MiR-4492, a New Potential MicroRNA for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: A Mini Review.

There is no doubt that the incidence of cancer sufferers is rising in the world, and it is estimated that in the next several decades, the number of people suffering from malignancies or the cancer rate will double. Diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), represent an excellent approach for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as many other diseases. One of the latest miRNAs is miR-4492, upregulating some genes in tumor tissues including ROMO1, HLA-G, NKIRAS2, FOXK1, and UBE2C. It represents an attractant example of a miRNA acting at multiple levels to affect the same malignancy hallmark. Based on the studies, miR-4492 plays a key role in several cancers such as, breast cancer, bladder cancer, osteosarcoma, glioblastoma multiforme, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and ovarian cancer. Putting it all together, identifying the precise mechanisms of miR-4492 in the pathogenesis of cancer, could pave the way to find better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cancer sufferers. For this reason, it might be a novel potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for neoplasms.

Comparison of Combined Intraarticular and Intravenous Administration of Tranexamic Acid with Intraarticular and Intravenous Alone in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty without Drainage Catheter: A Clinical Trial Study.

Objectives: We aimed to assess the most effective route for Tranexamic acid (TXA) administration among Intraarticular (IA), Intravenous (IV), and combined IA/IV for Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) surgeries. Methods: A double-blinded clinical trial was run on 147 TKA candidates. Blood loss and hemoglobin (Hb) drop were evaluated using the Gross and Nadler formula in three matched case groups administered TXA during the TKA through IV, IA, or combined IA/IV route. Tourniquet was used on all operations for controlling intraoperative blood loss. No drainage catheter was used for the cases. Results: The combined group showed an average blood loss of 630±252 ml, which was significantly lower than that in the IV group (878±268 ml, P<0.01) and the IA group (774±288 ml, P=0.03). Furthermore, the mean Hb and hematocrit drop were significantly lower in the combined group, compared to the other two groups, 48 and 72 h postoperatively (P<0.05). Conclusion: The combined IA/IV route had a 28% and 19% reduction of blood loss, compared to the IV or IA methods, respectively. Therefore, using TXA via the combined IA/IV route may be more effective for reducing perioperative blood loss following TKA surgery using a tourniquet without drain placement.

Overexpression of miR-146a and miR-155 are Potentially Biomarkers and Predict Unfavorable Relationship between Gastric Cancer and Helicobacter pylori Infection.

Gastric Cancer (GC) is one of the most dangerous malignancies in the world. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between miR-146a and miR-155 in patients with H. pylori infections with GC compared to H. pylori-infected patients and healthy subjects. Forty patients with H. pylori and GC positive diagnoses and 40 patients with H. pylori positive and GC negative diagnoses, and 40 healthy persons were selected. The expression of miR-146a and miR-155 genes in the whole blood was examined using qRT-PCR. Moreover, ROC curves were drawn to represent the sensitivity and specificity of miR-146a and miR-155 expression as biomarkers. The results showed the expression of miR-146a and miR-155 in the whole blood of patients with H. pylori and GC positive diagnoses are significantly higher than in healthy individuals and are non-significantly enhanced compared to H. pylori positive and GC negative. Also, the results stated miR-146a and miR-155 expression in the whole blood of patients who are H. pylori positive and GC negative are significantly increased compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, the ROC curve analysis of miR-146a and miR-155 RNA level demonstrated the two miRNAs have an appropriate sensitivity and specificity for diagnostic goals. In conclusion, H. pylori infection may increase the expression of miR-146a and miR-155 in patients with H. pylori and GC positive diagnoses, which can be effective in the curbing the progression of GC. For this reason, up-regulation of miR-146a and miR-155 along with H. pylori infection might contribute to the pathogenesis of GC, and also can be suggested as biomarkers for GC diagnosis and treatment.

Mechanistic Insight into Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Anatomy, Epidemiology, Genetics, Pathogenesis, Prevention, Implications, and Treatment Strategies to Pace AMD Management.

One of the most complicated eye disorders is age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which is the leading cause of irremediable blindness all over the world in the elderly. AMD is classified as early stage to late stage (advanced AMD), in which this stage is divided into the exudative or neovascular form (wet AMD) and the nonexudative or atrophic form (dry AMD). Clinically, AMD primarily influences the central area of retina known as the macula. Importantly, the wet form is generally associated with more severe vision loss. AMD has a systemic component, where many factors, like aging, genetic, environment, autoimmune and non-autoimmune disorders are associated with this disease. Additionally, healthy lifestyles, regular exercise, maintaining a normal lipid profile and weight are crucial to decreasing the risk of AMD. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies for limiting AMD should encompass a variety of factors to avoid and improve drug interventions, and also need to take into account personalized genetic information. In conclusion, with the development of technology and research progress, visual impairment and legal blindness from AMD have been substantially reduced in incidence. This review article is focused on identifying and developing the knowledge about the association between genetics, and etiology with AMD. We hope that this review will encourage researchers and lecturers, open new discussions, and contribute to a better understanding of AMD that improves patients' visual acuity, and upgrades the quality of life of AMD patients.

The Association of Oxidative Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species Modulator 1 (ROMO1) with Infertility: A Mini Review.

Infertility is one of the disorders that worries many couples around the world, although novel and molecular methods can be used to cure this disease in different stages. One of the factors that causes infertility in men and women is the increased oxidative stress within the cells, which can lead to damage in zygote formation. ROMO1 is one of the most important proteins in the production of reactive oxygen species. This protein can enhance oxidative stress in the cells and body through cellular pathways, such as TNF-α and NF-κB routes, which will eventually lead to many diseases, especially infertility. We engage several international databases by using keywords; ROMO1, Infertility, and Reactive Oxygen Species, and gained a great quantity of information about ROMO1, Infertility, and Oxidative Stress. Although not proven, it is hypothesized that ROMO1 might elevate oxidative stress by activating NF-κB pathway in the cells, furthermore, TNF-α can arouse ROMO1 that can end up with apoptosis and cell death, which consequently can have a lot of disturbing effects on the body, especially the reproductive system. To sum up, revealing the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms of ROMO1-dependent TNF-α and NF-κB pathways in the pathogenesis of infertility might find interesting therapeutic and management strategies for this disorder.

The Association of COVID-19 and Reactive Oxygen Species Modulator 1 (ROMO1) with Oxidative Stress.

There is no denying that the massive spread of COVID-19 around the world has worried everyone. The virus can cause mild to severe symptoms in various organs, especially the lungs. The virus affects oxidative stress in the cells. Reactive Oxygen Species modulator 1 (ROMO1) is one of the most important mitochondrial proteins that plays a critical regulatory role in the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). According to the studies, COVID-19 can promote oxidative stress through some important pathways, for instance, TNF-α and NF-κB routes. Furthermore, ROMO1 is closely related to these pathways and its dysfunction may affect these routes, then promote oxidative stress, and ultimately cause tissue damage, especially in the lungs. Another factor to consider is that the TNF-α and NF-κB pathways are associated with ROMO1, COVID-19, and oxidative stress. To summarize, it is hypothesized that COVID-19 may increase oxidative stress by affecting ROMO1. Understanding the exact molecular mechanisms of ROMO1 in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 can pave the way to find better therapeutic strategies.

Overexpression of reactive oxygen species modulator 1 is associated with advanced grades of bladder cancer.

Reactive Oxygen Species Modulator 1 (ROMO1) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of mitochondrial structure integrity, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased ROMO1 expression was reported in various cancer cell lines; however, the possible association between ROMO1 expression and bladder cancer was not well studied. The present study aimed to investigate the rate of ROMO1 expression and the correlation of oxidative stress with the development of bladder cancer. In this study, a total of 35 cancerous and healthy adjacent tissues were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to analyze the gene expression of ROMO1. Also, we evaluated the serum level of ROMO1 and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), as well as Total Oxidant Status (TOS) in patients with bladder cancer along with age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. The ROMO1 gene was significantly higher in cancerous tissues than that of adjacent healthy tissues. Also, the serum levels of ROMO1, TAC, TOS, and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) were increased in patients with bladder cancer compared with healthy subjects. It can be concluded that the overexpression of the ROMO1 gene is associated with advanced grades of bladder cancer as well as an increase in oxidative stress conditions. Our findings also suggest that the serum level of ROMO1 might be a promising tumor marker for bladder cancer.

Overexpression of ROMO1 and OMA1 are Potentially Biomarkers and Predict Unfavorable Prognosis in Gastric Cancer.

PURPOSE: One of the worst types of cancers is gastric cancer and no specific tumor marker is found in relation to it. Reactive oxygen species modulator 1 (ROMO1) and the overlapping with the M-AAA protease 1 homolog (OMA1) proteins are the most important mitochondrial membrane proteins, which are involved in modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the regulation of mitochondrial structure dynamics. If these proteins do not function properly, oxidative stress increases in the cell, and this can initiate the cancer or worsen the condition. METHODS: In this study, ROMO1 and OMA1 gene expressions in 40 fresh frozen gastric cancer tissue and healthy adjacent tissues were evaluated by real-time PCR, and some of the important parameters related to oxidative stress such as TAC, TOS, MDA, and TTG in the serum of cancer patients compared to healthy people were measured by spectrophotometric and fluorometric techniques. RESULTS: We observed that ROMO1 and OMA1 gene expressions in gastric cancer tissues increased compared to that in healthy adjacent tissues. In addition, oxidative stress parameters including TOS, OSI, and MDA in the serum of cancer patients have increased significantly and the parameters including TAC and TTG have decreased. CONCLUSION: The results in our study represented that ROMO1 and OMA1 gene expressions in gastric cancer tissue have increased compared to that in healthy adjacent tissues, and oxidative stress levels have also increased significantly in relation to these proteins; therefore, these two proteins may be considered as an important cause of gastric cancer, and even introduced as tumor markers.

Reactive Oxygen Species Modulator 1 (ROMO1), a New Potential Target for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.

Today, the incidence of cancer in the world is rising, and it is expected that in the next several decades, the number of people suffering from cancer or (the cancer rate) will double. Cancer is defined as the excessive and uncontrolled growth of cells; of course (in simple terms), cancer is considered to be a set of other diseases that ultimately causes normal cells to be transformed into neoplastic cells. One of the most important causes of the onset and exacerbation of cancer is excessive oxidative stress. One of the most important proteins in the inner membrane of mitochondria is Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Modulator 1 (ROMO1) that interferes with the production of ROS, and with increasing the rate of this protein, oxidative stress will increase, which ultimately leads to some diseases, especially cancer. In this overview, we use some global databases to provide information about ROMO1 cellular signaling pathways, their related proteins and molecules, and some of the diseases associated with the mitochondrial protein, especially cancer.