The impact of freezing of gait on functional dependency in Parkinson's disease with regard to motor phenotype.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling symptom more frequent in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with postural instability gait difficulty (PIGD) phenotype. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of self-reported FOG in a large group of PD patients as well as assess its relationship with functional dependency with regard to motor phenotype. METHODS: The data correspond to the baseline evaluation of the COPPADIS-2015 study. Patients with FOG were identified as those with a score of 1 or greater on item-3 of the freezing of gait questionnaire (FOG-Q). Functional dependency was defined as a Schwab and England (S&E) ADL scale score less than 80%. PIGD and non-PIGD (tremor dominant + indeterminate) groups were considered regarding to motor phenotype. RESULTS: Among the 689 PD patients (62.6 ± 8.9 years old, 59.8% males), 240 reported FOG (34.8%), whereas 63 presented functional dependency (9.1%). A total of 22.1% of patients with FOG presented functional dependency vs. only 2.2% of those without FOG (p < 0.0001). FOG was related to functional dependency (OR = 3.470; 95%CI 1.411-8.530; p = 0.007) after adjustment to age, gender, disease duration, daily equivalent levodopa dose, comorbidity (number of non-antiparkinsonian drugs/day), motor status (UPDRS-III), PIGD phenotype, motor complications (UPDRS-IV), NMS burden (NMSS total score), cognition (PD-CRS), and mood (BDI-II). However, according to motor phenotype, FOG was related to functional dependency only in PIGD patients (OR = 7.163; 95%CI 1.206-42.564; p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported FOG is associated with functional dependency in PIGD but not in non-PIGD motor phenotype patients.

Dolor en la enfermedad de Parkinson: prevalencia, características, factores asociados y relación con otros síntomas no motores, calidad de vida, autonomía y sobrecarga del cuidador / Pain in Parkinson’s disease: prevalence, characteristics, associated factors, and relation with other non motor symptoms, quality of life, autonomy, and caregiver burden

Introducción. El dolor es un síntoma no motor muy frecuente en la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP), aunque infravalorado. Analizamos la prevalencia del dolor, características, factores asociados y su repercusión sobre la calidad de vida y autonomía del paciente en una serie consecutiva de pacientes con EP. Pacientes y métodos. El diagnóstico de dolor se realizó de acuerdo con la International Association for the Study of Pain. Efectuamos una entrevista estructurada y utilizamos el Brief Pain Inventory y el Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short Form. Resultados. De un total de 159 pacientes incluidos (edad media: 72,31 ± 8,83 años; 51,3% mujeres), 115 (72,3%) presentaban dolor. De éstos, el 51,3% presentaba dolor antes del diagnóstico de EP y un 27,8% más de un tipo de dolor, siendo los más frecuentes el musculoesquelético (74,8%) y el radicular-neuropático (24,3%). En el 53%, el dolor se clasificó como relacionado con la EP. Un 37,4% no recibía ningún tratamiento para el dolor. La presencia de sintomatología depresiva se mostró como un predictor independiente de dolor (odds ratio = 7,82; intervalo de confianza al 95%, IC 95% = 1,151- 53,183; p = 0,035). El dolor se mostró como un predictor independiente de peor calidad de vida (Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39; coeficiente de regresión: 25,53; error estándar: 11,852; IC 95% = 1,48-49,57; p = 0,03) y menor autonomía(escala de actividades de la vida diaria de Schwab y England; coeficiente de regresión: –13,85; error estándar: 6,327; IC 95% = –26,58 a –1,2; p = 0,034). Conclusiones. El dolor es un síntoma no motor muy frecuente en la EP, que se asocia a la presencia de depresión, y que predice una peor calidad de vida y autonomía por parte del paciente (AU)

Introduction. Pain is one of the most common non motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, it is underrecognized. We examine the prevalence of pain, characteristics, associated factors, and relation with quality of life and autonomy in a consecutive series of PD patients. Patients and methods. Pain was identified according to International Association for the Study of Pain. Brief Pain Inventory and Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form were used. Results. Of the 159 patients (72.31 ± 8.83 years; 51.3% female), 115 (72.3%) presented pain. Of these, 51.3% reported pain onset before PD-diagnosis, 27.8% two or more pain types, and 53% PD-related pain. Musculoskeletal (74.8%) andradicular-neuropathic (24.3%) were the types of pain most frequent. The 37.4% of the patients with pain did not received analgesic treatment. Depression was an independent predictor of pain (OR = 7.82; 95% CI = 1.151-53.183; p = 0.035).Pain was an independent predictor of worst quality of life (PDQ-39; regression coefficient: 25.53; standard error: 11.852; 95% CI = 1.48-49.57; p = 0.03) and lower autonomy (Schwab & England; regression coefficient: –13.85; standard error: 6.327; 95% CI = –26.58 to –1.2; p = 0.034). Conclusions. Pain is very frequent in PD patients. It is associated with depression, and predicts a worst quality of life and lower autonomy for the patient (AU)

[Pain in Parkinson's disease: prevalence, characteristics, associated factors, and relation with other non motor symptoms, quality of life, autonomy, and caregiver burden]. / Dolor en la enfermedad de Parkinson: prevalencia, características, factores asociados y relación con otros síntomas no motores, calidad de vida, autonomía y sobrecarga del cuidador.

INTRODUCTION: Pain is one of the most common non motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is underrecognized. We examine the prevalence of pain, characteristics, associated factors, and relation with quality of life and autonomy in a consecutive series of PD patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Pain was identified according to International Association for the Study of Pain. Brief Pain Inventory and Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form were used. RESULTS: Of the 159 patients (72.31 ± 8.83 years; 51.3% female), 115 (72.3%) presented pain. Of these, 51.3% reported pain onset before PD-diagnosis, 27.8% two or more pain types, and 53% PD-related pain. Musculoskeletal (74.8%) and radicular-neuropathic (24.3%) were the types of pain most frequent. The 37.4% of the patients with pain did not received analgesic treatment. Depression was an independent predictor of pain (OR = 7.82; 95% CI = 1.151-53.183; p = 0.035). Pain was an independent predictor of worst quality of life (PDQ-39; regression coefficient: 25.53; standard error: 11.852; 95% CI = 1.48-49.57; p = 0.03) and lower autonomy (Schwab and England; regression coefficient: -13.85; standard error: 6.327; 95% CI = -26.58 to -1.2; p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Pain is very frequent in PD patients. It is associated with depression, and predicts a worst quality of life and lower autonomy for the patient.

Síntomas sensoriales en la enfermedad de Parkinson / Sensory symptoms in Parkinson’s disease

Introducción. Los trastornos no motores de la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) comprenden todos aquellos trastornos que no son síntomas motores: trastornos neuropsiquiátricos y de la conducta (demencia, depresión, ansiedad, psicosis), autonómicos (hipotensión postural, trastornos gastrointestinales, genitourinarios, diaforesis), trastornos del sueño (insomnio, somnolencia, trastorno de conducta en fase REM, apnea), sensitivomotores (fatiga, diplopía, síndrome de piernas inquietas) y sensoriales. Desarrollo. Se revisa lo más relevante acerca de los síntomas no motores sensoriales en la EP: alteraciones visuales, disfunción olfatoria, alteraciones del gusto, hipoacusia y otros trastornos auditivos, y dolor y síntomas sensitivos asociados. Conclusiones. El dolor es un síntoma muy prevalente e infradiagnosticado en la EP, siendo muy importante su identificación y tipificación para un correcto tratamiento. La hiposmia es un síntoma muy frecuente que podría utilizarse como marcador precoz de la EP. Diversas alteraciones visuales y auditivas deben tenerse en cuenta igualmente en los pacientes con EP (AU)

Introduction. In addition to the motor disturbances experienced by the patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease (PD), several non-motor symptoms also affect the PD patients: neurobehavior symptoms (dementia, depression, anxiety, psychosis), autonomic (postural hypotension, urinary symptoms, gastro intestinal symptoms, diaphoresis), sleep disorders (insomnia, somnolence, REM sleep behavior disorder, apnea), sensitive-motor (fatigue, diplopia, restless legs syndrome), and sensory symptoms. Development. We review the most relevant about sensory symptoms in PD: visual dysfunction, olfactory dysfunction, taste, hearing loss, and pain and other sensitive associate symptoms. Conclusions. Pain is frequently observed in patients with PD, being its prevalence high and probably infra diagnosed. Its identification and classification is very important for a correct treatment. Hyposmia is a common symptom in PD and could be a predictor of future PD. Visual dysfunction and hearing dysfunction among others must be considered in patients with PD (AU)