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Immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) affect tumor progression and hold promise for therapeutic applications. Eosinophils are major effectors in Th2-related pathologies recently implied in cancer. Here, we evaluated the anti-tumor activities of eosinophil-derived EV following activation with the alarmin IL-33. We demonstrate that IL-33-activated mouse and human eosinophils produce higher quantities of EV with respect to eosinophils stimulated with IL-5. Following incorporation of EV from IL-33-activated eosinophils (Eo33-EV), but not EV from IL-5-treated eosinophils (Eo5-EV), mouse and human tumor cells increased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI)-related genes resulting in cell cycle arrest in G0/G1, reduced proliferation and inhibited tumor spheroid formation. Moreover, tumor cells incorporating Eo33-EV acquired an epithelial-like phenotype characterized by E-Cadherin up-regulation, N-Cadherin downregulation, reduced cell elongation and migratory extent in vitro, and impaired capacity to metastasize to lungs when injected in syngeneic mice. RNA sequencing revealed distinct mRNA signatures in Eo33-EV and Eo5-EV with increased presence of tumor suppressor genes and enrichment in pathways related to epithelial phenotypes and negative regulation of cellular processes in Eo33-EV compared to Eo5-EV. Our studies underscore novel IL-33-stimulated anticancer activities of eosinophils through EV-mediated reprogramming of tumor cells opening perspectives on the use of eosinophil-derived EV in cancer therapy.
Assuntos
Eosinófilos , Vesículas Extracelulares , Interleucina-33 , Animais , Interleucina-33/metabolismo , Camundongos , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Humanos , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Reprogramação CelularRESUMO
Trogocytosis is a cellular process whereby a cell acquires a membrane fragment from a donor cell in a contact-dependent manner allowing for the transfer of surface proteins with functional integrity. It is involved in various biological processes, including cell-cell communication, immune regulation, and response to pathogens and cancer cells, with poorly defined molecular mechanisms. With the exception of eosinophils, trogocytosis has been reported in most immune cells and plays diverse roles in the modulation of anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we report that eosinophils acquire membrane fragments from tumor cells early after contact through the CD11b/CD18 integrin complex. We discuss the impact of trogocytosis in innate immune cells on cancer progression in the context of the evidence that eosinophils can engage in trogocytosis with tumor cells. We also discuss shared and cell-specific mechanisms underlying this process based on in silico modeling and provide a hypothetical molecular model for the stabilization of the immunological synapse operating in granulocytes and possibly other innate immune cells that enables trogocytosis.
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The liver X receptor (LXR) is a key transcriptional regulator of cholesterol, fatty acid, and phospholipid metabolism. Dynamic remodeling of immunometabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism, is a crucial step in T cell activation. Here, we explored the role of LXR-regulated metabolic processes in primary human CD4+ T cells and their role in controlling plasma membrane lipids (glycosphingolipids and cholesterol), which strongly influence T cell immune signaling and function. Crucially, we identified the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis enzyme glucosylceramide synthase as a direct transcriptional LXR target. LXR activation by agonist GW3965 or endogenous oxysterol ligands significantly altered the glycosphingolipid:cholesterol balance in the plasma membrane by increasing glycosphingolipid levels and reducing cholesterol. Consequently, LXR activation lowered plasma membrane lipid order (stability), and an LXR antagonist could block this effect. LXR stimulation also reduced lipid order at the immune synapse and accelerated activation of proximal T cell signaling molecules. Ultimately, LXR activation dampened proinflammatory T cell function. Finally, compared with responder T cells, regulatory T cells had a distinct pattern of LXR target gene expression corresponding to reduced lipid order. This suggests LXR-driven lipid metabolism could contribute to functional specialization of these T cell subsets. Overall, we report a mode of action for LXR in T cells involving the regulation of glycosphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism and demonstrate its relevance in modulating T cell function.
Assuntos
Colesterol/genética , Glicoesfingolipídeos/genética , Receptores X do Fígado/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Benzoatos/farmacologia , Benzilaminas/farmacologia , Membrana Celular , Colesterol/imunologia , Feminino , Glucosiltransferases/genética , Glicoesfingolipídeos/biossíntese , Glicoesfingolipídeos/imunologia , Humanos , Sinapses Imunológicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinapses Imunológicas/genética , Ligantes , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/imunologia , Receptores X do Fígado/agonistas , Receptores X do Fígado/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores X do Fígado/genética , Masculino , Redes e Vias Metabólicas/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxisteróis/farmacologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Oncoimmunology represents a biomedical research discipline coined to study the roles of immune system in cancer progression with the aim of discovering novel strategies to arm it against the malignancy. Infiltration of immune cells within the tumor microenvironment is an early event that results in the establishment of a dynamic cross-talk. Here, immune cells sense antigenic cues to mount a specific anti-tumor response while cancer cells emanate inhibitory signals to dampen it. Animals models have led to giant steps in this research context, and several tools to investigate the effect of immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment are currently available. However, the use of animals represents a challenge due to ethical issues and long duration of experiments. Organs-on-chip are innovative tools not only to study how cells derived from different organs interact with each other, but also to investigate on the crosstalk between immune cells and different types of cancer cells. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art of microfluidics and the impact of OOC in the field of oncoimmunology underlining the importance of this system in the advancements on the complexity of tumor microenvironment.
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Salivary gland tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms representing less than 10% of all head and neck tumors. Among salivary gland tumors, salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is a rare, but highly aggressive malignant tumor resembling ductal breast carcinoma. Sublingual treatments are promising for SDC due to the induction of both local and systemic biological effects and to reduced systemic toxicity compared to other administration routes. In the present study, we first established that the sublingual administration of type I IFN (IFN-I) is safe and feasible, and exerts antitumor effects both as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy in transplantable tumor models, i.e., B16-OVA melanoma and EG.7-OVA lymphoma. Subsequently, we proved that sublingual IFN-I in combination with cyclophosphamide (CTX) induces a long-lasting reduction of tumor mass in NeuT transgenic mice that spontaneously develop SDC. Most importantly, tumor shrinkage in NeuT transgenic micewas accompanied by the emergence of tumor-specific cellular immune responses both in the blood and in the tumor tissue. Altogether, these results provide evidence that sublingual IFN holds promise in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer.
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Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Interferon Tipo I/administração & dosagem , Interferon Tipo I/uso terapêutico , Transplante de Neoplasias/patologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/patologia , Administração Sublingual , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos/patologia , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neoplasias das Glândulas Salivares/patologiaRESUMO
Metastatic melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of cancers, diffused worldwide and with a significant percentage of lethality. The employment of animal models to test therapeutic strategies against melanoma growth and metastatic spread is of key relevance for cancer biologists. In this regard, the count of metastatic foci in murine lung tissue is one of the recognized methods to monitor macrometastases of melanoma. Here, we illustrate a clonogenic assay method to detect with high sensitivity the presence of single melanoma cells (micrometastases) at the pulmonary level when metastatic foci are still not detectable in the tissue. This method allows for high precision detection and quantification of melanoma metastatic spread to the lung at early stages.
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Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Melanoma Experimental/metabolismo , Ensaio Tumoral de Célula-Tronco , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Camundongos , Metástase NeoplásicaRESUMO
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is an epithelial-derived cytokine that can be released upon tissue damage, stress, or infection, acting as an alarmin for the immune system. IL-33 has long been studied in the context of Th2-related immunopathologies, such as allergic diseases and parasitic infections. However, its capacity to stimulate also Th1-type of immune responses is now well established. IL-33 binds to its specific receptor ST2 expressed by most immune cell populations, modulating a variety of responses. In cancer immunity, IL-33 can display both pro-tumoral and anti-tumoral functions, depending on the specific microenvironment. Recent findings indicate that IL-33 can effectively stimulate immune effector cells (NK and CD8+ T cells), eosinophils, basophils and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) promoting direct and indirect anti-tumoral activities. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances on anti-tumor immune mechanisms operated by IL-33, including the modulation of immune checkpoint molecules, with the aim to understand its potential as a therapeutic target in cancer.
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Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Eosinófilos/imunologia , Imunoterapia/métodos , Interleucina-33/metabolismo , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Animais , Carcinogênese , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Proteína 1 Semelhante a Receptor de Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Neoplasias/terapia , Transdução de Sinais , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Eosinophils are rare blood-circulating and tissue-infiltrating immune cells studied for decades in the context of allergic diseases and parasitic infections. Eosinophils can secrete a wide array of soluble mediators and effector molecules, with potential immunoregulatory activities in the tumor microenvironment (TME). These findings imply that these cells may play a role in cancer immunity. Despite these cells were known to infiltrate tumors since many years ago, their role in TME is gaining attention only recently. In this chapter, we will review the main biological functions of eosinophils that can be relevant within the TME. We will discuss how these cells may undergo phenotypic changes acquiring pro- or antitumoricidal properties according to the surrounding stimuli. Moreover, we will analyze canonical (i.e., degranulation) and unconventional mechanisms (i.e., DNA traps, exosome secretion) employed by eosinophils in inflammatory contexts, which can be relevant for tumor immune responses. Finally, we will review the available preclinical models that could be employed for the study of the role in vivo of eosinophils in cancer.
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Eosinófilos/citologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Eosinófilos/imunologia , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologiaRESUMO
Eosinophils are major effectors of Th2-related pathologies, frequently found infiltrating several human cancers. We recently showed that eosinophils play an essential role in anti-tumor responses mediated by immunotherapy with the 'alarmin' intereukin-33 (IL-33) in melanoma mouse models. Here, we analyzed the mechanisms by which IL-33 mediates tumor infiltration and antitumor activities of eosinophils. We show that IL-33 recruits eosinophils indirectly, via stimulation of tumor cell-derived chemokines, while it activates eosinophils directly, up-regulating CD69, the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and CD11b/CD18, and the degranulation marker CD63. In co-culture experiments with four different tumor cell lines, IL-33-activated eosinophils established large numbers of stable cell conjugates with target tumor cells, with the polarization of eosinophil effector proteins (ECP, EPX, and granzyme-B) and CD11b/CD18 to immune synapses, resulting in efficient contact-dependent degranulation and tumor cell killing. In tumor-bearing mice, IL-33 induced substantial accumulation of degranulating eosinophils within tumor necrotic areas, indicating cytotoxic activity in vivo. Blocking of CD11b/CD18 signaling significantly reduced IL-33-activated eosinophils' binding and subsequent killing of tumor cells, indicating a crucial role for this integrin in triggering degranulation. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights for eosinophil-mediated anti-tumoral function driven by IL-33. Treatments enabling tumor infiltration and proper activation of eosinophils may improve therapeutic response in cancer patients.
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Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a IL-1 family member of cytokines exerting pleiotropic activities. In the steady-state, IL-33 is expressed in the nucleus of epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblast-like cells acting as a nuclear protein. In response to tissue damage, infections or necrosis IL-33 is released in the extracellular space, where it functions as an alarmin for the immune system. Its specific receptor ST2 is expressed by a variety of immune cell types, resulting in the stimulation of a wide range of immune reactions. Recent evidences suggest that different IL-33 isoforms exist, in virtue of proteolytic cleavage or alternative mRNA splicing, with potentially different biological activity and functions. Although initially studied in the context of allergy, infection, and inflammation, over the past decade IL-33 has gained much attention in cancer immunology. Increasing evidences indicate that IL-33 may have opposing functions, promoting, or dampening tumor immunity, depending on the tumor type, site of expression, and local concentration. In this review we will cover the biological functions of IL-33 on various immune cell subsets (e.g., T cells, NK, Treg cells, ILC2, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, DCs, and macrophages) that affect anti-tumor immune responses in experimental and clinical cancers. We will also discuss the possible implications of diverse IL-33 mutations and isoforms in the anti-tumor activity of the cytokine and as possible clinical biomarkers.
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Imunidade/imunologia , Imunomodulação/imunologia , Interleucina-33/imunologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Animais , HumanosRESUMO
The alarmin IL-33 is an IL-1 family member that stimulates pleiotropic immune reactions depending on the target tissue and microenvironmental factors. In this study, we have investigated the role of IL-33/ST2 axis in antitumor response to melanoma. Injection of IL-33 in mice-bearing subcutaneous B16.F10 melanoma resulted in significant tumor growth delay. This effect was associated with intratumoral accumulation of CD8+ T cells and eosinophils, decrease of immunosuppressive myeloid cells, and a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine expression pattern with local and systemic activation of CD8+ T and NK cells. Moreover, intranasal administration of IL-33 determined ST2-dependent eosinophil recruitment in the lung that prevented the onset of pulmonary metastasis after intravenous injection of melanoma cells. Accordingly, ST2-deficient mice developed pulmonary metastasis at higher extent than wild-type counterparts, associated with lower eosinophil frequencies in the lung. Of note, depletion of eosinophils by in vivo treatment with anti-Siglec-F antibody abolished the ability of IL-33 to both restrict primary tumor growth and metastasis formation. Finally, we show that IL-33 is able to activate eosinophils resulting in efficient killing of target melanoma cells, suggesting a direct antitumor activity of eosinophils following IL-33 treatment. Our results advocate for an eosinophil-mediated antitumoral function of IL-33 against melanoma, thus opening perspectives for novel cancer immunotherapy strategies.