Strategies to attract school-leavers to nurse education programmes: an integrative literature review.

The shortfall of nurses in the UK has led to concerns that there are insufficient staff to ensure safe and high-quality care. To address this shortfall, one group to focus on for recruiting nursing students is school-leavers. This article reports on an integrative literature review that was conducted to explore the educational strategies used to attract school-leavers to undergraduate nurse education programmes. The review identified that a variety of educational strategies were used, and all of the included studies reported positive effects on school pupils' intention to undertake nursing studies. These strategies often included interactions with nursing staff and/or nursing students, as well as observing and practising clinical skills, for example via simulation. However, most participants likely had a pre-existing interest in healthcare or nursing, the interventions were delivered predominantly to young women, and the included studies lacked longer-term follow-up. This highlights a need to conduct further research to assess the longitudinal impact of recruitment strategies aimed at broader audiences.

Physical activity and mental health in individuals with multimorbidity during COVID-19: an explanatory sequential mixed-method study.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the physical activity and mental health of individuals living with long-term conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: A sequential explanatory mixed-methods study with two phases: phase 1: quantitative survey and phase 2: qualitative follow-up interviews. SETTING: For the quantitative phase, an online survey was launched in March 2021, using Microsoft Forms. For the qualitative phase, in-depth semistructured interviews were conducted via online. PARTICIPANTS: 368 adults over 18 years old living in the UK with at least one long-term condition completed the survey. Interviews were conducted in a subsample of participants from the previous quantitative phase, with 26 people. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Responses from the survey showed that people with one long-term condition were significantly more physically active and spent less time sitting, than those with two or more conditions, presenting with significantly higher well-being (p<0.0001), and lower levels of anxiety (p<0.01), and depression (p<0.0001). Interviews found that people developed a range of strategies to cope with the impact of changeability and the consequences of their long-term condition on their physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: The number of long-term conditions influenced physical activity and how people coped with their condition during COVID-19. Findings will inform policy developments in preparation for future pandemics to support and remain people to remain physically active and mental health.

Correction: Physical activity and mental health experiences of people living with long term conditions during COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285785.].

Methodological Proposal for the Adaptation of the Living with Long-Term Conditions Scale to the Family Caregiver.

(1) Background: Living with long-term conditions affects both patients and family caregivers. To obtain a more complete overview of this phenomenon, a measurement instrument is needed that includes both perspectives. The aim is to adapt a scale to family caregivers of individuals with long-term conditions. (2) Methods: A methodological proposal is presented that illustrates the adaptation of the EC-PC scale to the family caregiver. Three phases are proposed: adaptation of the items, panel of experts, and pre-test. (3) Results: In the adaptation phase, the items from the original EC-PC were modified to adapt them to the family caregiver, and new items were added associated with the differences in living with LTC from the perspective of family caregivers. In the panel of experts phase, a universal agreement was reached related to the clarity, relevance, and essentiality of the items included. In the pre-test phase, the content of the scale was verified quantitatively and qualitatively. (4) Conclusions: The content of the items of version 5 of the EC-PC-Family showed a high index of inter-judge agreement. When a phenomenon affects both patients and their environment, such as living with LTC, it is necessary to include both perspectives in the measurement tools.

Psychometric properties of the living with long term conditions scale in an English-speaking population living with long term conditions in the UK.

OBJECTIVE: To present the psychometric properties of the living with long-term condition (LwLTCs) scale in an English-speaking population of people with different LTCs. DESIGN: An observational and cross-sectional study, with retest was conducted. Psychometric properties including feasibility, internal consistency, confirmatory factor analysis, reproducibility and content validity were tested. SETTING: The study took place across the UK via primary care surgeries and voluntary organisations, between December 2021 and June 2022. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 577 patients living with different LTCs, as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arthritis, chronic heart failure, Parkinson's disease, chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Inclusion criteria included: (a) having been diagnosed with one or more of the conditions; (b) being able to read, understand and answer written questionnaires; (c) being fluent in English and (d) being able to provide written informed consent. Patients were involved in the design and pilot study of the scale. RESULTS: A total sample of 577 people with an age range of 37-97 years (98±9.65) were recruited. Internal consistency of the total 26-item LwLTCs scale score was excellent (ordinal alpha=0.90) but confirmatory factor analysis showed better fit indices (Normed Fit Index=0.96; standardised root mean square residual=0.051; Goodness of Fit Index=0.98) for a 20-item LwLTCs scale. CONCLUSIONS: A shorter version of the LwLTCs scale, with just 20 items and with excellent psychometric properties, is recommended. Having a short scale is key when considering the implementation of the scale in clinical practice to develop person-centred pathways and more comprehensive care plans.

First validation study of the living with long term conditions scale (LwLTCs) among English-speaking population living with Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Parkinson's disease is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, affecting 10 million people worldwide. Health and social care professionals need to have personalised tools to evaluate the process of living with Parkinson's disease and consequently, plan individualised and targeted interventions. Recently, the English version of the Living with Long term conditions (LwLTCs) scale has been developed filling an important gap related to person-centred tools to evaluate the process of living with long term conditions among English-speaking population. However, no validation studies for testing its psychometric properties have been conducted. AIM: To analyse the psychometric properties of the LwLTCs scale in a wide English-speaking population living with Parkinson's disease. METHODS: Validation study, with an observational and cross-sectional design. The sample was composed of individuals living with Parkinson's disease from non-NHS services in the community. Psychometric properties including feasibility and acceptability, internal consistency, reproducibility, and construct, internal and known-groups validity were tested. RESULTS: A total sample of 241 people living with Parkinson's disease were included. 6 individuals did not complete 1 or 2 items on the scale. Ordinal alpha was 0.89 for the total scale. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the total scale was 0.88. The LwLTCs scale is strongly correlated with scales measuring satisfaction with life (rs=0.67), quality of life (rs=0.54), and moderately correlated with social support (rs=0.45). Statistically significant difference just for therapy and co-morbidity, yet no for gender, employment situation, or lifestyle changes. CONCLUSIONS: The LwLTCs scale is a valid scale to evaluate how the person is living with Parkinson's disease. Future validation studies to prove the repeatability of the total scale and particularly, domains 3-Self-management, and 4-Integration and internal consistency will be needed. Developing further studies on the English version of the LwLTC in people with other long term conditions is also proposed.

Physical activity and mental health experiences of people living with long term conditions during COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: Regular physical activity is a strategy that is effective in the physical management of long term conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic, led to disruption of physical activity routines for many people with long term conditions. It is important, to understand the experiences of people with long term conditions regarding physical activity during COVID-19 to enable future identification of strategies to mitigate the impact of restrictions on health. OBJECTIVE: To explore perceptions and experiences of people with long term conditions of the impact of the UK Government physical distancing restrictions on their physical activity participation during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A qualitative study, with in depth videoconference semi-structured interviews were conducted between January and April 2022, with 26 adults living with at least one long term condition in the UK. Data were managed in analytical matrices within Excel and data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Two main themes were developed, explaining how participants managed their physical activity during COVID19 lockdowns, and based on those experiences, what they considered should be in place should another lockdown occur:1) COVID-19 and physical activity: Losses, opportunities and adapting to new formats; and 2) Micro, meso, and macro contexts: creating the right conditions for physical activity support in future pandemics. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides information on how people with long term conditions managed their condition during the COVID-19 pandemic and generates new understanding of how physical activity routines changed. These findings will be used to inform stakeholder engagement meetings with individuals with long term conditions and local, regional, and national policy makers, to co-produce recommendations that will help people living with long term conditions remain active during and after COVID-19 and other pandemics.

Living with chronic illness scale in Parkinson's disease: Longitudinal metric properties and meaningful change.

AIM: To analyze the responsiveness and interpretability of the Living with Chronic Illness Scale in patients with Parkinson's disease (LW-CI-PD). METHODS: Longitudinal, international study, with a convenience sample of 153 PD Spanish and Latin-American patients assessed at baseline and one year later. The LW-CI-PD and other clinical measures were applied. For responsiveness, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test of differences, correlation of change between rating scales, standard error of difference, relative change, Cohen's effect size and standardized response mean of LW-CI-PD were computed. The minimally clinical important difference was calculated using anchor- (applying the Patient Global Impression of Severity) and distribution-based methods. A triangulation of interpretability indexes was performed to determine the range of the minimally clinical important difference values. RESULTS: The LW-CI-PD scored 65.7 (11.7, range: 33-101) at baseline, and 68.6 (10.3, range: 33-102) one year later (p < 0.001). Change in LW-CI-PD correlated -0.26 with change in psychosocial status, 0.18 with change in motor function and -0.15 with change in social support. Responsiveness statistics were: relative change = 4.5%; effect size = 0.25; standardized response mean = 0.46. Using PGI-S as anchor, 29 patients worsened, and the value of minimally clinical important difference for worsening in LW-CI-PD total score was 4.7. Minimally clinical important difference values using distribution-based methods were between 4.5 (1 standard error of measurement) and 10.4 (10% of total score), with a mean of 6.9. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggest the LW-CI-PD is responsive to changes over time. The use of different methods for calculating the minimally clinical important difference allows to determine a range of the real change for the LW-CI-PD.

The New Satisfaction with Life and Treatment Scale (SLTS-7) in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: The satisfaction with life and, in particular, with treatment in Parkinson's disease (PD) is understudied. OBJECTIVE: To explore a new 7-item rating tool assessing satisfaction with life and treatment (SLTS-7) in PD. METHODS: In this cross-sectional, multi-center study, including patients screened for advanced therapies, psychometric characteristics of the SLTS-7 were analyzed. An exploratory factor analysis identified the underlying factorial structure of the SLTS-7. RESULTS: 117 patients were included, and the data quality of the SLTS-7 was excellent (computable data 100%), and acceptability measures satisfied standard criteria. Besides the global assessment (item 1), the exploratory factor analysis produced item 2 (physical satisfaction) as an independent item and two factors among the remaining items: items 3-5 (psycho-social satisfaction), and items 6 and 7 (treatment satisfaction). Cronbach's alpha was 0.89, indicative of high internal consistency. The SLTS-7 total score correlated moderately with motor symptoms and weakly with non-motor symptoms total scores. SLTS-7 showed the highest correlations with the European Quality of Life with 5 items (EQ-5D) visual analog scale (0.43-0.58, p < 0.01), indicating a moderate convergent validity. The SLTS-7 significantly increased with higher non-motor symptoms burden levels (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Life satisfaction in PD covers three specific aspects, namely physical, psycho-social, and treatment satisfaction. The new SLTS-7 is a valid, reliable, and easy-to-use tool to assess satisfaction with life and treatment in patients with PD screened for advanced therapies. Longitudinal studies analyzing the effect of advanced PD treatment on life and treatment satisfaction are warranted.

Role of the nurse in the design, delivery, monitoring and coordination of cancer survivorship care plans: An integrative review.

AIM: Survivorship care plans (SCPs) are recommended as a tool for the care of cancer survivors. SCPs have been implemented with a multidisciplinary approach; however, the specific role of nurses in the SCP is unknown. Our aim is to determine the role of nurses and their degree of participation in cancer SCPs. DESIGN: Integrative review of the literature with systematic methodology. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane and Cancerlit databases were reviewed. Articles published up to March 2021 were included. REVIEW METHOD: Of the 2,638 publications identified, 22 studies met our inclusion criteria. Quality of included studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tools. RESULTS: The studies showed that nurses play a key role and participate in different phases of the SCP, including design, delivery, monitoring and coordination among different levels of care, with varying degrees of involvement and responsibility; design and delivery of the SCP are the phases with the highest nurse participation (18 out of 22 studies). The majority of SCPs are implemented in specialized, hospital-based care and focus on short-term cancer survivors, who are actively undergoing oncological treatments. CONCLUSION: This review shows that nurses actively participate in the design, implementation and coordination of SCPs. However, SCPs focus on the acute survival and treatment phases, and there is a gap in their use in long-term cancer survivorship. This gap may be one reason the needs of long-term cancer survivors are not covered. IMPACT: This review contributes to the current body of knowledge by addressing the role of nurses in cancer SCPs. We recommend the involvement of an advanced practice nurse as SCP coordinator to improve communication between cancer specialists and primary care providers and to promote continued care throughout the different phases of cancer survivorship, including long-term survival.

Are Nursing Interventions Effective in Improving Quality of Life in Cancer Survivors? A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Cancer survivors (CSs) have needs that can negatively impact their quality of life (QoL). Oncology nurses play a key role in providing comprehensive care in cancer survivorship, although little is known about their impact on health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions to improve QoL and satisfaction with care of CSs. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted. PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Cochrane databases were searched for experimental studies. The Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials was used to verify the quality of the studies (Prospero reference: CRD42020148294). RESULTS: Of the 8 clinical trials eligible for inclusion, 5 demonstrated that interventions conducted by nurses improved the overall QoL or some of its domains in CSs. The included studies focused on short-term survival; no studies in long-term CSs were identified. Two studies assessed satisfaction with care of survivors, obtaining positive results. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing interventions seem to improve the QoL of short-term CSs. However, because of the low number of studies identified, the findings of this systematic review should be interpreted with caution. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Further studies are necessary to strengthen the implementation of effective nursing intervention in cancer practice. Research should particularly be conducted with long-term CSs as there is lack of data on this specific stage of cancer.

The Determinants of Living with Long-Term Conditions: An International Cross-Sectional Study.

It is essential that healthcare and social professionals understand the daily lives of people with chronic diseases, and the variables that influence them. The aim of this study was to identify the determinants influencing the process of living with long-term conditions. To investigate this, an observational, international, cross-sectional study was carried out. A consecutive sample of 1788 Spanish-speaking population living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus were included. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression models were performed. The linear regression models identified that social support (ß = 0.39, p < 0.001) and the satisfaction with life (ß = 0.37, p < 0.001) were the main determinants in the process of living with a long-term condition (49% of the variance). Age (ß = -0.08, p = 0.01) and disease duration (ß = 0.07, p = 0.01) were determinants only in the chronic heart failure subgroup, and country was significant in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subgroup (ß = -0.15, p = 0.002). Satisfaction with life and social support were key determinants influencing the process of living with long-term conditions. As such, those aspects should be included in the design of interventions focused on the achievement of a positive living in people with long-term conditions.

Living with Chronic Illness Scale: International validation through the classic test theory and Rasch analysis among Spanish-speaking populations with long-term conditions.

BACKGROUND: The Living with Chronic Illness (LW-CI) Scale is a comprehensive patient-reported outcome measure that evaluates the complex process of living with long-term conditions. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyse the psychometric properties of the LW-CI scale according to the classic test theory and the Rasch model among individuals living with different long-term conditions. DESIGN: This was an observational, international and cross-sectional study. METHODS: A total of 2753 people from six Spanish-speaking countries living with type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure, Parkinson's disease, hypertension and osteoarthritis were included. The acceptability, internal consistency and validity of the LW-CI scale were analysed using the classical test theory, and fit to the model, unidimensionality, person separation index, item local independency and differential item functioning were analysed using the Rasch model. RESULTS: Cronbach's α for the LW-CI scale was .91, and correlation values for all domains of the LW-CI scale ranged from .62 to .68, except for Domain 1, which showed correlation coefficients less than .30. The LW-CI domains showed a good fit to the Rasch model, with unidimensionality, item local independency and moderate reliability providing scores in a true interval scale. Except for two items, the LW-CI scale was free from bias by long-term condition type. DISCUSSION: After some adjustments, the LW-CI scale is a reliable and valid measure showing a good fit to the Rasch model and is ready for use in research and clinical practice. Future implementation studies are suggested. PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Patient and public involvement was conducted before this validation study - in the pilot study phase.

Living with Long Term Conditions from the Perspective of Family Caregivers. A Scoping Review and Narrative Synthesis.

(1) Background: When living with one or more long term conditions (LTCs), both the patient and the family experience the impact of the condition at different levels. The family's needs and perceptions should be considered in the process of caring for people with LTCs. The aim of this review is to understand "the process of living with LTCs" from a family perspective. (2) Methods: A scoping review and narrative synthesis were conducted using a systematic methodology in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science and PsycINFO, in English and Spanish, including evidence from 2018. (3) Results: A total of 28 articles were included in the review. Acceptance, coping, self-management, integration, and adjustment were key attributes in the process of living with LTCs from the perspective of family caregivers that interrelated in a dynamic way through different mechanisms: being aware of the changing situation, personal networks, information and education, personal conditions, attitude to life and communication. (4) Conclusions: The five attributes that comprise living with LTCs from the perspective of the family caregiver are closely connected of to those of patients living with LTCs; however, self-management and integration have a different meaning and application.

Validación de la escala de convivencia con artrosis en la población española / Validation of the living with osteoarthritis in Spanish population

Objetivo: Presentar los resultados psicométricos de la escala de convivencia con artrosis (EC-Artrosis) en la población española. Diseño: Estudio observacional, multicéntrico y transversal, con retest en una fracción de la muestra. Emplazamiento: Centros públicos y privados de atención primaria y secundaria, así como asociaciones de pacientes con artrosis de Navarra, La Rioja, Madrid, Valencia y Málaga. Participantes: La muestra estuvo compuesta por un total de 291 pacientes con diagnóstico de artrosis por su médico, en cualquier estadio de la enfermedad de atención primaria o especializada, nacionalidad española, y no hospitalizados. Intervenciones: De manera adicional a la EC-Artrosis, se incluyó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y escalas para evaluar el apoyo social percibido por el paciente (DUFSS), la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (WHOQOL-BREF) y la escala de satisfacción con la vida del paciente. Mediciones principales: Se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas de la escala EC-Artrosis, tales como viabilidad y aceptabilidad, fiabilidad (consistencia interna y estabilidad), precisión y validez de constructo (convergente, interna y para grupos conocidos). Resultados : El 100% de los datos fueron computados. La calidad de los datos y la aceptabilidad fueron excelentes. El alfa de Cronbach para el total de la escala fue de 0,87 y el índice de homogeneidad de 0,22. El ICC para el total de la escala fue de 0,88. En cuanto a la precisión, el valor del EEM fue de 5,18 (<½DE=7,47). Conclusiones: La EC-Artrosis ha mostrado ser un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar la convivencia del paciente con artrosis a nivel nacional.(AU)

Objective: Present the psychometric results of the Living with Osteoarthritis (LW-OA) in Spanish population. Design: Observational, cross-sectional and multicenter study, with retest on a fraction of the sample. Location: Public and private centres of primary and secondary healthcare, as well as patient associations from Navarra, La Rioja, Madrid, Valencia and Malaga. Participants: The sample was composed by 291 patients with OA with a medical diagnosis in every stage of the disease from primary or secondary healthcare, Spanish nationality and not hospitalized. Interventions: In addition to LW-OA, a sociodemographic questionnaire was included, as well as scales to evaluate social support perceived from the patient (DUFSS), quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) and satisfaction with life. Main measurements: Psychometric properties of the LW-OA were measured, as viability and acceptability, reliability (internal consistency and reproducibility), precision and construct validity (convergent, internal and known-groups). Results: 100% of the data were computable. Excellent data quality was obtained. Cronbach's alpha for the scale total was 0.87 and the homogeneity index 0.22. ICC for the scale total was 0.88. As for precision, the SEM was 5.18 (<½DE=7.47). Conclusions: The LW-OA is a valid and feasible measure to evaluate the process of living with OA in Spain.(AU)

Escala de Convivencia con un Proceso Crónico: validación en pacientes de habla hispana con hipertensión arterial / Living with Chronic Illness Scale: validation in Spanish-speaking population with hypertension

Objetivo principal: Presentar los resultados psicométricos del estudio de validación de la Escala de Convivencia con un proceso crónico en pacientes con Hipertensión arterial (EC-HTA) en Colombia. Metodología: Estudio observacional, transversal con retest en una fracción de la muestra. Se analizaron los aspectos psicométricos de viabilidad/aceptabilidad, fiabilidad, precisión y validez de constructo. Resultados principales: Se incluyeron un total de 341 pacientes de los cuales el 68% eran mujeres con una edad media de 65 años. El 100% de los datos fueron computables. La EC-HTA presentó un valor alfa de Cronbach de 0,76. Respecto a la validez interna, para el total de la escala fue de 0,90. Conclusión principal: La EC-HTA es una escala válida y fiable para evaluar el grado de convivencia en pacientes con HTA en Colombia, siendo un instrumento clínico de gran utilidad para favorecer un cuidado centrado en la persona y no en la enfermedad. (AU)

Objective: To present the psychometric results of the validation study of the Living with Chronic illness scale in patients with hypertension (LW-hypertension) in Colombia. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional study with retest. There psychometric properties of feasibility/acceptability, reliability, precision, and construct validity were analyzed. Results: A total sample of 341 patients was included, where the 68% were female with an average age of 65 years old. The 100% of the data were computable. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.76. Regarding internal validity for the total scale was 0.90. Conclusions: The LW-hypertension scale is a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate the living with hypertension degree in Colombia, becoming a clinical and easy instrument to facilitate a person centered care and not centered just on the disease. (AU)

[Validation of the living with osteoarthritis in Spanish population]. / Validación de la escala de convivencia con artrosis en la población española.

OBJECTIVE: Present the psychometric results of the Living with Osteoarthritis (LW-OA) in Spanish population. DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional and multicenter study, with retest on a fraction of the sample. LOCATION: Public and private centres of primary and secondary healthcare, as well as patient associations from Navarra, La Rioja, Madrid, Valencia and Malaga. PARTICIPANTS: The sample was composed by 291 patients with OA with a medical diagnosis in every stage of the disease from primary or secondary healthcare, Spanish nationality and not hospitalized. INTERVENTIONS: In addition to LW-OA, a sociodemographic questionnaire was included, as well as scales to evaluate social support perceived from the patient (DUFSS), quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) and satisfaction with life. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Psychometric properties of the LW-OA were measured, as viability and acceptability, reliability (internal consistency and reproducibility), precision and construct validity (convergent, internal and known-groups). RESULTS: 100% of the data were computable. Excellent data quality was obtained. Cronbach's alpha for the scale total was 0.87 and the homogeneity index 0.22. ICC for the scale total was 0.88. As for precision, the SEM was 5.18 (<½DE=7.47). CONCLUSIONS: The LW-OA is a valid and feasible measure to evaluate the process of living with OA in Spain.

Validation of living with chronic illness scale in a type 2 diabetes mellitus population.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases and one of those producing greatest impact on patients' day-to-day quality of life. Our study aim is to validate the "Living with Chronic Illness Scale" for a Spanish-speaking T2DM population. METHODS: In this observational, international, cross-sectional study, 582 persons with T2DM were recruited in primary care and outpatient hospital consultations, in Spain and Colombia, during the period from May 2018 to June 2019. The properties analysed were feasibility/acceptability, internal consistency, reliability, precision and (structural) content-construct validity including confirmatory factor analysis. The COSMIN checklist was used to assess the methodological/psychometric quality of the instrument. RESULTS: The scale had an adequate internal consistency and test retest reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.90; intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.96, respectively). In addition, the instrument is precise (standard error of measurement = 3.34, with values < ½SD = 8.52) and correlates positively with social support (DUFSS) (rs = 0.56), quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) (rs = 0.51-0.30) and ssatisfaction with life (SLS-6) (rs = 0.50-0.38). The original 26-items version of the scale did not support totally the confirmatory factor analysis. The COSMIN checklist is favourable for all the properties analysed, although weaknesses are detected for structural validity. CONCLUSIONS: The LW-CI-T2DM is a valid, reliable and accurate instrument for use in clinical practice to determine how a person's life is affected by the presence of diabetes. This instrument correlates well with the associated constructs of social support, quality of life and satisfaction. Additional research is needed to determine how well the questionnaire structure performs when robust factor analysis methods are applied.

Living with Long term condition Scale: A pilot validation study of a new person centred tool in the UK.

AIM: To cross-culturally adapt and determine the preliminary psychometric properties of the English version of the LwLTC Scale in people living with long-term conditions in the UK. DESIGN: Cross-cultural adaptation and cross-sectional study. METHODS: Forty-nine patients with five long-term conditions were included in the pilot study. Patients completed the English version of the LwLTC Scale and a bespoke questionnaire related to the scale. Feasibility/acceptability, internal consistency and construct validity were analysed. RESULTS: 59.2% of participants were female, with an average age of 65.9 (SD = 12.30). Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged between 0.50 and 0.84. Content validity showed that the English version of the LwLTC Scale was useful even negative items were identified. CONCLUSION: These preliminary psychometric properties are satisfactory and promising. Further psychometric analyses are needed to verify them in a larger and more representative sample size during the main validation study, which is now in process.

International psychometric validation of the Living with Chronic Illness Scale in Spanish-speaking patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVES: To validate the Living with Chronic Illness (LW-CI) Scale in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional validation study with retest. Acceptability, reliability, precision and construct validity were tested. SETTING: The study took place in primary and secondary specialised units of public and private hospitals of Spain and Colombia. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 612 patients with COPD assessed from May 2018 to May 2019. A consecutive cases sampling was done. Inclusion criteria included: (A) patients with a diagnosis of COPD; (B) native Spanish speaking; (C) able to read and understand questionnaires; and (D) able to provide informed consent. Exclusion criteria included: (A) cognitive deterioration and (B) pharmacological effect or disorder that could disrupt the assessment. RESULTS: The LW-CI-COPD presented satisfactory data quality, with no missing data or floor/ceiling effects, showing high internal consistency for all the domains (Cronbach's alpha for the total score 0.92). Test-retest reliability was satisfactory (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.92). The LW-CI-COPD correlated 0.52-0.64 with quality of life and social support measures. The scale demonstrated satisfactory known-groups validity, yielding significantly different scores in patients grouped according to COPD severity levels. CONCLUSIONS: This has been the first validation study of the LW-CI-COPD. It is a feasible, reliable, valid and precise self-reported scale to measure living with COPD in the Spanish-speaking population. Therefore, it could be recommended for research and clinical practice to measure this concept and evaluate the impact of centred-care interdisciplinary interventions based on the patients' perspective, focused on providing holistic and comprehensive care to patients with COPD.