A novel CNN architecture for accurate early detection and classification of Alzheimer's disease using MRI data.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder that requires accurate diagnosis for effective management and treatment. In this article, we propose an architecture for a convolutional neural network (CNN) that utilizes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset to categorize AD. The network employs two separate CNN models, each with distinct filter sizes and pooling layers, which are concatenated in a classification layer. The multi-class problem is addressed across three, four, and five categories. The proposed CNN architecture achieves exceptional accuracies of 99.43%, 99.57%, and 99.13%, respectively. These high accuracies demonstrate the efficacy of the network in capturing and discerning relevant features from MRI images, enabling precise classification of AD subtypes and stages. The network architecture leverages the hierarchical nature of convolutional layers, pooling layers, and fully connected layers to extract both local and global patterns from the data, facilitating accurate discrimination between different AD categories. Accurate classification of AD carries significant clinical implications, including early detection, personalized treatment planning, disease monitoring, and prognostic assessment. The reported accuracy underscores the potential of the proposed CNN architecture to assist medical professionals and researchers in making precise and informed judgments regarding AD patients.

Sexual dysfunction in a sample of Egyptian patients with Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a common, yet underdiagnosed problem in Parkinson Disease (PD) patients. It can negatively impact their quality of life (QoL) and clinical outcome. we tried to assess SD in a group of Egyptian PD patients. METHODS: The study is a case-control, cross-sectional study that included 200 participants, consisting of 100 PD patients and 100 matched healthy controls. Social, demographic information, and clinical variables were collected from both groups. Sexual functions were assessed using the Arabic Female Sexual Function Index (ArFSFI), and the Arabic version of International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). RESULTS: Women with PD scored worse on FSFI total score compared to controls (p < 0.001). Regarding the FSFI domains, they scored significantly lower in individual domains of desire (p < 0.001), arousal (p < 0.001), lubrication (p = 0.006), orgasm (p < 0.001), satisfaction (p < 0.001), and pain (p = 0.003), compared with controls. Men with PD scored worse on IIEF total scores compared to controls (p < 0.001). They showed significantly worse scores of erectile functions (p < 0.001), orgasmic function (p < 0.001), sexual desire (p < 0.001), intercourse satisfaction (p < 0.001), and overall satisfaction (p < 0.001). Both groups reported significant effect of SD on their QoL. There was a significant correlation between disease severity and SD. CONCLUSION: SD is common in PD patients. It negatively impacts their QoL and partnership. Healthcare professionals should initiate conversations about SD with the patients and provide appropriate education and treatment options.

Assessment of diagnostic reference levels for paediatric cardiac computed tomography in accordance with European guidelines.

Recently, paediatric cardiac computed tomography (CCT) has caused concerns that diagnostic image quality and dose reduction may require further improvement. Consequently, this study aimed to establish institutional (local) diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs) for CCT for paediatric patients, and assess the impact of tube voltage on proposed DRLs in terms of the volume computed tomography index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP). In addition, effective doses (EDs) of exposure were estimated. A population of 453 infants, whose mass and age were less than 12 kg and 2 years, respectively, were considered from January 2018 to August 2021. Based on previous studies, this number of patients was considered to be sufficient for establishing LDRLs. A group of 245 patients underwent CCT examinations at 70 kVp tube voltage with an average scan range of 23.4 cm. Another set of 208 patients underwent CCT examinations at 100 kVp tube voltage with an average scan range of 15.8 cm. The observed CTDIvol and DLP values were 2.8 mGy and 54.8 mGy.cm, respectively. The mean effective dose (ED) was 1.2 mSv. It is concluded that provisional establishment and use of DRLs for cardiac computed tomography in children are crucial, and further research is needed to develop regional and international DRLs.

Clinical and paraclinical predictors of early neurological deterioration and poor outcome in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

Background: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is the second most common form of stroke. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Several clinical and radiological parameters are related to its poor outcome. The aim of this study is to elucidate the clinical, laboratory, and radiological factors associated with early neurological deterioration and poor outcome in patients with ICH. Results: seventy patients diagnosed with sICH were evaluated within the first 72 h from the onset of symptoms by Clinical, radiological, and laboratory parameters. Patients were assessed for early neurological deterioration (END) during the hospital stay (up to 7 days from admission) using Glasgow coma scale (GSC), and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and within 3 months from stroke onset using modified Rankin scale (mRS). ICH score and Functional Outcome in Patients with Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage (FUNC) Score were calculated for prognostication. 27.1% and 71.42% of patients had END and showed unfavorable outcome, respectively. Clinical indices, as NIHSS > 7 on admission and age > 51 years, radiological characteristics, as large hematoma size, leukoaraiosis, and mass effect detected on CT scan, as well as serum biomarkers; serum urea level > 50 mg/dL, high neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio on admission, high ALT and AST, as well as low total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol levels, all were significantly associated with poor outcome in the patients. Stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis found the presence of aspiration to be an independent predictor of END, and the scores of NIHSS > 7 on admission, age > 51 years, and urea level > 50 mg/dL were independent predictors of poor outcome. Conclusions: There are several predictors for END as well as poor outcome in ICH. Some are clinical, others are radiological and laboratory. Aspiration was an independent predictor of END during hospital stay (3-7 days) in patients with ICH, while older age, high NIHSS and urea level on admission were independent predictors of poor outcome.

Validation of the Arabic Version of the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.

BACKGROUND: The Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) has become the gold standard for evaluating different domains in Parkinson's disease (PD), and it is commonly used in clinical practice, research, and clinical trials. OBJECTIVES: The objectives are to validate the Arabic-translated version of the MDS-UPDRS and to assess its factor structure compared with the English version. METHODS: The study was carried out in three phases: first, the English version of the MDS-UPDRS was translated into Arabic and subsequently back-translated into English by independent translation team; second, cognitive pretesting of selected items was performed; third, the Arabic version was tested in over 400 native Arabic-speaking PD patients. The psychometric properties of the translated version were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as well as exploratory factor analysis (EFA). RESULTS: The factor structure of the Arabic version was consistent with that of the English version based on the high CFIs for all four parts of the MDS-UPDRS in the CFA (CFI ≥0.90), confirming its suitability for use in Arabic. CONCLUSIONS: The Arabic version of the MDS-UPDRS has good construct validity in Arabic-speaking patients with PD and has been thereby designated as an official MDS-UPDRS version. The data collection methodology among Arabic-speaking countries across two continents of Asia and Africa provides a roadmap for validating additional MDS rating scale initiatives and is strong evidence that underserved regions can be energically mobilized to promote efforts that apply to better clinical care, education, and research for PD. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Factors associated with the use of anesthetic drug infusion in patients with status epilepticus and their relation to outcome: a prospective study.

Status epilepticus (SE) is one of the most dreadful neurological emergencies; unfortunately, studies targeting SE are still inadequate. This study aims to identify factors associated with the use of CIVAD in patients presenting with status epilepticus and detect those impact the clinical outcome. A prospective study involving 144 episodes of SE in 144 patients. Patients were categorized according to whether or not they received CIVAD. Subjects underwent clinical assessment, brain imaging, and EEG. The consciousness level was assessed using the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and the Full outline of responsiveness (FOUR) scale. SE severity score (STESS) and Epidemiology-based mortality score (EMSE) were used as scales for outcome prediction. Continuous IV anesthetic drug infusion was initiated in 36% of patients (+ CIVAD). Such groups showed a significantly worse initial level of consciousness (< 0.001), an unstable course of seizure evolution (0.009), and all of them showed abnormal EEG patterns. A significantly higher number of patients (+ CIVAD) developed complications (< 0.001), had higher outcome prediction scores (< 0.001), and mortality rates (< 0.001) compared to those who did not need CIVAD (- CIVAD). Mortality was associated with acute symptomatic etiology and higher total doses of propofol. Among the study population, mortality among patients who received CIVAD was associated with acute symptomatic SE and prolonged propofol infusion rather than any clinical parameters or predictor scores.

Characteristics and outcome in an Egyptian Cohort with status epilepticus.

OBJECTIVES: Status epilepticus (SE) is an important cause of mortality worldwide. Information regarding associations of mortality outcome in Egypt is limited. The main objective of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and factors associated with mortality of patients with SE admitted to Cairo University Hospitals. METHODS: A prospective observational hospital-based study was conducted from January 2017 to June 2018. Patients with SE aged ≥12 years old were followed with documentation of outcome on discharge as survival versus death. RESULTS: The study cohort included 144 SE patients. The majority of episodes (96.5%) were with prominent motor features, while nonconvulsive SE occurred in 3.5%. There was a clear semiology evolution in 22.9% of episodes, 56.3% had unchanging semiology (e.g., just convulsive or just nonconvulsive) and the semiology evolution could not be discerned in 20.8%. In relation to treatment, the majority of cases were responsive (46.5%), whereas 43.1% were refractory and only 10.4% were super-refractory SE. Apart from seven patients who were referred to other hospitals, 99 patients survived whereas 38 (26.4%) died. After regression analysis, only absence of a history of epilepsy, semiology evolution and mechanical ventilator use were associated with mortality increasing its odds by 3.7, 5, 111 times, respectively. CONCLUSION: Absence of a history of epilepsy, SE semiology evolution, and mechanical ventilator use was found to be associated with mortality outcome among Egyptian patients with SE.

The first report of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients in Saudi Arabia.

INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections have been increasingly reported in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who have progressive deterioration in their pulmonary function. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of MRSA infections in CF in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia. METHODOLOGY: This is a retrospective chart review conducted as part of the CF registry data from 1 January 2002 to 1 June 2016. All patients with confirmed CF of all age groups who had a respiratory culture positive for MRSA were included in the study. RESULTS: Among 385 patients with CF who had respiratory samples, 43 (11%) were positive for MRSA at a mean age of 10.4 ±â€¯7.2 years. Twenty-two patients out of the 43 (51%) were treated with different regimens: nasal Bactroban in 13/22 (59%); a combination of nasal Bactroban, oral vancomycin, and rifampicin for 2 weeks in 5 patients (23%); Bactroban and linezolid in one patient (5%); and oral vancomycin and rifampicin in 3 patients (14%). Eight out of the 22 treated patients (36%) achieved MRSA eradication. Six out of the 22 treated (27%) had experienced MRSA recurrence within 3-6 months, and another 5/22 (23%) continued to have MRSA colonization up to 2-4 years of follow-up despite using a proper eradication protocol. Twelve out of the 43 (28%) patients with MRSA infection died. CONCLUSION: MRSA infection in our population with CF is common. Therefore, an eradication protocol should be instituted at an early stage to prevent chronic colonization. Children with persistent MRSA colonization have high morbidity and mortality rate.

Neurological Complications in Recipients after Living Donor Liver Transplantation.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Liver transplantation (LT) is the only curative treatment for patients with the end-stage liver disease. Amongst the complications post-LT, the neurological complications (NC) are particularly relevant. Our aim is to assess the incidence, risk factors and clinical presentation of NC in recipients after living donor liver transplantation. METHODS: Between November 2011 and December 2013, 149 patients were admitted to ICU in 3 different centres in Egypt after LDLT and were evaluated by full clinical examination, laboratory investigations, neuroimaging and the NC were observed over one month. This study was approved by the ethical committee of the National Research Center. RESULTS: 46 recipients (30.9%) developed neurological complications. The most common neurological complication was Encephalopathy (14.1%) while the least were both central pontine myelinolysis and meningoencephalitis (0.7%). In addition, 7 patients developed cerebrovascular events (either ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes). Patients were then classified into uncomplicated and complicated subgroups according to the highest percentage of neurological complication symptoms. These were encephalopathy, delirium with agitation, hallucinations, and delusions. CONCLUSION: A high incidence of neurological complications (30.9%) after LDLT was recorded, prolonging patient hospital stays. The most common complications were encephalopathy, delirium, hallucinations, delusions, and seizures some of which were drug related.

External validation of STESS and EMSE as outcome prediction scores in an Egyptian cohort with status epilepticus.

PURPOSE: There is a lack of data concerning the performance of the outcome prediction scores in patients with status epilepticus (SE) in developing countries. The aim of this study was to compare the predictive performances of the status epilepticus severity score (STESS) and the epidemiology-based mortality score in status epilepticus (EMSE) and adaptation of such scoring system to be compatible with the nature of society. METHOD: This is a prospective study, conducted in Egypt from the period of January 2017 to June 2018. The main outcome measure was survival versus death, on hospital discharge. The cutoff point with the best sensitivity and specificity to predict mortality was determined through a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: Among the 144 patients with SE with a mean age of 39.3 ±â€¯19.5 years recruited into the study, 38 patients (26.3%) died in the hospital with the survival of 99 patients while 7 patients (4.9%) were referred to other centers with an unknown outcome. Although EMSE had a bit larger area under the curve (AUC) (0.846) than STESS-3 (AUC 0.824), STESS-3 had the best performance as in-hospital death prediction score as it has a higher negative predictive value (94.6%) than that of EMSE (90.9%) in order not to miss high-risk patients. CONCLUSION: In the Egyptian population, STESS and EMSE are useful tools in predicting mortality outcome of SE. The STESS performed significantly better than EMSEE combinations as a mortality prediction score.

Vitamin D status of untreated children and adolescent Egyptian patients with genetic generalized epilepsy: A case-control study.

PURPOSE: Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly incriminated for vitamin D deficiency in children with epilepsy. The aim of this study was to examine 25(OH) vitamin D status among children and adolescents with genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) who had never received AEDs and its relation to seizure frequency and epilepsy duration. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on 42 recently diagnosed patients with GGE, aged ≤18 years and 40 age- and gender-matched controls. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D level was performed for all participants. RESULTS: Serum 25(OH) vitamin D level was significantly lower in patients (median = 22 ng/ml, interquartile range (IQR) = 16.6-28.6) compared with controls (median = 58.4 ng/ml, IQR = 53-68), (P-value < 0.001). Patients with ≥4 seizures per month had a significantly lower level of serum 25(OH) vitamin D (median = 17.7 ng/ml, IQR = 16-24) than patients with lower seizure frequency (median = 28.3 ng/ml, IQR = 24.2-40.2), (P-value = 0.004). Also, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the duration of epilepsy and serum 25(OH) vitamin D level (r = -0.309, P-value = 0.046). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that serum 25(OH) vitamin D level with a cutoff value of 23.9 distinguished patients with low seizure frequency (five or less per year) from patients with higher seizure frequency with a sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 74%, respectively (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.798). CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency is found in treatment-naive children with epilepsy and adolescents with GGE, and it is associated with higher seizure frequency, longer disease duration, and younger age at onset.

Validation of Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic in a sample of elderly Egyptians with neurocognitive disorders.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA-B) is a modified version of the MoCA that is especially suitable for use in elderly subjects with low education. The Authors translated the tool into Arabic and they aimed at validation of this tool in a sample of elderly Egyptians. METHODS: The study included 93 patients, 60 years and older, fulfilling the DSM-5 criteria of Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (NCD) (39 patients) and Major Neurocognitive Disorder (54 patients) that were compared to 112 community dwelling elder subjects. All subjects were assessed using the MoCA-B, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) in addition to the required laboratory and radiological investigations. RESULTS: MoCA-B demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.915) and content validity in discrimination between normal and diseased subjects. It showed superior sensitivity and specificity when compared to MMSE in screening for Mild NCD (AUC MoCA-B = 0.988 versus MMSE = 0.939). The recommended cut-off was 21/22 with sensitivity of 92.5% and specificity of 98.2% for detecting Mild NCD and 16/17 with sensitivity of 90.7% and specificity of 97.4% for detecting Major NCD (dementia). CONCLUSION: The Arabic MoCA-B is a valid cognitive assessment tool in elderly Egyptian subjects.

Anti-islet Cell Antibodies in a Sample of Egyptian Females with Gestational Diabetes and its Relation to Development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus is any degree of glucose intolerance with first diagnosis during pregnancy; it affects 3-10% of pregnancies. The presence of diabetes-related autoantibodies has shown to be able to predict the development of type 1 diabetes before hyperglycemia arises. OBJECTIVE: To recognize the prevalence of islet cell antibodies among a sample of Egyptian females with gestational diabetes and its possible relation to development of Type 1 diabetes within one year postpartum. METHODS: Our cross sectional study was conducted on 150 Egyptian pregnant females with gestational diabetes aged 19-39 years diagnosed by 75-g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test. All females were subjected to full history, thorough clinical examination and laboratory measurement of anti-islet cell antibodies. Those females with positive antibodies were followed up six months and one year after delivery for their fasting insulin, fasting blood glucose and two hours post prandial glucose levels. RESULTS: The prevalence of pregnant females with gestational diabetes having positive anti islet cell antibodies was (44%), the prevalence of females diagnosed to have diabetes mellitus was (37.88%) six months and (51.52%) one year postpartum. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of ICAs among pregnant Egyptian females with GDM and the risk of developing type 1diabetes later in life makes screening for ICA among women with GDM important to recognize those at risk of developing type 1 diabetes later in life.

Development and validation of an Arabic-language headache questionnaire for population-based surveys.

BACKGROUND: The reported prevalence of headache disorders in Arab regions varies considerably between countries. This may be due to a lack of standardized survey instruments that capture the prevalence. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Our goal was to construct and validate a structured headache questionnaire for Arabic-speaking headache patients to be used as an epidemiological survey instrument. METHODS: We developed a culturally adapted interviewer-administered questionnaire in Arabic language comprising two sets of questions. The first set included personal and sociodemographic data together with a screening question regarding the presence of headaches over the last year. The second set was designed to define the type and pattern of headaches according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria (for subjects with "yes" answers on the screening question). Validation process took place in two phases through probability random sampling selected from 1,221 headache subjects collected in an epidemiological survey 3 (n=70) and 6 months (n=232) later. A detailed assessment of patients' headaches was performed by neurologists (blinded from the questionnaire diagnosis) who clinically assessed the patients' headache. RESULTS: The validity of the questionnaire was tested in 232 subjects with a mean age of 41.2±10.9 years, 72.8% of whom were females. The mean time to complete the questionnaire was 8.4±1.7 minutes. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.903 (95% confidence interval: 0.875-0.925), the Cronbach κ coefficient was 0.775 (95% confidence interval: 0.682-0.837), and the percentage of agreement was 84.5%. CONCLUSION: Our results support the use of this comprehensive questionnaire as a valid tool for headache assessment among Arabic-speaking patients.

Insects associated with hospital environment in Egypt with special reference to the medically important species.

A study was planned to examine the insect fauna associated with two hospitals: urban (A) in Cairo and rural (B) in Banha, Egypt with varying hygienic levels and their adjacent residential areas (AC) and (BC), respectively and to investigate the effect of hygienic level on species composition and relative abundance. A total of 22 species belonging to 7 orders and 15 families were reported in the four study areas of which, Dipterous flies were the most common (8/22, 36.36% species). A total of 5257 adults were collected of which Dipterous flies were the abundant (3800, 72.28% insect) and Musca domestica was the most abundant species (3535, 67.24% insect) which was present in all areas where it was more common / predominant species (21.94%-90.91% insect). Moreover, higher densities of M domestica were in (B) and BC than in (A) or (AC). The heavily infested area was AC (54.55% species) followed by (A), (BC) and (B) however, the total number of the collected insects was higher in (BC) and (B) than in (AC) and (A). This was confirmed by finding maximum diversity indices in (AC) and minimum ones in B. In all areas, means of M domestica was more common during summer/autumn and spring than in the winter. Periplaneta americana collected oily during autumn in AC and was more common in autumn in (BC) while Blatella germanica collected only during summer in (AC) and was more common in autumn in (B). The prevalence and higher abundance of the medically important species mainly M domestica, P. americana and B. germanica in rural hospital than in urban one attribute mainly to the lower hygienic level of rural hospital This require a control program based mainly on sanitation supplemented by other measures to overcome the risk of disease transmission by such insects

Efficiency of barley bran and oat bran in ameliorating blood lipid profile and the adverse histological changes in hypercholesterolemic male rats.

The efficiency of oat bran and barley bran in lowering the induced hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia in blood of male Albino rats (Rattus rattus) was studied. Twenty rats were divided into four groups each consisted of five rats and fed the specified test diets for eight weeks. The first group (G1) is the negative group which was fed basal diet, the second group (G2) was fed 1.0% cholesterol, was the third group (G3) fed 1.0% cholesterol and 10% oats bran, and the fourth group (G4) was fed 1.0% cholesterol and 10% barley bran. Feeding rats on 1% cholesterol significantly increased serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, and very low density lipoprotein and triglyceride and decreased serum high density lipoprotein. Furthermore, enzyme activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase was increased, and lipid peroxide was increased, whereas catalase and glutathione-S-transferase were decreased. Kidney functions parameters in the cholesterol supplemented group were elevated compared with the negative control. In addition, histological alteration in kidney, liver, heart, and testes was observed, compared with the negative control. Hypercholesterolemic rats supplemented with oat bran and barley bran showed significant decrease in lipid parameters, significant increase in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, improved antioxidant enzyme, and improved histopathology of kidney, liver, heart, and testes. In conclusion, both oat bran and barley bran had protective effects against induced hyperlipidemia and improved histological alterations. Oat bran appeared more efficient than barley bran in lowering the lipid profile levels in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Association between total plasma homocysteine level and cognitive functions in elderly Egyptian subjects.

BACKGROUND: High plasma total homocysteine has emerged as a new risk for cognitive decline with age. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to examine the association of plasma homocysteine with cognitive performance in normal aged Egyptians. SUBJECT AND METHODS: Forty five aged Egyptians subjects were included in the study. Their cognitive performance was assessed using Mini-Mental State Examination MMSE, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE) and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. Total plasma homocysteine level in fasting blood samples was also measured. RESULTS: A statistically significant negative association was detected between plasma homocysteine level and age. A statistically highly significant inverse association was found between plasma tHcy and scores of cognitive assessment in aged subjects after adjustment for age, gender, education years and cardiovascular risk factors. No significant association was detected between total plasma homocysteine level and sex, blood sugar or lipid profile (p≥0.05). CONCLUSION: Elevated tHcy level is an independent risk factor for the decline of cognitive performance in normal elderly subjects.

Sleep-related breathing disorders in cerebrovascular stroke and transient ischemic attacks: a comparative study.

Sleep-related breathing disorders are said to be common in patients with established cerebrovascular accidents. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and characteristics of sleep-related breathing disorders in ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attacks. All patients were subjected to neurologic assessment, Berlin questionnaire (Arabic version), brain computed tomographic scan, and polysomnography along 6 to 8 hours overnight with special emphasis to apnea/hypopnea indices. All assessments were done for 30 patients who had stroke and transient ischemic attacks as well as 20 age- and sex-matched controls. Overall, 13.3% of patients had mild sleep apnea (apnea/hypopnea index, >5), 13.3% had moderate sleep apnea (apnea/hypopnea index, >15), and 34% had severe sleep apnea (apnea/hypopnea index, >30). The sensitivity and specificity of Berlin questionnaire for obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis were 55% and 100%, respectively, for mild sleep apnea, 56.3% and 85.7% for moderate sleep apnea, 66.7% and 83.3% for severe condition. Berlin questionnaire is a moderate sensitive but highly specific screening test for sleep apnea in cerebrovascular diseases. Those who scored high risk should consider polysomnography to specify the type and severity of apnea.