78 pediatric patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (UCI) for multiple trauma between 2000 and 2008. Age, sex, season, location, mechanism, Glasgow and ITP, type of injuries, complications, days of hospitalization and deaths were reviewed. It was performed descriptive and analytical study using the SPSS 15.0 and chi square and Pearson correlation were applied. Outcomes. The mean age of patients was of 8.5 ± 4.2 years with (..) (AU)