Soursop (Annona muricata) Properties and Perspectives for Integral Valorization.

The increased international interest in the properties of soursop (Annona muricata) alerts us to the sustainability of productive chain by-products, which are rich in phytochemicals and other properties justifying their industrial application in addition to reducing the environmental impact and generating income. Chemical characteristics of soursop by-products are widely known in the scientific community; this fruit has several therapeutic effects, especially its leaves, enabling it to be used by the pharmaceutical industry. Damaged and non-standard fruits (due to falling and crushing) (30-50%), seeds (3-8.5%), peels (7-20%), and leaves, although they constitute discarded waste, can be considered as by-products. There are other less cited parts of the plant that also have phytochemical components, such as the columella and the epidermis of the stem and root. Tropical countries are examples of producers where soursop is marketed as fresh fruit or frozen pulp, and the valorization of all parts of the fruit could represent important environmental and economic perspectives. Based on the chemical composition of the fruit as well as its by-products and leaves, this work discusses proposals for the valorization of these materials. Soursop powder, bioactive compounds, oil, biochar, biodiesel, bio-oil, and other products based on published studies are presented in this work, offering new ideas for opportunities for the regions and consumers that produce soursop.

Isolation and characterization of starch from purple yam (Dioscorea trifida).

As a starchy raw material, purple yam presents pigments and mucilaginous material, what can difficult the extraction of pure starch. The extracted starches of Dioscorea trifida by aqueous and alkaline ways were investigated for purity, thermal, physicochemical, technological and functional properties. The starch obtained by alkaline extraction presented higher water absorption capacity and pasting temperature when compared to that obtained by the aqueous extraction method. The starch obtained by the aqueous extraction showed higher oil absorption capacity and less water loss in the freezing-thawing cycles. For both processes, the starches exhibited B-type X-ray diffraction pattern. Thermal analysis showed that both starches pass easily through transition phenomena as observed by T0 and enthalpy values. The thermal effects presented similar behavior for both extraction methods. Although the extraction method induced changes in the properties of the starches, these changes did not compromise the functionality of the extracted starch and the purple yam starch was left unmodified. Starch can be used in preparations that require higher resistance to high temperatures as well as exposure to longer preparation times. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05066-9.

Camu-camu [Myrciaria dubia (HBK) McVaugh]: A review of properties and proposals of products for integral valorization of raw material.

This review aims to evaluate the production and processing chain of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), giving suggestions to maximize the valorization of raw materials, demonstrating new product possibilities from processing to distribution and highlighting the suggested contributions. It is clear that despite the camu-camu pulp has important properties, a large part of its raw material, considered waste (around 50%) and formed by important bioactive compounds, can give rise to new products, such as bioactive extracts to be used by pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries, ingredients for bakery products, dairy and several others sectors, which constitutes opportunities, in addition to contributing to the reduction of agro-industrial waste and the preservation of the environment.

Extraction of antifreeze proteins from cold acclimated leaves of Drimys angustifolia and their application to star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) freezing.

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) have the ability to modify ice crystal growth and thus there is great interest in identifying new sources of these compounds. All extracts of cold acclimated leaves of Drimys angustifolia, obtained using different buffers, inhibited recrystallization and they presented similar SDS-PAGE profiles, with bands close to 20 and 37 kDa. The extract obtained using Tris-HCl/DDT buffer (pH 8) was used in the pre-treatment of frozen star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) by immersion or vacuum infiltration. The treatments did not affect the titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, ascorbic acid content and colour. However, only star fruits that were vacuum infiltrated with AFPs retained their drip loss constant after 15 days. Moreover, with this treatment the star fruit firmness was maintained on thawing after 60 days of storage. The vacuum infiltration of Drimys angustifolia AFPs into the star fruit allowed an initial cryoprotection, indicating that the application of AFPs can increase the quality of frozen star fruit.

Characteristics of cassava starch fermentation wastewater based on structural degradation of starch granules / Características das águas residuais da fermentação do amido de mandioca com base na degradação estrutural dos grânulos de amido

ABSTRACT: Sour cassava starch is a naturally modified starch produced by fermentation and sun drying, achieving the property of expansion upon baking. Sour cassava starch' bakery products can be prepared without the addition of yeast and it is gluten free. The fermentation process associated with this product has been well studied, but the wastewater, with high acidity and richness in other organic compounds derived from starch degradation, requires further investigation. In this study, the structure of solids present in this residue was studied, seeking to future applications for new materials. The solids of the wastewater were spray dried with maltodextrin (MD) with dextrose equivalent (DE) of 5 and 15 and the structure of the powder was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. A regular structure with a network arrangement was observed for the dried material with MD of 5 DE, in contrast to the original and fermented starches structure, which suggests a regular organization of this new material, to be studied in future applications.

RESUMO: O polvilho azedo é um amido naturalmente modificado, produzido por fermentação e seco ao sol, atingindo a propriedade de expansão. Produtos de panificação a partir do polvilho azedo podem ser preparados sem a adição de leveduras e são livres de glúten. O processo fermentativo tem sido exaustivamente estudado, mas as águas residuais com elevada acidez e ricas em compostos orgânicos derivados da degradação do amido, requerem futuros trabalhos. Neste estudo, a estrutura dos sólidos presentes nesse efluente foi estudada vislumbrando futuras aplicações para estes novos materiais. Os sólidos contidos na água residual foram secos em spray dryer com maltodextrina (MD), com equivalente de dextrose (DE) de 5 e 15. A estrutura das partículas foi observada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Uma estrutura regular com arranjo em rede foi observada para o material seco com MD DE 5, em características que diferem das estruturas do amido nativo e do amido fermentado, o que sugere uma nova e regular organização estrutural com futuras aplicações a serem determinadas.

Efeitos da modificação por ácidos orgânicos e do processo de secagem sobre as propriedades de expansão do amido de mandioca / Effects of modification by organic acids and the drying process on the expansion properties of cassava starch

O amido fermentado de mandioca, polvilho azedo, possui ampla aplicação em produtos de panificação, devido à propriedade de expansão, sem fermento e sem glúten, o que alavancou a comercialização dos amidos substituintes modificados por ácido. O polvilho azedo é fermentado e seco ao sol, com a geração de ácidos: acético, butírico, lático e propiônico, enquanto os amidos modificados por ácido não são fermentados. Neste trabalho foi produzido o polvilho azedo, seco ao sol e em estufa e amidos modificados pelos ácidos prevalentes na fermentação, secos em UVC. Todos os amidos foram comparados, quanto aos ácidos orgânicos, dos amidos secos em diferentes condições e apenas fermentados, sem secagem, bem com quanto às características físico-químicas e reológicas. Ficou comprovado que a secagem solar favorece um produto mais ácido e de maior expansão. O maior volume específico foi observado para a amostra fermentada seca ao sol, seguida das modificadas por ácido lático 0,5 % e ácido acético 0,5 % e ácido lático 1 %. A baixa expansão da amostra fermentada e seca em estufa (E) mostrou que apenas a presença dos ácidos orgânicos não é suficiente para expansão e que a radiação UV (artificial ou solar) influencia diretamente nessa característica.

The fermented cassava starch, polvilho azedo, has wide application in bakery products, due to expansion property without yeast and gluten, which leveraged the marketing of starches modified by acid. The cassava starch is fermented and sun dried, with the generation of acids: acetic, butyric, lactic and propionic, while starches modified by acid are not fermented. In this work was produced cassava starch, dried in the sun and under oven, and modified by the acids of cassava starch fermentation, dried in UVC. All starches were compared, as the organic acids, dry starches in different conditions and only fermented without drying, as well as with the physicochemical and rheological characteristics. It was proven that solar drying favors a more acidic product and expansion property. The higher specific volume was observed for the sample fermented sun dried, followed by modified by 0.5 % lactic acid and 0.5 % acetic acid and lactic acid 1 %. The low expansion of the fermented sample and dried in an oven showed that only organic acids is not sufficient for expansion and that UV radiation (solar or artificial) directly influences this characteristic.

Antioxidant properties, quantification and stability of betalains from pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) peel / Propriedades antioxidantes, quantificação e estabilidade das betalaínas da casca da pitaya (Hylocereus undatus)

Pitaya peel can be used as a raw material for betalains extraction. The aim of this research was to quantify phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and betalains on pitaya peel. Furthermore, evaluate the betalains stability against various pH conditions and exposure time of heating. The results showed that pitaya peel contains phenolic compounds and presented antioxidant activity. Moreover it showed high concentration of betalains (101.04mg equivalent to betanin. 100g-1) which were stable over a wide pH range (3.2 - 7.0) and were resistant to heating (100oC) up to 10 minutes at pH range from 3.7 to 5.5. Therefore, pitaya peel is a promising source of betalains which can be applied as a natural colorant for food.

A casca da pitaya pode ser utilizada como matéria prima para a extração de betalaínas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os compostos fenólicos, atividade antioxidante e as betalaínas presentes na casca da pitaya. Além disso, foi avaliada a estabilidade das betalaínas em diferentes condições de pH e tempo de exposição ao aquecimento. Os resultados mostraram que a casca da pitaya contém compostos fenólicos e apresenta atividade antioxidante. Além disso, a casca da pitaya apresenta alta concentração de betalaínas (101,04mg equivalente a betanina. 100g-1) as quais apresentaram-se estáveis em uma ampla faixa de pH (3,2 - 7,0) e resistentes ao aquecimento (100oC) por até 10 minutos em uma faixa de pH de 3,7 a 5,5. Portanto, a casca da pitaya é uma fonte promissora de betalaínas as quais podem ser aplicadas como corante natural para alimentos.

Validation of HPLC and CE methods for determination of organic acids in sour cassava starch wastewater.

Fast and efficient analytical methods to determine the concentrations of lactic, acetic, propionic and butyric acids in sour cassava starch wastewater using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), were developed and validated. Good linearity (R(2) > 0.999) and significance with F > 25,000 for all acids was showed. The matrix effect was not detected. The coefficient of variation values indicated good repeatability. The limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 1.0 to 3.7 and 2.0 to 3.0, and the limits of quantification (LOQ) from 3.1 to 12.2, and 8.0 to 12.5mg/L for HPLC and CE, respectively. The quantification of the samples did not reveal significant differences between the methods for all compounds analyzed. However, the benefits of CE in relation to HPLC, such as lower costs and less waste generation, along with shorter analysis times, need to be taken into consideration.

Effect of the mild temperature and traditional treatments on residual peroxidase activity, color, and chlorophyll content on storage of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) tea.

The green coloring is the first characteristic in mate tea (chimarrão). Mate producers perform the sapeco process by rapidly passing the leaves through flames. It has been proven that this procedure leads to high energy consumption and also to excessive exposure of the raw material to heat. In this present work, the effect of sapeco on the inactivation of peroxidase, the color, and degradation of the chlorophyll in mate was evaluated by performing the sapeco procedure in a conveyor oven, without any direct contact with the flames. The mate processed in a conveyor oven was compared with mate processed in mate factories. Inactivation of peroxidase showed that sapeco performed in a conveyor oven at 255 ºC for 20 s can replace the traditional process of the industrial sapeco. This time/temperature binomial is significantly important for the green coloring and the minimization of chlorophyll degradation, besides representing a significant reduction in the temperature traditionally applied in the industrial sapeco of mate.

Concentration of biologically active compounds extracted from Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. by nanofiltration.

The aim of this study was to characterise the bioactive compounds in mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) extract and in concentrated mate extract obtained by nanofiltration (NF). Also, the impact of NF on the antioxidant activity of both mate extracts was evaluated in vitro and using eukaryotic cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast assay). The results showed a significant increase in the contents of total phenolics (338%), chlorogenic acid (483%), theobromine (323%), caffeine (251%), chlorophyll (321%), condensed tannins (278%) and saponins (211%) in the concentrated mate extract. The concentrated mate extract showed higher in vitro antioxidant activity than the mate extract. According to the results obtained, it can be stated that the use of nanofiltration membrane is a valid approach for the concentration of biologically active compounds in aqueous extract of mate.

Rapid analysis for predicting the expansion of the polvilho azedo

Sour cassava starch (polvilho azedo) is a chemically and enzymatically modified starch. It is used to prepare the traditional baked goods. Because of its satisfactory expansion property, a light and alveolar structure is produced in baked food prepared with sour cassava starch, without adding any chemical or biological ferment. This study reports some easy and simple procedures for pre-estimating sour cassava starch expansion property.The correlation between the native cassava starches and the laboratory-produced sour cassava starch was analyzed. An investigation among the local bakers was carried out for inquiring into the polvilho azedo choice,and it disclosed some product brands. The polvilho azedo samples from these brands were also evaluated. Acid factor, pH, specific volume, swelling power and intrinsic viscosity characteristics were directly correlated with expansion property. The procedures for determining acid factor, pH and weight loss are easy and accessible methodologies which might be carried out at small industries and bakeries.

Changes in carotenoids during processing and storage of pumpkin puree.

Changes in the contents of carotenoids and their true retentions (% TR) during the production of puree of Cucurbita moschata 'Menina Brasileira' and of Cucurbita maxima 'Exposição' pumpkins and the stability of such compounds during 180days of storage were monitored by liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector. Cooking caused higher losses than commercial sterilisation. High losses of xanthophylls such as lutein and violaxanthin were noted during processing and storage of pumpkin puree. Such losses show the low stability of these compounds. The major carotenoids, pro-vitamin A carotenes, namely, α-carotene and all-trans-ß-carotene for C. moschata 'Menina Brasileira' and all-trans-ß-carotene for C. maxima 'Exposição' obtained high retentions (>75%) after processing. A slight degree of isomerisation of ß-carotene was noted in the puree samples, but with low concentrations of cis-isomers. Storage for 180days did not significantly affect (P⩽0.05) the concentrations of these carotenoids.

Effect of ingestion of rice bran drink in rats subjected to forced swimming and elevated plus maze tests.

Bran cereals are known to contain substantial concentrations of important nutrients, bioactive compounds, fiber, minerals, proteins, lipids, and vitamins. The vitamins present in rice bran include those of the B complex (B(1) and B(3)), which affect the central nervous system (natural antidepressant and tranquilizer effects) acting in schizophrenia, neuralgia, and fatigue. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test is a model widely used for the study of anxiety in animals. The forced swimming (FS) test is the model used most often for evaluating the antidepressant activity in animal models in pharmacology. This study examined the behavior of 32 male Wistar rats, 21 days old, in the FS and EPM tests after treatment with strawberry- or chocolate-flavored rice bran drink for 28 days. The concentration of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the plasma of the animals was determined at the beginning and end of treatment. The values found (<1.0 mg/dL) showed no significant difference between the test and control groups in the periods analyzed. In the EPM, ingesting the chocolate-flavored drink showed an anxiogenic trend in the rats, and the strawberry-flavored rice bran drink led to an anxiolytic profile, although the difference was not statistically significant (P > .05). In the FS test, the duration of immobility of rats in groups consuming rice bran drinks was higher than in the control group, but without a statistically significant difference (P > .05). However, this result may indicate a tendency toward an effect on the central nervous system of the animals after the ingestion of the rice bran beverage.

Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons throughout the processing stages of erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis).

The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is believed to be due to the degradation of mate compounds and the burning of wood during the "sapeco" (rapid drying process) and the final drying steps, which are the most important processing stages in mate production. Due to the high toxicity of these compounds, studies on their presence in mate are extremely important. The aim of this study was to evaluate PAH levels in mate throughout the processing stages of its production. The PAHs were measured in samples collected at different stages of mate processing. Total PAHs content ranged widely (443-9001 microg/kg) in the samples, with the highest PAHs levels recorded during the mate drying step. The results indicate that the processing method currently used in mate production may lead to an increase in PAHs levels in the final product.

Chemical composition of flours made of residues from the king palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) industry

Residues from King palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) processing were used for the production of flours, which were then chemically characterized. The protein content in these flours ranged from 3.62 to 9.75 g/100g and was higher in sifted leaf flour (SLF). The dietary fiber contents varied from 64 to 72 g/100g. These values were high when compared to those of flours used in human nutrition. Analysis of anti-nutritional factors showed phytate contents to be below the levels that affected the bioavailability of minerals in human diet. Tannin contents were compatible with those found in legumes, between 0 and 2000 mg/100g. These flours showed high mineral content, which suggested a possibility for them to be used as food supplement. However, the bioavailability of these minerals could be affected by high total dietary fibre concentrations and anti-nutritional components contained in the samples.

Resíduos do processamento de palmeira-real (Archontophoenix alexandrae) foram utilizados para produção de farinha e caracterizados quimicamente. O conteúdo de proteína encontrado nas farinhas variam de 3,62 a 9,75, sendo maior na farinha da folha peneirada. Os teores de fibra dietética total variaram de 64.00 a 72 g/100g, valores altos quando comparados com farinhas tradicionalmente utilizadas na alimentação humana. A análise de fatores antinutricionais indicou teores de fitato abaixo dos níveis que afetam a biodisponibilidade de minerais na dieta. Os teores de tanino foram significativos, compatíveis aos encontrados nas leguminosas entre 0 e 2000 mg/100g. As farinhas de palmeirareal apresentaram elevados teores de minerais, podendo ser indicadas como suplementos em alimentos, porém, deve-se considerar que a biodisponibilidade destes minerais pode ser afetada pela alta concentração de fibras dietéticas totais e de outros componentes antinutricionais contidos na amostra.

Avaliação tecnológica, microbiológica, química e física de conservas de mexilhões (Perna perna) embaladas a vácuo / Technological, microbiological, chemical and physical evaluation of mussel conserves (Perna perna) vacuum packed

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do processamento térmico sobre as propriedades de mexilhões em embalagem flexível a vácuo, preparados com diferentes teores de cloreto de sódio (sal) e ácido lático, mantidos a 25+- 1ºC por até 90 dias. As conservas foram avaliadas quanto ás características microbiológicas, pH, bases voláteis totais (N-BVT) e perfil de textura. Essa forma de conservação mostrou-se eficiente quanto às características microbiológicas.Os resultados obtidos para coliformes a 45ºC, Salmonella ssp. e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. O mesmo comportamento foi observado para os teores de N-BVT das conservas sendo todos menores ou igual 13,36 mg/100g do produto. Valores adequados de pH foram observados foram observados quando empregados teores de ácido lático entre 5,0 e 7,5 por cento. O teste de compressão evidenciou maior dureza e consistência nas conservas de mexilhões, armazenadas por 30 dias, quando continham menores teores de sal e maiores de ácido lático. Porém, o mesmo teste quando realizado aos 90 dias de armazenamento indicou menor dureza ew consistência para conservas com maiores teores de ácido lático. No teste de penetração não foram observadas relações entre os parâmetros dureza e consistência comn os teores de sal e ácido láqtico empregados.

Effect of the improved fermentation on physicochemical properties and sensorial acceptability of sour cassava starch

The aim of this work was to study the effect of improved fermentation on sour cassava starch, aiming to reduce its fermentation time and to enhance its expansion capacity as well as its viscoamylographic properties and its sensorial acceptability. Results showed that the improved process of cassava starch production did not harm starch expansion, physicochemical properties or sensorial acceptability; it also produced starches with different viscoamylographic properties, which compared favourably to those of the sour cassava starch produced through current industrial methods.

O Polvilho azedo é caracterizado pelas suas propriedades físicas, químicas e reológicas, as quais são diferentes do amido nativo do qual se originou. A propriedade de expansão é uma das mais importantes características do produto, sendo um parâmetro fundamental de avaliação do polvilho azedo. O resultado do perfil viscoamilográfico também é uma importante maneira de avaliação uma vez que cada amido tem um padrão viscoamilográfico definido de acordo com sua organização granular. Este trabalho determinou o efeito da fermentação melhorada pela adição de glicose, sobre o polvilho azedo, apontando para uma redução no tempo de fermentação e avaliando sua capacidade de expansão, suas propriedades viscoamilográficas e aceitabilidade sensorial. O processo de produção de polvilho azedo melhorado não prejudicou a expansão do amido, suas propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais, mas sim resultou em amidos com diferentes propriedades viscoamilográficas melhores comparativamente ao polvilho azedo produzido pelo processo industrial atual.

Protein profile in freeze-dried chicken embryo eggs with different periods of development / Perfil protéico em ovos embrionados e liofilizados de galinha com diferentes dias de desenvolvimento

This article presents the protein profile in freeze-dried chicken embryo eggs with different development periods (0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 days). The protein profile was determined through HPLC-reverse phase, electrophoresis SDS-PAGE and IFE-electrophoresis. Protein profile of these eggs changes according to the period of development and the change is more evident after the 5th day, where there was an increase in ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, apoLDL, apoHDL and lysozyme concentration, and a decrease in ovomucin and ovostatin concentration. The hypothesis that the change in the protein profile is due to protein biosynthesis and disintegration that happens during incubation process is discussed.

Este artigo mostra o perfil protéico em ovos de galinha embrionados e liofilizados com diferentes períodos de desenvolvimento (0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 dias). O perfil protéico foi determinado por CLAE-fase reversa, eletroforese SDS-PAGE e eletroforese de focalização isoelétrica. O perfil protéico destes ovos não é igual, sendo que a diferença fica mais evidente a partir do 5º dia de desenvolvimento onde há um aumento da concentração das proteínas ovalbumina, ovotransferrina, apoLDL, apoHDL e lisozima, e diminuição da concentração da ovomucina e ovostatina, por estarem associadas ao desenvolvimento de tecidos e órgãos embrionários.