Short- and long-term effects of incentives on prosocial behavior: The case of ride vouchers to a blood collection agency.

This study addresses the challenge of low blood donation rates in developing countries by examining the effectiveness of a barrier-removal incentive-a one-day transportation voucher-to promote blood donation. Utilizing a longitudinal dataset of 23,750 donors from a Brazilian blood collection agency (BCA) collected between March 2018 and May 2020, we examine the short and long-term effects of this campaign on donation rates. Our results show that the incentive had a large positive influence on both donation attempts and successful donations on the day of the campaign. However, the short-term success of the intervention had an unintended consequence: the significant increase in prospective donors' waiting time at the BCA during the intervention day, which may help explain the negative impact on return rates in the 24-month follow-up. Despite these opposing outcomes, the net effect of the one-day blood donation incentive was still positive, offering valuable insights for BCAs aiming to enhance donor recruitment and retention strategies and emphasizing the need to balance immediate benefits with potential long-term impacts.

Longitudinal attenuation in political polarization: Evidence from COVID-19 vaccination adherence in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: While political polarization in policy opinions, preferences, and observance is well established, little is known about whether and how such divisions evolve, and possibly attenuate, over time. Using the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil as the backdrop, we examine the longitudinal evolution of a highly relevant and polarizing policy: adherence to the COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS: Studies 1 (N = 3346) and 2 (N = 10,214) use nationwide surveys to document initial differences and subsequent changes in vaccination adherence between conservatives ("Bolsonaristas") and non-conservatives ("non-Bolsonaristas"). Study 3 (N = 742) uses an original dataset to investigate belief changes among conservatives and their association with asymmetric changes in vaccination adherence. RESULTS: Despite substantial differences at the early stages of rollout, the gap in vaccination adherence between conservatives and non-conservatives significantly decreased with the passage of time, driven essentially by a much faster uptake among the initially most skeptic-the conservatives. Study 3 demonstrates that the asymmetric changes in vaccination adherence were associated with meaningful belief changes among the conservatives, especially about the perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines and the expected adherence of peers to the vaccination campaign. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these studies show that, in a context where the superiority of the promoted policy becomes clear over time and individuals have the opportunity to revisit prior beliefs, even intense political polarization can be attenuated.

Stigmatizing deferrals disproportionally reduce donor return rates: Evidence from Brazil.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prior research has shown that temporary deferrals negatively influence donor return rates, but it remains unknown the extent to which these effects vary across reasons for deferral. We investigate whether deferrals differ in their degree of perceived stigmatization and, if so, how being deferred for stigmatizing (vs. non-stigmatizing) reasons affects subsequent donation behaviour. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined whether reasons for deferral vary on their perceived level of stigmatization through an online survey (n = 400). Furthermore, we used a dataset encompassing 25 years of donation records from the state-run blood collection agency (BCA) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to investigate how stigmatizing (vs. non-stigmatizing) reasons for deferral affected return rates of 82,648 donors over a 60-month follow-up period. RESULTS: Being deferred for sex- and drug-related reasons was perceived as much more stigmatizing than other reasons for deferral (odds ratio = 3.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.33-4.25). Controlling for multiple observables, prospective donors were less likely to return to the BCA when deferred for stigmatizing (vs. non-stigmatizing) reasons (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.83-0.93). CONCLUSION: Donors perceive deferrals motivated by sex- and drug-related reasons as particularly stigmatizing, which is negatively associated with donor return rates. BCAs may want to pay special attention when communicating stigmatizing reasons for deferral to prospective donors.

Breads formulated with avocado pulp powder as a fat substitute: Quality parameters and in vitro inhibition activities.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of increasing contents (5%-25%) of avocado pulp powder (APP) produced by foam-mat drying (FMD) as a substitute for hydrogenated vegetable fat in bread on its nutritional composition, physical properties, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase inhibition, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, color, structure, and x-ray diffraction patterns. The increase in the APP content decreased the values of lipids, carbohydrates, energy, firmness, and specific volume of breads. The inhibition of lipase activity showed a pronounced increase, while the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were significantly elevated. The color parameters a* and b* were higher in the breads with added APP. The crystalline structure transitioned from type A to type V with 15% APP incorporation. Taken together, these results suggest that APP has potential to act as a healthier substitute for saturated fats in breads, paving the way to develop creative and innovative solutions for the functionalization of bakery food products.

Sonoprocessing enhances the stabilization of fisetin by encapsulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells.

The objective of this study was to investigate for the first time the role of S. cerevisiae natural barriers and endogenous cytoplasmatic bodies on the stabilization of fisetin encapsulated via sonoprocessing coupled to freeze-drying (FD) or spray drying (SD). Both protocols of encapsulation improved the resistance of fisetin against thermal treatments (between 60 and 150 °C) and photochemical-induced deterioration (light exposition for 60 days) compared to non-encapsulated fisetin (antioxidant activity retention of approximately 55% and 90%, respectively). When stored under constant relative humidity (from 32.8 to 90%) for 60 days, yeast carriers improved the half-life time of fisetin by up to 4-fold. Spray dried particles were smaller (4.9 µm) and showed higher fisetin release after simulated gastrointestinal digestion (55.7%) when compared to FD. Freeze-dried particles, in turn, tended to agglomerate more than SD (zeta potential -19.7 mV), resulting in reduced loading features (6.3 mg/g) and less efficient protection of fisetin to heat, photo, and moisture-induced deterioration. Overall, spray-dried sonoprocessed fisetin capsules are an efficient way to preserve fisetin against harsh conditions. Altogether, this report shows that sonoprocessing coupled to drying is an efficient, creative, and straightforward route to protect and deliver lipophilic fisetin using yeast capsules for food applications.

Urban biodiversity: Cuterebriasis in free-ranging Robinson's mouse opossum (Marmosa robinsoni) in the suburbs of Barranquilla, Colombia.

The tropical dry forest is one of the world's most threatened ecosystems and is the habitat of the Robinson's Mouse Opossum (Marmosa robinsoni), a small marsupial within the Didelphidae family. This study aimed to describe cases of cuterebriases in free-ranging M. robinsoni by examining individuals caught in live animal traps. Sherman traps were deployed in four different sites over three different periods in five days. All animals passed through biometry, weighing, sampling parasites, and sampling feces. Only animals captured in the study site located close to the city were anesthetized and examined. The evaluation included blood samples and a clinical examination. Animals received anesthesia under physical restraint by intramuscular injections of ketamine and xylazine. For anesthetic reversion, the protocol was Yohimbine administered before release. In total, 8% (5/60) of all captured animals had fly larvae extracted from wounds. The molecular Barcode of the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene showed no match with any recognized species of Cuterebra. The animals weighed from 35 to 80 g and had lesions in the scapular region with parasites under their skin in sizes ranging from 1.3 to 2.2 cm. The animals with parasites were in good physical condition without evidence of disturbances in health conditions. This is compatible with literature, reporting little effect on population dynamics of other host species infected with Cuterebra larvae. The study included 24 animals captured in three areas far from any city, which showed no evidence of cuterebrid infection, suggesting that proximity to the city could increase exposure to cuterebriasis. There are reports of cuterebrids in M. robinsoni in Brazil; however, this is the first report of cuterebriasis in M. robinsoni in Colombia.

Oropharyngeal dysphagia and quality of life in elderly people in the late phase after stroke / Disfagia orofaríngea e qualidade de vida em idosos após a fase tardia do acidente vascular encefálico

ABSTRACT Purpose: to verify the correlation between oropharyngeal dysphagia and quality of life in elderly people in the late phase after stroke. Methods: a retrospective cross-sectional study, whose data were obtained by analyzing a database composed of 30 elderly people in the late phase after stroke. All participants underwent clinical and instrumental evaluation of swallowing through the fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. The quality of life related to swallowing was analyzed using the Quality of Life in Swallowing Disorders protocol. Data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and Spearman's correlation test (p ≤ 0.05). Results: the clinical evaluation showed that most individuals had mild oropharyngeal dysphagia, while the protocol applied in the instrumental evaluation showed swallowing with functional limitations. There was a positive correlation between burden, eating desire, eating duration, and mental health with the severity of oropharyngeal dysphagia, both by clinical and instrumental evaluation; and between the symptom's frequency and the severity of dysphagia by clinical evaluation. Conclusion: there was a correlation between the severity of oropharyngeal dysphagia and the quality of life of elderly people in the late phase after stroke.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a correlação entre disfagia orofaríngea e qualidade de vida em idosos após a fase tardia do Acidente Vascular Encefálico. Métodos: estudo transversal retrospectivo, cujos dados foram obtidos pela análise de um banco de dados, composto por 30 idosos acometidos por Acidente Vascular Encefálico, em fase tardia. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a avaliação clínica e instrumental da deglutição, por meio da videoendoscopia da deglutição. A qualidade de vida relacionada à deglutição foi analisada pelo protocolo Quality of Life in Swallowing Disorders. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e ao teste de correlação de Spearman (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: a avaliação clínica evidenciou que a maioria dos indivíduos apresentou disfagia orofaríngea leve, enquanto a escala aplicada na avaliação instrumental demonstrou deglutição com limitações funcionais. Houve correlação positiva entre fardo, desejo de se alimentar, duração da alimentação e estado mental com a gravidade da disfagia orofaríngea, tanto pela avaliação clínica quanto instrumental; e entre a frequência dos sintomas e a gravidade da disfagia pela avaliação clínica. Conclusão: houve correlação entre a gravidade da disfagia orofaríngea e a qualidade de vida de idosos após a fase tardia do Acidente Vascular Encefálico.

Sonoprocessing is an effective strategy to encapsulate fisetin into Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells.

The encapsulation of fisetin into S. cerevisiae cells through sonoporation coupled with drying is reported for the first time in the literature. To establish the best conditions to maximize the amount of internalized fisetin, the cell density (5-10% w/v), fisetin concentration (1-3 mg/mL), acoustic energy density (0-333.3 W/L), and drying method (freeze-drying and spray drying) were analyzed through a Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM). Higher encapsulation efficiency (EE) was achieved with a cell density of 10% w/v, while fisetin concentration of 3 mg/mL favored the encapsulation yield (EY) and antioxidant activity (AA). Higher EE (67.7%), EY (25.7 mg/g), and AA (90%) were registered when an acoustic density of 333.3 W/L was used. Furthermore, both drying protocols promoted fisetin encapsulation, but through spray drying, the EE, EY, and AA were 11.5%, 11.1%, and 26.6% higher than via freeze-drying, respectively. This work proved that fully filled biocapsules were produced through sonoprocessing, and their morphology was influenced by the acoustic energy and drying process. Overall, these results open new perspectives for the application of sonoprocessing-assisted encapsulation, paving the way for developing innovative yeast-based delivery systems for lipophilic compounds such as fisetin. KEY POINTS: • Sonoprocessing improves the encapsulation of fisetin into S. cerevisiae cells • Spray drying promotes fisetin loading into yeasts' intracellular space and cavities • Fisetin binding with yeast extracellular agents are favored by freeze-drying.

CRISPR/Cas- and Topical RNAi-Based Technologies for Crop Management and Improvement: Reviewing the Risk Assessment and Challenges Towards a More Sustainable Agriculture.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated gene (Cas) system and RNA interference (RNAi)-based non-transgenic approaches are powerful technologies capable of revolutionizing plant research and breeding. In recent years, the use of these modern technologies has been explored in various sectors of agriculture, introducing or improving important agronomic traits in plant crops, such as increased yield, nutritional quality, abiotic- and, mostly, biotic-stress resistance. However, the limitations of each technique, public perception, and regulatory aspects are hindering its wide adoption for the development of new crop varieties or products. In an attempt to reverse these mishaps, scientists have been researching alternatives to increase the specificity, uptake, and stability of the CRISPR and RNAi system components in the target organism, as well as to reduce the chance of toxicity in nontarget organisms to minimize environmental risk, health problems, and regulatory issues. In this review, we discuss several aspects related to risk assessment, toxicity, and advances in the use of CRISPR/Cas and topical RNAi-based technologies in crop management and breeding. The present study also highlights the advantages and possible drawbacks of each technology, provides a brief overview of how to circumvent the off-target occurrence, the strategies to increase on-target specificity, the harm/benefits of association with nanotechnology, the public perception of the available techniques, worldwide regulatory frameworks regarding topical RNAi and CRISPR technologies, and, lastly, presents successful case studies of biotechnological solutions derived from both technologies, raising potential challenges to reach the market and being social and environmentally safe.

Acute Stroke Care in Mexico City: The Hospital Phase of a Stroke Surveillance Study.

Background: Acute stroke care has greatly improved in recent decades. However, the increasing stroke mortality in low-to-middle income countries suggests that progress has not been reached completely by these populations. Here we present the analysis of the hospital phase of the first population-based stroke surveillance study. Methods: A daily hospital surveillance method was used to identify adult patients with acute stroke during 18 months in six hospitals. We abstracted data on demographics, vascular risk factors, neuroimaging-confirmed stroke types, and clinical data. Results: A total of 1361 adults with acute stroke were identified (mean age 69.2 years; 52% women) with transient ischemic attack (5.5%), acute ischemic stroke (68.6%), intracerebral hemorrhage (23.1%), cerebral venous thrombosis (0.2%), and undetermined stroke (2.6%). The main risk factors were hypertension (80.7%) and diabetes mellitus (47.6%). The usage rate of thrombolysis was 3.6%, in spite of the fact that 37.2% of acute ischemic stroke patients arrived in <4.5 h. The 30-day case fatality rate was 32.6%, higher in hemorrhagic than ischemic stroke. Conclusion: We identified limitations in acute stroke care in the Mexico City, including neuroimaging availability and thrombolysis usage. The door-to-door phase will help to depict the acute stroke burden in Mexico.

The effect of temporary deferrals on donor return: A 26-year assessment in a setting without retention activities.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies that describe the negative association between temporary deferrals and donor return rates commonly come from settings where mechanisms are in place to win back lapsing donors. There is little evidence on the size and prevalence of this negative association in settings with no such retention activities. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We use data from more than 2 million donation attempts made at a blood collection agency in Brazil over a 26-year period. We describe the distribution of deferrals across donor demographic and behavioral characteristics, and estimate multivariate survival analysis models with matched samples to measure the impact of deferrals on return rates. We control for sex, race, age, education, donation type, number of previous attempts, previous donations, and previous deferrals. We test for heterogeneous effects in interaction models with selected donor demographic and behavioral characteristics. RESULTS: Temporary deferrals were associated with a 50% decrease in the likelihood of return. Although the effect was observed for all population subgroups and across the full length of the dataset, it varied in magnitude. The influence of deferrals was more negative among older donors and those reporting replacement motives, and less negative among more educated donors and those with a previous donation. DISCUSSION: We found that temporary deferrals meaningfully harm donor careers in a setting where specific retention activities are absent. Although the effects are widespread across the population and persistent in time, there are also heterogeneities, which must be considered when designing interventions targeted at wining-back specific groups of deferred donors.

Osmoporation is a versatile technique to encapsulate fisetin using the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of Lactobacillus acidophilus cells as a novel encapsulating carrier for fisetin via osmoporation. Initially, the effects of osmotic pressure and initial fisetin concentration on the performance of the osmoporation process were evaluated. The best results were achieved when 15 MPa was applied, while the maximum loading capacity was reached when fisetin concentration of 2.0 mg·mL-1 was used. For these conditions, the cell viability, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and encapsulated fisetin content (EF) were 72%, 28%, and 0.990 mg, respectively. Further, the encapsulation was confirmed by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. DSC thermograms revealed an increase of 40 °C in the melting point of fisetin after encapsulation. In addition, the enhancement of fisetin bioaccessibility by osmoporated biocapsules is shown for the first time in the literature. When the fisetin biocapsules were subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, 99.6% of the encapsulated content were retained through the gastric stage and 45.5% were released during the intestinal stage, despite no active cells were detected during simulated digestion. These results suggest that alive cells are required for an effective osmoporation-assisted encapsulation process; however, osmoporated biocapsules can efficiently protect and preserve labile compounds, independently of their activity. Overall, this study demonstrated that osmoporation using probiotic L. acidophilus is a simple, versatile, and efficient technique to encapsulate and deliver lipophilic fisetin for food applications. KEY POINTS : •Fisetin is efficiently encapsulated into L. acidophilus via osmoporation. •Fisetin bioaccessibility is improved by osmoporation into L. acidophilus. •Release mechanisms of osmoporation carriers are independent of the cell activity.

RNAi Feeding Bioassay: A Protocol for dsRNA Screening Against Asian Citrus Psyllid and Related Hemipteran Insects.

RNA interference (RNAi) comprises a natural mechanism of gene regulation and antiviral defense system in eukaryotic cells, and results in sequence-specific degradation of RNAs. Recent scientific studies demonstrate the feasibility of use RNAi-based strategies to control pest and pathogens in plants. A key step in developing RNAi-based products is a reliable method to appropriated screening of selected dsRNAs.Herein presented are a bioassay for screening dsRNAs to control the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri, vector of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) and other hemipterans. The RNAi feeding bioassay, called in plant system (iPS), uses vegetative new growth citrus flush to deliver double-strand RNA (dsRNA ) to ACP during natural feeding .

Phytochemical characterization, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity of Gautheria procumbens essential oil.

This study investigated the chemical constituents of Gaultheria procumbens essential oil and is the first to relate cytogenotoxicity with oxidative metabolism and antimicrobial activity. Chromatographic analysis of the essential oil showed methyl salicylate (99.96%) and linalool (0.04%) as the major compounds. The essential oil showed no signs of cytogenotoxicity at different concentrations (1.82 to 58.34 mg mL-1). Furthermore, G. procumbens essential oil and methyl salicylate were used to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal microbicidal concentrations (MMC). The results showed efficacy against several microorganisms, including Aeromonas caviae, Candida albicans, and Mycobacterium fortuitum with MIC values ranging from 1.82 to 3.64 mg mL-1 and MMC values ranging from 3.64 to 12.67 mg mL-1, which were confirmed by time-kill kinetics. Based on our results, the essential oil is a promising alternative to developing future formulations to treat infections caused by microorganisms.

Cáncer de mama triple negativo asociado a dermatomiositis paraneoplásica: Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Triple-negative breast cancer associated with paraneoplastic dermatomyositis: Case report and literature review

Resumen La dermatomiositis (DM) es un tipo de miopatía inflamatoria bien definida, inmunomediada, con afectación específica del músculo esquelético y con compromiso variable de piel y otros órganos. Se caracteriza por debilidad muscular proximal, lesiones cutáneas patognomónicas de dermatomiositis como el signo de Gottron, eritema violáceo o heliotropo, y evidencia de inflamación muscular por enzimas elevadas, cambios miopáticos en electromiografía y biopsia muscular anormal. Tiene una asociación bien establecida con diferentes tipos de cáncer pero es rara su asociación con cáncer de mama. Cuando se presentan de manera concomitante, su diagnóstico requiere un estudio multidisciplinario para orientar el origen paraneoplásico frente a una etiología propiamente autoinmune que requiera terapia inmunosupresora dirigida. Describimos el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico simultáneo de carcinoma infiltrante de mama triple negativo y criterios de dermatomiositis como manifestación paraneoplásica.

Abstract Dermatomyositis (DM) is a well-defined immune-mediated inflammatory myopathy, with specific involvement of skeletal muscle and variable involvement of skin and other organs. It is characterized by proximal muscle weakness, pathognomonic skin lesions of dermatomyositis such as Gottron's sign, violaceous or heliotrope rash, and evidence of muscle inflammation due to elevated enzymes, myopathic changes on electromyography, and abnormal muscle biopsy. It has a well-established association with different types of cancer, but its association with breast cancer is rare. When they occur concomitantly, their diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary study to confirm the paraneoplastic origin versus a primarily autoimmune etiology that may require targeted immunosuppressive therapy. We describe the case of a patient with a simultaneous diagnosis of triple-negative infiltrating breast carcinoma and criteria for dermatomyositis as a paraneoplastic manifestation.

Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) reduces the inflammatory response triggered in vitro by the antipsychotic drug olanzapine in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

BACKGROUND: Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart), a Brazilian fruit, is considered a "superfruit" due its energetic properties and bioactive compounds. The açai's anti-inflammatory effects could attenuate the undesirable metabolic and pro-inflammatory side effects triggered by some antipsychotic drugs, such as Olanzapine (OLZ). It is possible to infer that açai supplement could potentially minimize the adverse effects of OLZ. Aim. This study tested the potential in vitro effects of açai hydroalcoholic extract on the inflammatory activation of the RAW 264.7 macrophage line triggered by OLZ antipsychotic drugs. METHODS: An in vitro protocol was performed using commercial RAW 264.7 macrophages, cultured under sterile conditions at 37°C with 5% CO2 saturation. Initially, a pharmacological curve was defined to determine the concentration of Olanzapine to be used. After this, the cells were supplemented with different concentrations of hydroalcoholic extract of açaí, which had been previously chemically characterized. After 24 and 72 hours of treatment, oxidative and inflammatory tests were performed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify whether the hydroalcoholic extract of açaí can modulate the oxy-inflammatory response of olanzapine in vitro. RESULTS: From a preliminary analysis, the açai extract at 5 mg/mL presented higher activity against inflammation triggered by OLZ (0.03 µg/mL). At this concentration, açai was able to reduce several oxidative and inflammatory markers triggered by OLZ (0.03 µg/mL) exposure, such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a, IFN-g) caused by OLZ (0.03 µg/mL). Moreover, açaí reverted the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 that had been dropped by OLZ exposure to their pre-exposure treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that açai extract could be useful in attenuating the peripheral inflammatory states triggered by OLZ. Additional pre-clinical and clinical investigations could be useful in testing therapeutic açai extract supplements.

Motivação discente frente às diferentes composições de turmas(des)seriadas para a Educação Física do ensino médio / Motivation students in the face of different class composition (un)serial for PhysicalEducation of high school / Motivación de los estudiantes delante de enmiendas de composición de clases (des)serias parala Educación Física en la escuela secundaria

A (Des)seriação, proposta de estruturação das turmas para Educação Física do Ensino Médio,foi elaborada com o intuito de motivar os estudantes para as aulas. Neste estudo, do tipo misto, discentes do Ensino Médio, em 2012, 2014, 2015 e 2016, responderam ao questionário Bem Estar Discente na Educação Física acrescido de uma questão aberta. A análise por estatística descritiva e comparação entre grupos revelou que a motivação intrínseca dos estudantes não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas, mas modificou a autopercepção das Necessidades Psicológicas Básicas. Já a análise de conteúdo apresentou visão negativa dos estudantes (54,6%) relacionada aos Aspectos estruturais do projeto. A crítica relacionada às turmas pares e impares, em 2016, pode ter engessado as escolhas dos alunos e os distanciado de seus objetivos ou interesses, trazendo descontentamento e prejudicando a frequência/permanência discente nas aulas de Educação Física.

The (Des)serialization, a proposal for structuring classes for Physical Education in High School, was developed with the aim of motivating students for classes. This study - mixed type - students from the High School - in 2012; 2014; 2015 and 2016, completing the questionnaire. The analysis by descriptive statistics and comparison between groups revealed that the students' intrinsic motivation did not show statistically significant differences, but modified the self-perception of Basic Psychological Needs between some years investigated. The content analysis revealed a negative view of the students (54.6%) related to the structural aspects of the project. The criticism related to even and odd classes, in 2016, may have plastered the students' choices and distanced them from their goals or interests, bringing discontent and impairing the frequency / permanence of students in Physical Education classes.

La (Des)serialización, propuesta para estructurar las clases de Educación Física en la escuela secundaria, se desarrolló con el objetivo de motivar a los estudiantes para las clases. Los estudiantes de secundaria participaron en este estudio mixto en 2012, 2014, 2015 y 2016. El análisis mediante estadísticas descriptivas y comparación entre grupos reveló que la motivación intrínseca de los estudiantes no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas, sino que modificó la autopercepción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas. El análisis de contenido mostró una visión negativa de los estudiantes (54,6%) relacionada con los Aspectos estructurales del proyecto. La crítica relacionada con las clases pares e impares, en 2016, puede haber enyesado las elecciones de los estudiantes y distanciarlos de sus objetivos o intereses, provocando descontento y obstaculizando la frecuencia de los estudiantes en las clases de Educación Física.

How changes in menu quality associate with subsequent expenditure on (un)healthy foods and beverages in school cafeterias: A three-year longitudinal study.

Evidence of the association between the school food environment and children's and adolescents' diet is mostly cross-sectional, usually based on self-reported behavior, and often conducted in high-income countries. Also, relatively little is known about how variations in menu quality associate with the subsequent expenditure on food and beverages of the same- (vs. cross-) nutritional value. Based on a three-year longitudinal dataset comprised of 4,268,457 purchases made by 20,333 children and adolescents from 54 private schools in Brazil, we unobtrusively assess how changes in (un)healthy product availability associate with students' subsequent purchase behavior. Our results reveal that, on average, only 11.6% of the products offered in the school cafeterias were of high nutritional value (HNV). Critically, expenditure on HNV products increased following both the addition of one HNV product (ß = 0.18; 95% CI = 0.128, 0.240) and, to a lesser extent, the subtraction of one low nutritional value (LNV) product from the menu (ß = -0.03; 95% CI = -0.042, -0.016). Cross-nutritional value effects were stronger for beverages. The inclusion of one HNV beverage was associated not only with a subsequent increase in expenditure on HNV beverages (ß = 0.19; 95% CI = 0.115, 0.264), but also with a decrease in expenditure on LNV beverages (ß = -0.18; 95% CI = -0.352, -0.010).Although only a small percentage of foods and beverages consumed in private school cafeterias in Brazil are of high nutritional value, improvements to menu quality have the potential to increase the consumption of healthier products and decrease the consumption of unhealthy ones.