Fertility restoration in mice with chemotherapy induced ovarian failure using differentiated iPSCs.

BACKGROUND: Treatment options for premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) are limited to hormone replacement and donor oocytes. A novel induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) transplant paradigm in a mouse model has potential translational applications for management of POI. METHODS: Mouse ovarian granulosa cell derived-iPSCS were labelled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter and differentiated in vitro into oocytes. Differentiated cells were assayed for estradiol and progesterone secretion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. After Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) for the cell surface marker anti-Mullerian hormone receptor (AMHR2), enriched populations of differentiated cells were surgically transplanted into ovaries of mice that had POI secondary to gonadotoxic pre-treatment with alkylating agents. A total of 100 mice were used in these studies in five separate experiments with 56 animals receiving orthotopic ovarian injections of either FACS sorted or unsorted differentiated iPSCSs and the remaining animals receiving sham injections of PBS diluent. Following transplantation surgery, mice were stimulated with gonadotropins inducing oocyte development and underwent oocyte retrieval. Nine transplanted mice were cross bred with wild-type mice to assess fertility. Lineage tracing of resultant oocytes, F1 (30 pups), and F2 (42 pups) litters was interrogated by GFP expression and validation by short tandem repeat (STR) lineage tracing. FINDINGS: [1] iPSCs differentiate into functional oocytes and steroidogenic ovarian cells which [2] express an ovarian (GJA1) and germ cell (ZP1) markers. [3] Endocrine function and fertility were restored in mice pretreated with gonadotoxic alkylating agents via orthotopic transplantation of differentiated iPSCS, thus generating viable, fertile mouse pups. INTERPRETATION: iPSC-derived ovarian tissue can reverse endocrine and reproductive sequelae of POI. FUNDING: Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery Research Award, Siezen Foundation award (RMA). Reproductive Scientist Development Program, Marriott Foundation, Saltonstall Foundation, Brigham Ovarian Cancer Research Fund (K.E).

Long-term health-related quality of life and symptom severity following hysterectomy, myomectomy, or uterine artery embolization for the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have directly compared different surgical procedures for uterine fibroids with respect to long-term health-related quality of life outcomes and symptom improvement. OBJECTIVE: We examined differences in change from baseline to 1-, 2-, and 3-year follow-up in health-related quality of life and symptom severity among patients who underwent abdominal myomectomy, laparoscopic or robotic myomectomy, abdominal hysterectomy, laparoscopic or robotic hysterectomy, or uterine artery embolization. STUDY DESIGN: The COMPARE-UF registry is a multiinstitutional prospective observational cohort study of women undergoing treatment for uterine fibroids. A subset of 1384 women aged 31 to 45 years who underwent either abdominal myomectomy (n=237), laparoscopic myomectomy (n=272), abdominal hysterectomy (n=177), laparoscopic hysterectomy (n=522), or uterine artery embolization (n=176) were included in this analysis. We obtained demographics, fibroid history, and symptoms by questionnaires at enrollment and at 1, 2, and 3 years posttreatment. We used the UFS-QoL (Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Quality of Life) questionnaire to ascertain symptom severity and health-related quality of life scores among participants. To account for potential baseline differences across treatment groups, a propensity score model was used to derive overlap weights and compare total health-related quality of life and symptom severity scores after enrollment with a repeated measures model. For this health-related quality of life tool, a specific minimal clinically important difference has not been determined, but on the basis of previous research, a difference of 10 points was considered as a reasonable estimate. Use of this difference was agreed upon by the Steering Committee at the time when the analysis was planned. RESULTS: At baseline, women undergoing hysterectomy and uterine artery embolization reported the lowest health-related quality of life scores and highest symptom severity scores compared with those undergoing abdominal myomectomy or laparoscopic myomectomy (P<.001). Those undergoing hysterectomy and uterine artery embolization reported the longest duration of fibroid symptoms with a mean of 6.3 years (standard deviation, 6.7; P<.001). The most common fibroid symptoms were menorrhagia (75.3%), bulk symptoms (74.2%), and bloating (73.2%). More than half (54.9%) of participants reported anemia, and 9.4% women reported a history of blood transfusion. Across all modalities, total health-related quality of life and symptom severity score markedly improved from baseline to 1-year with the largest improvement in the laparoscopic hysterectomy group (Uterine Fibroids Symptom and Quality of Life: delta= [+] 49.2; symptom severity: delta= [-] 51.3). Those undergoing abdominal myomectomy, laparoscopic myomectomy, and uterine artery embolization also demonstrated significant improvement in health-related quality of life (delta= [+]43.9, [+]32.9, [+]40.7, respectively) and symptom severity (delta= [-]41.4, [-] 31.5, [-] 38.5, respectively) at 1 year, and the improvement persisted from baseline for uterine-sparing procedures during second (Uterine Fibroids Symptom and Quality of Life: delta= [+]40.7, [+]37.4, [+]39.3 SS: delta= [-] 38.5, [-] 32.0, [-] 37.7 and third year (Uterine Fibroids Symptom and Quality of Life: delta= [+] 40.9, [+]39.9, [+]41.1 and SS: delta= [-] 33.9, [-]36.5, [-] 33.0, respectively), posttreatment intervals, however with a trend toward decline in degree of improvement from years 1 and 2. Differences from baseline were greatest for hysterectomy; however, this may reflect the relative importance of bleeding in the Uterine Fibroids Symptom and Quality of Life, rather than clinically meaningful symptom recurrence among women undergoing uterus-sparing treatments. CONCLUSION: All treatment modalities were associated with significant improvements in health-related quality of life and symptom severity reduction 1-year posttreatment. However, abdominal myomectomy, laparoscopic myomectomy and uterine artery embolization indicated a gradual decline in symptom improvement and health-related quality of life by third year after the procedure.

A Comparative Analysis of Health-Related Quality of Life 1 Year Following Myomectomy or Uterine Artery Embolization: Findings from the COMPARE-UF Registry.

Objective: To compare 12-month post-treatment health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) and symptom severity (SS) changes among patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids (SUF) not seeking fertility and undergo a hysterectomy, abdominal myomectomy (AM), or uterine artery embolization (UAE). Materials and Methods: The Comparing Options for Management: Patient-Centered Results for Uterine Fibroids (COMPARE-UF) Registry is a multi-institutional prospective observational cohort study of patients treated for SUF. A subset of 1465 women 31-45 years of age, who underwent either hysterectomy (n = 741), AM (n = 446), or UAE (n = 155) were included in this analysis. Demographics, fibroid history, and symptoms were obtained by baseline questionnaires and at 1 year post-treatment. Results were stratified by all treatments and propensity score weighting to adjust for differences in baseline characteristics. Results: Women undergoing UAE reported the lowest baseline HR-QoL and highest SS scores (mean = 40.6 [standard deviation (SD) = 23.8]; 62.3 [SD = 24.2]) followed by hysterectomy (44.3 [24.3]; 59.8 [SD = 24.1]). At 12 months, women who underwent a hysterectomy experienced the largest change in both HR-QoL (48.7 [26.2]) and SS (51.9 [25.6]) followed by other uterine-sparing treatments. Propensity score weighting revealed all treatments produced substantial improvement, with hysterectomy patients reporting the highest HR-QoL score (92.0 [17.8]) compared with myomectomy (86.7 [17.2]) and UAE (82.6 [21.5]) (p < 0.0001). Similarly, hysterectomy patients reported the lowest SS scores (8.2 [15.1]) compared with myomectomy (16.5 [15.1]) and UAE (19.6 [17.5]) (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: All procedures showed improvement in HR-QoL and reduction in SS score at 12 months, hysterectomy showing maximum improvement. Of importance, at 12 months, patients who underwent either a myomectomy or UAE reported comparable symptom relief and HR-QoL. Clinicaltrials.Gov Identifier: NCT02260752.

Route of myomectomy and fertility: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess prospectively the association between the myomectomy route and fertility. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The Comparing Treatments Options for Uterine Fibroids (COMPARE-UF) Study is a multisite national registry of eight clinic centers across the United States. PATIENT(S): Reproductive-aged women undergoing surgery for symptomatic uterine fibroids. INTERVENTION(S): Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): We used life-table methods to estimate cumulative probabilities and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of pregnancy and live birth by the myomectomy route during 12, 24, and 36 months of follow-up (2015-2019). We also conducted 12-month interval-based analyses that used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% CIs for associations of interest. In all analyses, we used propensity score weighting to adjust for differences across surgical routes. RESULT(S): Among 1,095 women who underwent myomectomy (abdominal = 388, hysteroscopic = 273, and laparoscopic = 434), 202 reported pregnancy and 91 reported live birth during 36 months of follow-up. There was little difference in the 12-month probability of pregnancy or live birth by route of myomectomy overall or among women intending pregnancy. In interval-based analyses, adjusted ORs for pregnancy were 1.28 (95% CI, 0.76-2.14) for hysteroscopic myomectomy and 1.19 (95% CI, 0.76-1.85) for laparoscopic myomectomy compared with abdominal myomectomy. Among women intending pregnancy, adjusted ORs were 1.27 (95% CI, 0.72-2.23) for hysteroscopic myomectomy and 1.26 (95% CI, 0.77-2.04) for laparoscopic myomectomy compared with abdominal myomectomy. Associations were slightly stronger but less precise for live birth. CONCLUSION(S): The probability of conception or live birth did not differ appreciably by the myomectomy route among women observed for 36 months postoperatively. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER: (NCT02260752, clinicaltrials.gov).

Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life After Procedural Intervention for Uterine Fibroids.

Background: Quality of life (QOL) and psychological health has been reported to be decreased among women with gynecological conditions such as uterine fibroids (UFs). Materials and Methods: Women enrolled in the Comparing Options for Management: PAtient-centered REsults for Uterine Fibroids (COMPARE-UF) registry, receiving procedural therapy for symptomatic UFs, were eligible for this analysis if they completed a series of health-related QOL surveys administered at three time points (baseline, 6-12 weeks postprocedure, and 1 year postprocedure; n = 1486). Ethical approval for this study was obtained at each recruiting site and the coordinating center (NCT02260752, clinicaltrials.gov). Results: More than 26% (n = 393) of women reported moderate anxiety/depression on the baseline anxiety/depression domain of the Euro-QOL 5-dimension instrument. At both the 6-12 weeks and 1-year postprocedural follow-up, there was significant improvement in the UF QOL symptom severity score (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), the total UF symptom QOL score (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), and the Euro-QOL 5-dimension visual analog scale (p < 0.001, p = 0.004) compared with the preprocedural baseline scores. The reporting of anxiety/depression decreased by 66.4% among women who were at baseline, whereas 5.6% of women previously reporting no anxiety/depression reported anxiety/depression at the 1-year follow-up. Conclusion: UF symptoms were more severe among women reporting anxiety/depression at baseline. At the 1-year follow-up, health-related QOL scores improved among all women and the prevalence of anxiety/depression decreased in most, but not all women, whereas severity of anxiety/depression worsened in a small percentage of women (5.6%). Overall, these results suggest that UF treatment improves symptoms of anxiety/depression associated with symptomatic UFs.

Black Women Are More Likely Than White Women to Schedule a Uterine-Sparing Treatment for Leiomyomas.

Background: To evaluate differences in the proportion of uterine fibroid (UF) treatments that are uterine-sparing between Black women and White women and identify factors that could explain disparities. Methods: Women at age 18-54 years who were enrolled from 10 clinical sites in the United States into the Comparing Options for Management: Patient-Centered Results for UFs (COMPARE-UF) treatment registry completed questionnaires before their UF procedure. UF symptoms and quality of life were assessed by questionnaires. Details on UF imaging and treatment (hysterectomy, myomectomy, or uterine artery embolization [UAE]) were collected from each patient's medical record. Random-effects logistic regression was used to assess the association between race and the odds of having a uterine-sparing procedure versus hysterectomy. Subgroup analyses compared each uterine-sparing procedure with hysterectomy. Results: In this cohort of 1141 White women and 1196 Black women, Black women tended to be younger (median 41.0 vs. 42.0 years) and report worse symptoms, pain, and function on every scale compared with White women. Black women were more likely to have had a prior UF treatment compared with White women (22.8% vs. 14.6%). White women had more hysterectomies (43.6% vs. 32.2%) and myomectomies (50.9% vs. 50.2%) versus Black women. Black women had more UAEs (15.1% vs. 4.7%) than White women. After adjusting for clinical site and other variables, Black women had greater odds than White women of having a myomectomy (odds ratio [OR] = 2.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.63-3.56) or a UAE versus hysterectomy (OR = 4.24, 95% CI = 2.41-7.46). Conclusion: In these participants, Black women were more likely to schedule a uterine-sparing UF treatment and a nonsurgical UF treatment than their White counterparts; this may not be true for all women. Longer comparative effectiveness studies are needed to inform women about the durability of UF treatments. Greater understanding of factors influencing treatment selection is needed as are studies that include women without access to tertiary care centers. Clinical Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02260752 (enrollment start: November 2015).

Comparative effectiveness of hysterectomy versus myomectomy on one-year health-related quality of life in women with uterine fibroids.

OBJECTIVE: To compare long-term health-related quality of life (HRQOL) 1 year after hysterectomy or myomectomy for treatment of uterine fibroids (UFs) and to determine whether route of procedure, race, or age affected improvements in HRQOL. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Eight clinical sites throughout the United States. PATIENT(S): A total of 1,113 premenopausal women with UFs who underwent hysterectomy or myomectomy as part of Comparing Options for Management: Patient-Centered Results for Uterine Fibroids. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE (S): Self-reported HRQOL measures including Uterine Fibroid Symptom Quality of Life, the European QOL 5 Dimension Health Questionnaire, and the visual analog scale at baseline and 1-year after hysterectomy or myomectomy. RESULT (S): Hysterectomy patients were older with a longer history of symptomatic UF compared with myomectomy patients. There were no differences in baseline HRQOL. After adjustment for baseline differences between groups, compared with myomectomy, patients' HRQOL (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4, 17.2) and symptom severity (95% CI, -16.3, -8.8) were significantly improved with hysterectomy. When stratified across race/ethnicity and age, hysterectomy had higher HRQOL scores compared with myomectomy. There was little difference in HRQOL (95% CI, 0.1 [-9.5, 9.6]) or symptom severity (95% CI, -3.4 [-10, 3.2]) between abdominal hysterectomy and abdominal myomectomy. CONCLUSION (S): HRQOL improved in all women 1 year after hysterectomy or myomectomy. Hysterectomy patients reported higher HRQOL summary scores compared with myomectomy patients. When stratified by route, minimally invasive hysterectomy had better HRQOL scores than minimally invasive myomectomy. There was little difference in scores with abdominal approaches.

Short-term quality of life after myomectomy for uterine fibroids from the COMPARE-UF Fibroid Registry.

BACKGROUND: Uterine fibroids may decrease quality of life in a significant proportion of affected women. Myomectomy offers a uterine-sparing treatment option for patients with uterine fibroids that can be performed abdominally, laparoscopically (with or without robotic assistance), and hysteroscopically. Quality of life information using validated measures for different myomectomy routes, especially hysteroscopic myomectomy, is limited. OBJECTIVE: To compare women's perception of their short-term health-related quality of life measures and reported time to return to usual activities and return to work for different routes of myomectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Comparing Options for Management: Patient-centered Results for Uterine Fibroids (COMPARE-UF) is a prospective nationwide fibroid registry that enrolled premenopausal women seeking treatment for uterine fibroids at 8 clinical sites. For this analysis, we included women undergoing hysteroscopic, abdominal, or laparoscopic myomectomy who completed the postprocedure questionnaire scheduled between 6 and 12 weeks after surgery. Health-related quality of life outcomes, such as pain, anxiety, and return to usual activitie, were assessed for each route. The hysteroscopic myomectomy group had large differences in demographics, fibroid number, and uterine size compared to the other groups; thus, a direct comparison of quality of life measures was performed only for abdominal and laparoscopic approaches after propensity weighting. Propensity weighting was done using 24 variables that included demographics, quality of life baseline measures, and fibroid and uterine measurements. RESULTS: A total of 1206 women from 8 COMPARE-UF sites underwent myomectomy (338 hysteroscopic, 519 laparoscopic, and 349 abdominal). All women had substantial improvement in short-term health-related quality of life and symptom severity scores, which was not different among groups. Average symptom severity scores decreased about 30 points in each group. Return to usual activities averaged 0 days (interquartile range, 0-14 days) for hysteroscopic myomectomy, 21 days (interquartile range, 14-28 days) for laparoscopic myomectomy, and 28 days (interquartile range, 14-35 days) for abdominal myomectomy. After propensity adjustment, quality of life outcomes in the laparoscopic and abdominal myomectomy groups were similar except for more anxiety in the laparoscopic myomectomy group and slightly more pain in the abdominal myomectomy group. After propensity weighting, return to usual activities favored laparoscopic compared to abdominal procedures; median time was the same at 21 days, but the highest quartile of women in the abdominal group needed an additional week of recovery (interquartile range,14.0-28.0 for laparoscopic versus 14.0-35.0 for abdominal, P < .01). Time to return to work was also longer in the abdominal arm (median, 22 days; interquartile range, 14-40 days, versus median, 42; interquartile range, 27-56). CONCLUSION: Women who underwent myomectomy had substantial improvement in health-related quality of life, regardless of route of myomectomy. After propensity weighting, abdominal myomectomy was associated with a nearly 2-week longer time to return to work than laparoscopic myomectomy.

Implementation of the uterine fibroids Option Grid patient decision aids across five organizational settings: a randomized stepped-wedge study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous overgrowths of the smooth muscle in the uterus. As they grow, some cause problems such as heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, discomfort during sexual intercourse, and rarely pregnancy complications or difficulty becoming pregnant. Multiple treatment options are available. The lack of comparative evidence demonstrating superiority of any one treatment means that choosing the best option is sensitive to individual preferences. Women with fibroids wish to consider treatment trade-offs. Tools known as patient decision aids (PDAs) are effective in increasing patient engagement in the decision-making process. However, the implementation of PDAs in routine care remains challenging. Our aim is to use a multi-component implementation strategy to implement the uterine fibroids Option Grid™ PDAs at five organizational settings in the USA. METHODS: We will conduct a randomized stepped-wedge implementation study where five sites will be randomized to implement the uterine fibroid Option Grid PDA in practice at different time points. Implementation will be guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and Normalization Process Theory (NPT). There will be a 6-month pre-implementation phase, a 2-month initiation phase where participating clinicians will receive training and be introduced to the Option Grid PDAs (available in text, picture, or online formats), and a 6-month active implementation phase where clinicians will be expected to use the PDAs with patients who are assigned female sex at birth, are at least 18 years of age, speak fluent English or Spanish, and have new or recurrent symptoms of uterine fibroids. We will exclude postmenopausal patients. Our primary outcome measure is the number of eligible patients who receive the Option Grid PDAs. We will use logistic and linear regression analyses to compare binary and continuous quantitative outcome measures (including survey scores and Option Grid use) between the pre- and active implementation phases while adjusting for patient and clinician characteristics. DISCUSSION: This study may help identify the factors that impact the implementation and sustained use of a PDA in clinic workflow from various stakeholder perspectives while helping patients with uterine fibroids make treatment decisions that align with their preferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov , NCT03985449. Registered 13 July 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03985449.

Short-Term Health-Related Quality of Life After Hysterectomy Compared With Myomectomy for Symptomatic Leiomyomas.

OBJECTIVE: To compare short-term health-related quality of life (HRQOL) 6-12 weeks after hysterectomy or myomectomy for the treatment of symptomatic leiomyomas. METHODS: We conducted a prospective comparative effectiveness analysis of data. In an existing multisite registry, we compared 6-12-week postsurgical HRQOL using the disease-specific Uterine Fibroid Symptom Quality of Life and the generic EuroQoL 5-Dimension Health Questionnaire, in women from the ages of 18-54 years with documented leiomyomas undergoing hysterectomy or myomectomy. Propensity score weighting was used to adjust for confounding, and analyses were also stratified by route of surgery. RESULTS: A total of 1,295 patients (727 with hysterectomy and 568 with myomectomy) enrolled from registry initiation in November 2015 until June 2018 met inclusion criteria. At baseline, leiomyoma-specific HRQOL (44.0±25.4 and 50.2±25.3, P<.01), symptom severity (60.7±23.6 and 51.7±24.6, P<.01), and generic HRQOL (69.3±20.4 and. 73.4±18.9, P<.01) were significantly different between the hysterectomy compared with myomectomy groups, respectively. Differences were eliminated by propensity adjustment. Substantial improvement in HRQOL measures were seen in both groups at 6-12 weeks, with the mean propensity-adjusted symptom severity score 4 points lower in hysterectomy patients (mean difference -4.6; 95% CI -7.0 to -2.3), compared with myomectomy patients. Hysterectomy patients had better scores on the concern and self-consciousness subscales compared with myomectomy patients. When stratified by surgical route, these two subscale findings were similar between minimally invasive hysterectomy and minimally invasive myomectomy. Symptom severity scores did not differ after abdominal myomectomy compared with abdominal hysterectomy, but subscale scores on activity and energy/mood were higher with myomectomy. CONCLUSION: Both hysterectomy and myomectomy were associated with substantial improvement in HRQOL at short-term follow-up, with small but statistically significant differences in symptom severity and certain subscales. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02260752.

Opioid dispensing patterns after oocyte retrieval.

OBJECTIVE: To study opioid dispensing patterns following oocyte retrieval. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): Women undergoing oocyte retrieval with a maximum of 1 opioid prescription in the 12 weeks prior to the procedure, without an opioid use or other substance use disorder. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): We measured the frequency of opioids dispensed within 3 days of oocyte retrieval, most common opioids dispensed; and quantity dispensed, in median (interquartile range [IQR] and 10th-90th percentile ranges) oral morphine milligram equivalents (MME). Multivariate regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to examine the association between patient characteristics and the occurrence of an opioid dispensing. RESULT(S): In total, 61,463 women with an oocyte retrieval met the criteria for analysis. After oocyte retrieval, 11.9% were dispensed an opioid, most commonly hydrocodone (48.5%), codeine (23.0%), and oxycodone (17.7%). The median (IQR; 10th-90th percentile) oral MME dose dispensed after retrieval was 90 (50-125; 50-207). Women with mood disorders (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.17, 95% CI 1.00-1.36), tobacco use (aOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.18-2.37), or anti-depressant use (aOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.47-1.80) were more likely to fill an opioid prescription, compared to those without these diagnoses. CONCLUSION(S): Although only a small proportion of women fill a prescription for opioids after oocyte retrieval, there is substantial variation in the amount dispensed. Patients with a concurrent mood disorder or those taking anti-depressants were more likely to fill an opioid prescription.

The Comparing Options for Management: PAtient-centered REsults for Uterine Fibroids (COMPARE-UF) registry: rationale and design.

BACKGROUND: Uterine fibroids are common in premenopausal women, yet comparative effectiveness research on uterine fibroid treatments is rare. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to design and establish a uterine fibroid registry based in the United States to provide comparative effectiveness data regarding uterine fibroid treatment. STUDY DESIGN: We report here the design and initial recruitment for the Comparing Options for Management: Patient-centered REsults for Uterine Fibroids (COMPARE-UF) registry (Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02260752), funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality in collaboration with the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. COMPARE-UF was designed to help answer critical questions about treatment options for women with symptomatic uterine fibroids. Women who undergo a procedure for uterine fibroids (hysterectomy, myomectomy [abdominal, hysteroscopic, vaginal, and laparoscopic/robotic], endometrial ablation, radiofrequency fibroid ablation, uterine artery embolization, magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound, or progestin-releasing intrauterine device insertion) at 1 of the COMPARE-UF sites are invited to participate in a prospective registry with 3 years follow up for postprocedural outcomes. Enrolled participants provide annual follow-up evaluation through an online portal or through traditional phone contact. A central data abstraction center provides information obtained from imaging, operative or procedural notes, and pathology reports. Women with uterine fibroids and other stakeholders are a key part of the COMPARE-UF registry and participate at all points from study design to dissemination of results. RESULTS: We built a network of 9 clinical sites across the United States with expertise in the care of women with uterine fibroids to capture geographic, racial, ethnic, and procedural diversity. Of the initial 2031 women who were enrolled in COMPARE-UF, 42% are self-identified as black or African American, and 40% are ≤40 years old, with 16% of participants <35 years old. Women who undergo myomectomy comprise the largest treatment group at 46% of all procedures, with laparoscopic or robotic myomectomy comprising the largest subset of myomectomies at 19% of all procedures. Hysterectomy is the second most common treatment within the registry at 38%. CONCLUSION: In response to priorities that were identified by our patient stakeholders, the initial aims within COMPARE-UF will address how different procedures that are used to treat uterine fibroids compare in terms of long-lasting symptom relief, potential for recurrence, medical complications, improvement in quality of life and sexual function, age at menopause, and fertility and pregnancy outcomes. COMPARE-UF will generate evidence on the comparative effectiveness of different procedural options for uterine fibroids and help patients and their caregivers make informed decisions that best meet an individual patient's short- and long-term preferences. Building on this infrastructure, the COMPARE-UF team of investigators and stakeholders, including patients, collaborate to identify future priorities for expanding the registry, such as assessing the efficacy of medical therapies for uterine fibroids. COMPARE-UF results will be disseminated directly to patients, providers, and other stakeholders by traditional academic pathways and by innovative methods that include a variety of social media platforms. Given demographic differences among women who undergo different uterine fibroid treatments, the assessment of comparative effectiveness for this disease through clinical trials will remain difficult. Therefore, this registry provides optimized evidence to help patients and their providers better understand the pros and cons of different treatment options so that they can make more informed decisions.

Pelvic and pulmonary benign metastasizing leiomyoma: A case report.

Seven years after she had a total abdominal hysterectomy for benign leiomyomas, a 46-year-old woman presented with a pelvic mass and multiple pulmonary nodules. She underwent resection of the mass and core needle biopsy of a pulmonary lesion. Histopathologic analysis revealed that both the pelvic and the pulmonary lesions were consistent with benign leiomyomas. Benign metastasizing leiomyoma should be considered if a woman of reproductive age and with a history of leiomyomas presents with extrauterine nodules without evidence of malignancy. The final diagnosis should be based on histopathological examination. Treatment depends on tumor size, location, receptor positivity, and disease progression.

Clinical, pathologic, cytogenetic, and molecular profiling in self-identified black women with uterine leiomyomata.

Black women are disproportionately affected by uterine leiomyomata (UL), or fibroids, compared to other racial groups, having a greater lifetime risk of developing UL and an earlier age of diagnosis. In order to elucidate molecular and genetic mechanisms responsible for the increased prevalence and morbidity associated with UL in black women, clinical, pathologic, cytogenetic, and select molecular profiling (MED12 mutation analysis) of 75 self-reported black women undergoing surgical treatment for UL was performed. Our observations are broadly representative of previous cytogenetic studies of UL: karyotypically abnormal tumors were detected in 30.7% of women and 17.4% of analyzed tumors. No notable association was observed between race and increased occurrence of cytogenetic abnormalities that might contribute to any population-specific morbidity or prevalence rate. Our data on MED12 mutation analyses (73.2% of tumors harbored a MED12 mutation) provide additional support for a significant role of MED12 in tumorigenesis. Although the effect of MED12-mediated tumorigenesis appears significant irrespective of race, other genetic events such as the distribution of karyotypic abnormalities appear differently in black women. This case series indicates that presently recognized genetic and molecular characteristics of UL do not appear to explain the increased prevalence and morbidity of UL in black women.

Gestational carrier in assisted reproductive technology.

OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles with the use of gestational carriers (GCs) with non-GC IVF cycles. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles performed with (24,269) and without (1,313,452) the use of a GC. SETTING: ART centers. PATIENT(S): Infertile patients seeking IVF with or without use of a GC. INTERVENTIONS(S): Autologous and donor oocyte cycles, fresh and cryopreserved embryo transfer cycles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Live birth rate (LBR), twin and high-order multiple birth rates. RESULT(S): Approximately 2% of embryo transfers used a GC. Per embryo transfer, GCs had greater pregnancy rate and LBR across all IVF types compared with non-GC cycles in crude models and models adjusted a priori for potential confounders. For women with uterine-factor infertility, embryo transfer with the use of a GC resulted in a higher odds of live birth for autologous fresh embryos and for cryopreserved embryos compared with patients with non-uterine-factor infertility diagnoses. CONCLUSION(S): GC benefits LBRs for some patients seeking ART. The highest LBRs occurred when the indication for GC was uterine-factor infertility.

Bio-inspired solute enables preservation of human oocytes using minimum volume vitrification.

The ability to cryopreserve human oocytes has significant potential for fertility preservation. Current cryopreservation methods still suffer from the use of conventional cryoprotectants, such as dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), causing loss of viability and function. Such injuries result from the toxicity and high concentration of cryoprotectants, as well as mechanical damage of cells due to ice crystal formation during the cooling and rewarming processes. Here we report the preservation of human oocytes following vitrification using an innovative bio-inspired cryoprotectant integrated with a minimum volume vitrification approach. The results demonstrate that the recovered human oocytes maintained viability following vitrification and rewarming. Moreover, when this approach was used to vitrify mouse oocytes, the recovered oocytes preserved their viability and function following vitrification and rewarming. This bio-inspired approach substitutes DMSO, a well-known toxic cryoprotectant, with ectoine, a non-toxic naturally occurring solute. The bio-inspired vitrification approach has the potential to improve fertility preservation for women undergoing cancer treatment and endangered mammal species.

An Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Model for Ovarian Granulosa Cell Development and Steroidogenesis.

Embryoid bodies (EBs) can serve as a system for evaluating pluripotency, cellular differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis. In this study, we use EBs derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and human amniocyte-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (hAdiPSCs) as a model for ovarian granulosa cell (GC) development and steroidogenic cell commitment. We demonstrated that spontaneously differentiated murine EBs (mEBs) and human EBs (hEBs) displayed ovarian GC markers, such as aromatase (CYP19A1), FOXL2, AMHR2, FSHR, and GJA1. Comparative microarray analysis identified both shared and unique gene expression between mEBs and the maturing mouse ovary. Gene sets related to gonadogenesis, lipid metabolism, and ovarian development were significantly overrepresented in EBs. Of the 29 genes, 15 that were differentially regulated in steroidogenic mEBs displayed temporal expression changes between embryonic, postnatal, and mature ovarian tissues by polymerase chain reaction. Importantly, both mEBs and hEBs were capable of gonadotropin-responsive estradiol (E2) synthesis in vitro (217-759 pg/mL). Live fluorescence-activated cell sorting-sorted AMHR2+ granulosa-like cells from mEBs continued to produce E2 after purification (15.3 pg/mL) and secreted significantly more E2 than AMHR2- cells (8.6 pg/mL, P < .05). We conclude that spontaneously differentiated EBs of both mESC and hAdiPSC origin can serve as a biologically relevant model for ovarian GC differentiation and steroidogenic cell commitment. These cells should be further investigated for therapeutic uses, such as stem cell-based hormone replacement therapy and in vitro maturation of oocytes.

Embryo transfer: timing and techniques.

Since the first successful human in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy nearly 40 years ago, remarkable progress has been made in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Improvements in oocyte retrieval, embryo culture, genetic screening, and embryo selection have contributed to dramatic improvements in IVF outcomes. A more robust understanding of embryologic development has driven innovation in not only the timing of embryo transfer but also the number of embryos to transfer. Additionally, overcoming the technical hurdle of embryo vitrification has given both physicians and patients several benefits including the flexibility to mitigate effects of superovulation on the endometrium, limit the number of embryos transferred, afforded an opportunity to screen the quality of embryos both by evaluating in vitro development as well as preimplantation genetic testing. Within this review, we highlight in a stepwise fashion the considerations for embryo transfer timing and technique that physicians and patients alike must consider when undergoing an IVF cycle.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Ovarian Tissue.

Yamanaka and colleagues revolutionized stem cell biology and regenerative medicine by observing that somatic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. Evidence indicates that induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells retain epigenetic memories that bias their spontaneous differentiation into the originating somatic cell type, therefore epigenetic memory may be exploited to improve tissue specific regeneration. We recently showed that iPS cells reprogrammed from ovarian granulosa cells using mouse and human tissue overwhelmingly differentiate homotypically into ovarian steroidogenic and primordial germ cells. Herein we detail a protocol for the culture of human ovarian granulosa cells. We review approaches for reprogramming human ovarian granulosa cells into iPS cells. Standard methods to induce pluripotency are outlined, concentrating on integrative retroviruses. Additionally, alternative protocols for lentivirus and Sendai virus are provided. Each approach has inherent limitations, such as reprogramming efficiency, insertional mutagenesis, and partial reprogramming. Major advances continue to be made in somatic cell reprogramming to identify an optimal approach and utilization in cell-based therapies. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Association between peak estradiol levels and ovarian torsion among symptomatic patients receiving gonadotropin treatment.

PURPOSE: Ovarian torsion is a surgical emergency that can be clinically challenging to diagnose. Patients who have received assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are a subset of women with an increased risk for torsion. As the ART population continues to increase, there is a need to delineate risk factors for the development of ovarian torsion in this unique population. A pilot study was performed to determine the proportion of patients with suspected ovarian torsion who have received ART and to identify possible diagnostic biomarkers for ovarian torsion among these patients. METHODS: A single institution retrospective cohort study of patients taken to surgery for suspected ovarian torsion over a 5-year period. RESULTS: During the study period, 171 patients were taken to surgery for suspected ovarian torsion. Patients receiving ART constituted 19 (11%) of these patients. Among the 19 fertility treatment patients, 16 had received treatment with gonadotropins, 10 of which had surgically confirmed ovarian torsion. These ten patients had higher preoperative peak estradiol levels (3122 versus 1875 pg/mL, p = 0.05) and a larger ovarian diameter (9.7 versus 7.6 cm, p = 0.05) than the six patients receiving gonadotropins found to not have ovarian torsion. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest infertility treatment using gonadotropins for ovarian hyperstimulation may be an independent risk factor for ovarian torsion as suggested by the disproportionate number of such individuals represented in the study population (9% of all patients, 84% of fertility patients). Additionally, among women taking gonadotropins, an association exists between peak estradiol levels, ovarian diameter, and risk for ovarian torsion.