RESUMO
PERSEUS project aims to identify the most relevant pressures exerted on the ecosystems of the Southern European Seas (SES), highlighting knowledge and data gaps that endanger the achievement of SES Good Environmental Status (GES) as mandated by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). A complementary approach has been adopted, by a meta-analysis of existing literature on pressure/impact/knowledge gaps summarized in tables related to the MSFD descriptors, discriminating open waters from coastal areas. A comparative assessment of the Initial Assessments (IAs) for five SES countries has been also independently performed. The comparison between meta-analysis results and IAs shows similarities for coastal areas only. Major knowledge gaps have been detected for the biodiversity, marine food web, marine litter and underwater noise descriptors. The meta-analysis also allowed the identification of additional research themes targeting research topics that are requested to the achievement of GES.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Ecossistema , Política Ambiental , Oceanos e Mares , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Europa (Continente) , PressãoRESUMO
A suite of biomarkers was measured in caged mussels at areas impacted by different anthropogenic activities along the Greek coastline to assess biological effects of environmental pollution. Mussels were caged at coastal sites in the vicinity of major cities, in areas influenced by major industries, agricultural practices and in islands away from known sources of pollution. Biomarkers indicative of neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase, AchE), oxidative stress (catalase, CAT), phase II biotransformation of xenobiotics (glutathione S-transferase, GST), metal exposure (metallothioneins, MTs) and protein synthesis (RNA:DNA ratio) were measured to assess effects of various types of pollutants. AchE activity proved to be the most responsive biomarker with decreased values at sites influenced by agricultural, urban and industrial activities. Decreased CAT and GST activities and increased MTs levels were recorded at a number of anthropogenic-impacted sites. RNA:DNA ratio showed a biphasic response as both high and low values were found at impacted sites. Principal component analysis clearly distinguished sites receiving pollution inputs from non-polluted sites. The combination of the selected biomarkers used in caged mussels resulted useful in the assessment of the effects of environmental pollution.
Assuntos
Bivalves/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Poluição Química da Água/efeitos adversos , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores/análise , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Catalase/metabolismo , Monitoramento Ambiental , Geografia , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Grécia , Metalotioneína/metabolismo , Oceanos e Mares , Análise de Componente Principal , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluição Química da Água/análiseRESUMO
In order to better understand environmental disturbances in the French coastal Mediterranean lagoons, we used an ecotoxicological approach based on the measurement of the toxicity of the sediments using oyster embryo bioassay that provides a basis for assessing the effects on the fauna of contaminants adsorbed on the sedimentary particles. The study covers all of the main lagoons of the French Mediterranean coasts of Languedoc Roussillon, Camargue, and Provence (Berre and Bolmon lagoons), where 188 stations were sampled. The toxicity tests provide evidence of variable levels of toxicity in sediments. Contaminated lagoons such as La peyrade, Le canet, and Ingrill and locally affected lagoons such as Bages-Sigean, Vaccares, Bolmon, and Berre have sampling stations with 100% of larval abnormalities during 24-h development. In all of the lagoons, the toxicity was mainly located close to local harbors and rivers. Salses Leucate (Languedoc roussillon) lagoon was found very clean, with no important toxicity. The results are discussed in terms of environmental disturbances of the coastal lagoons and with regard to the long-term monitoring of the impact of contaminants on the coastal environment.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Sedimentos Geológicos/análise , Ostreidae/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Bioensaio , França , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Região do Mediterrâneo , Ostreidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeAssuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Escherichia coli O157/genética , Escherichia coli O157/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Matadouros/normas , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado/veterinária , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Escherichia coli O157/patogenicidade , Fezes/microbiologia , França/epidemiologia , Carne/microbiologia , Epidemiologia Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Toxina Shiga/biossíntese , Células Vero , Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
Despite optimistic forecasts by various scientists after regulatory measures were taken in the 1980s, coastal tributyltin (TBT) contamination is still a major problem. The present study concerning Corsica (Western Mediterranean) shows that contamination is not limited to harbour areas, but extends along the coast, involving protected nature reserves. The concentrations measured in harbours, which can reach 200 ng TBT l(-1), tend to incriminate both pleasure craft and ferries providing regular service between the island and the continent. Contamination as high as 7 ng TBT l(-1) has been measured in waters of the Scandola nature reserve, which is quite excessive given the no effect concentrations (NOEC) for marine fauna are around 1-2 ng TBT l(-1). The inadequacy of current regulations and their application are a major factor in this situation.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Compostos de Trialquitina/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , França , Política Pública , Recreação , Navios , Poluição da Água/prevenção & controleRESUMO
A chlamydiosis outbreak occurred in a Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata) captive breeding group in Saudi Arabia, inducing peracute deaths, highly variable clinical signs, and pathological and histological lesions. Typical inclusion bodies in stained impression smears of spleen and prevalence (80%) of antibodies against Chlamydia, detected by a competitive enzyme immunoassay test, provided the bases for the diagnosis. This is the first report on a chlamydiosis outbreak in birds of the family Otididae.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves , Infecções por Chlamydia/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Aves , Infecções por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Prevalência , Arábia Saudita/epidemiologia , Baço/microbiologia , Baço/patologiaRESUMO
A strain of picorna-like virus cultivated in the yolk sac membranes of inoculated eggs was inoculated into 6-day-old turkeys. Clinical signs and mortality were observed between two and three weeks. Virus was seen in the faeces. The post-mortem and histological changes in the organs of infected birds were highly suggestive of a viral aetiology. The virus was reisolated from organs of sick and dead poults by inoculating SPF embryonated eggs.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/transmissão , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão , Perus , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Feminino , França , Testes de Inibição da Hemaglutinação/veterinária , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/transmissão , Oviposição , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Traqueia/microbiologia , Perus/fisiologiaRESUMO
A candidate breeder flock of turkeys was studied during and after an outbreak of rhinotracheitis. Laboratory studies revealed the presence of three pathogens during the acute phase of the disease. These agents were hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), paramyxovirus type 2 (PMV2), and chlamydia. Twenty-five turkeys in the flock were individually identified, and blood samples from these birds were collected for serological studies each week for 21 weeks. The serological results revealed high titers for HEV and chlamydia but very low titers for PMV2.
Assuntos
Chlamydophila psittaci/isolamento & purificação , Coronaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Coronavirus do Peru/isolamento & purificação , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Paramyxoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/veterinária , Rinite/veterinária , Traqueíte/veterinária , Perus , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Chlamydophila psittaci/imunologia , Coronavirus do Peru/imunologia , França , Paramyxoviridae/imunologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Infecções Respiratórias/imunologia , Infecções Respiratórias/microbiologia , Rinite/imunologia , Rinite/microbiologia , Traqueíte/imunologia , Traqueíte/microbiologiaRESUMO
During the summer of 1981, a respiratory disease epidemic occurred in turkeys in Brittany, France. Since this initial epizootic, which lasted through fall, epizootic waves similar to the initial one have occurred at approximately 6-month intervals, with smaller peaks at 2-month intervals. The epidemiology, clinical signs, and postmortem findings were highly suggestive of an epizootic of chlamydiosis. Serological tests for chlamydia, paramyxoviruses, avian influenza, adenovirus 127, mycoplasma, and Alcaligenes faecalis were conducted. The chlamydia tests were the only ones consistently positive.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/veterinária , Rinite/veterinária , Traqueíte/veterinária , Perus , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Chlamydia/imunologia , Testes de Fixação de Complemento/veterinária , França , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/imunologia , Rinite/epidemiologia , Rinite/imunologia , Estações do Ano , Traqueíte/epidemiologia , Traqueíte/imunologiaRESUMO
After discovering that numerous turkey flocks experiencing rhinotracheitis in Brittany, France, had antibodies against chlamydia, laboratory studies were conducted to determine whether chlamydia and/or viruses would explain the respiratory disease observed. Although both lentogenic paramyxoviruses of type 1 (Newcastle disease virus) and Chlamydia psittaci were isolated, it was concluded, based on epidemiologic and other laboratory findings, that C. psittaci was the primary cause of the disease.
Assuntos
Chlamydophila psittaci/isolamento & purificação , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/etiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/veterinária , Rinite/veterinária , Traqueíte/veterinária , Perus , Animais , Chlamydophila psittaci/patogenicidade , França , Microscopia Eletrônica , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/patogenicidade , Infecções Respiratórias/etiologia , Rinite/etiologia , Traqueíte/etiologiaRESUMO
A respiratory disease occurred in a colony of 14 touracos in a zoological garden. Birds developed signs of disease during a period of 2 weeks and three died. Gross lesions consisted of hyperaemia of lungs, liver and kidney. An avian orthomyxovirus serotype Hav3 (or H11) was isolated. Five and 11 months after the outbreak antibodies against this serotype were present in the previously affected birds. Disease signs were not observed in another group of 14 touracos housed at the exit to the Zoo, and these birds did not contract the disease when they were moved into the building where the outbreak had taken place 4 1/2 months before. Antibodies against influenza virus were not found in these birds. It is concluded that the disease was caused by the influenza virus isolated.
RESUMO
Thirty-five flocks of young turkeys with diarrhoea were studied and four different viruses were incriminated. The techniques used for these studies and the results all described. The observations on the sick flocks and the laboratory findings, and the possible presence of pararotavirus in turkeys in France, are discussed.
RESUMO
This study was performed with the use of the MG/S6 strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, reference sera, sera from vaccinated chickens (given at inactivated vaccine) and sera from infected turkeys in the field. Titres of antibody detected were well correlated for the three tests. However, the plate agglutination test (PAT) allowed the earliest detection, and metabolic inhibition test (MIT) was as sensitive and specific as the haemagglutination inhibition test (HIT). MIT allowed a good repeatability of results, and discriminated very well between positive and negative sera. Serological studies with MIT using a constant dilution of sera gave results comparable with titration by MIT, with a valuable saving of time and material. PAT was found to be one of the best techniques for mass serological screening. Results with MIT and HIT confirmed the PAT results, but MIT was more easily interpreted, particularly with sera taken during the late phase of antibody decrease.
RESUMO
Forty-nine sick turkeys (from 31 flocks), 2- to 6-week-old, were examined. They had enteritic and respiratory signs. Direct electron microscopy, inoculation of embryonated eggs by the yolk sac route and inoculation of young SPF turkeys with materials from affected turkeys showed in several cases presence of picornalike virus. Two strains of virus were isolated.
RESUMO
Many types of infectious agent have been observed during the past 2 years in studies on diseased turkeys in Brittany. Electron microscopy was found to be a very useful tool. This paper presents illustrations of a variety of infectious agents seen in the material examined by negative staining or in ultrathin sections.
Assuntos
Vírus da Parainfluenza 2 Humana/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Parainfluenza 3 Humana/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/veterinária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Respirovirus/isolamento & purificação , Perus/microbiologia , Animais , Cloaca/microbiologia , Feminino , França , Testes de Inibição da Hemaglutinação/veterinária , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/microbiologia , Traqueia/microbiologiaRESUMO
Protection against challenge following rabies vaccination occurs early in the mouse. However, before this protection appears, vaccinated mice die earlier than control mice receiving a placebo. Study of this 'early death' shows that this phenomenon occurs when challenge is made with the CVS fixed virus and a field isolate from the salivary glands of the fox; by different routes of inoculation and for various infectious doses, and finally, when this challenge is made before or after vaccination. This phenomenon can be transferred via spleen cells or plasma of vaccinated animals into infected recipients. Lack of thymus in the mouse prevents early death, but reduction of B lymphocytes population by cyclophosphamide have no effect on this death. Kinetic studies of different parameters, taken into account when studying this phenomenon, show fluctuations of the survival time after challenge in inoculated mice, as well as in controls. As a consequence of these fluctuations, a shift between mortalities of vaccinated animals and controls is observed.
Assuntos
Vacina Antirrábica/administração & dosagem , Vírus da Raiva/imunologia , Raiva/imunologia , Animais , Feminino , Cinética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Raiva/mortalidade , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Timo/imunologiaRESUMO
The reactions of mice were studied for a period of 10 days after their vaccination with an inactivated rabies vaccine. The kinetics of their resistance to an intracerebral challenge and neutralizing antibody activity of their serum were determined daily. Protection began on the fourth day after vaccination and was approximately correlated with virus-neutralizing antibody titres from the sixth to the tenth day. However, in vaccinated mice still unprotected, death following the intracerebral challenge occurred earlier than in unvaccinated control mice. This "early death phenomenon" is proposed as a model for immuno-pathological study of reaction to rabies vaccines.
Assuntos
Vacina Antirrábica/imunologia , Raiva/imunologia , Vacinação , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Camundongos , Vírus da Raiva/imunologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
When challenged by intramuscular route with the rabies strain CVS, mice treated with cyclophosphamide and then vaccinated died during the four days following vaccination in larger numbers and earlier than controls which had been treated but not vaccinated. This phenomenon can be transferred, via splenocytes of mice treated with cyclophosphamide and then vaccinated, into syngenic mice infected 24 h earlier by a large amount of virus (10.000 LD50 by intracerebral route). On the other hand, mice infected with a small amount of virus (1 LD50 by intracerebral route) can be protected by transferred splenocytes. These data suggest that an immunopathological phenomenon is involved in experimental rabies of mice, supported by direct or indirect action of T lymphocytes against infected target cells. Possible implications of this hypothesis in pre- or post-exposure vaccination are discussed.