Generative AI enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content.

Creativity is core to being human. Generative artificial intelligence (AI)-including powerful large language models (LLMs)-holds promise for humans to be more creative by offering new ideas, or less creative by anchoring on generative AI ideas. We study the causal impact of generative AI ideas on the production of short stories in an online experiment where some writers obtained story ideas from an LLM. We find that access to generative AI ideas causes stories to be evaluated as more creative, better written, and more enjoyable, especially among less creative writers. However, generative AI-enabled stories are more similar to each other than stories by humans alone. These results point to an increase in individual creativity at the risk of losing collective novelty. This dynamic resembles a social dilemma: With generative AI, writers are individually better off, but collectively a narrower scope of novel content is produced. Our results have implications for researchers, policy-makers, and practitioners interested in bolstering creativity.

Rapid induction of transdermal buprenorphine to subcutaneous extended-release buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid use disorder.

BACKGROUND: Buprenorphine is an effective and safe treatment for opioid use disorder, but the requirement for moderate opioid withdrawal symptoms to emerge prior to initiation is a significant treatment barrier. CASE PRESENTATION: We report on two cases of hospitalized patients with severe, active opioid use disorder, in which we initiated treatment with transdermal buprenorphine over 48 h, followed by the administration of a single dose of sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone and then extended-release subcutaneous buprenorphine. The patients did not experience precipitated withdrawal and only had mild withdrawal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This provides preliminary evidence for a rapid induction strategy that may improve tolerability, caregiver burden, and treatment retention as compared to previous induction strategies.

Three-year outcomes of surgical valve replacement with Dafodil™ pericardial bioprosthesis: Dafodil™-1 trial.

Background: The Dafodil™-1 trial was designed to evaluate the clinical safety and performance of Dafodil™ pericardial bioprosthesis for replacing diseased native or prosthetic aortic or mitral valves in patients with advanced valvular heart disease (VHD). Methods: The Dafodil™-1 trial was a prospective, multicenter, first-in-human clinical trial. Patients were enrolled if they had advanced VHD requiring aortic valve replacement (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) with or without concomitant valve surgery and having surgical risk scores <4%. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke; and hemodynamics were analyzed. Results: A total of 136 patients (aortic: 67 and mitral: 69) were enrolled in the trial (with mean age-AVR group: 60.2 ± 8.3 years and MVR group: 49.7 ± 14.4 years). A total of 134 patients (aortic: 66 and mitral: 68) completed the 3-year follow-up (total 300 per 100 patient-years of follow-up). The AVR group demonstrated a significant reduction in the mean pressure gradients from 51.2 ± 24.1 mmHg at baseline to 11.1 ± 6.0 mmHg at the 3-year follow-up (p < 0.0001). The mean effective orifice area (EOA) improved from baseline (0.9 ± 0.6 cm2) to 3-year follow-up (1.8 ± 0.4 cm2) (p < 0.0001). In the MVR group, the mean indexed EOA (iEOA) increased significantly from baseline (0.7 ± 0.4 cm2/m2) to 3-year follow-up (1.1 ± 0.4 cm2/m2) (p < 0.001). There was significant improvement in New York Heart Association functional class and mean SF-12 scores in both groups. At 3-year follow-up, the MACE incidence was 2.3% per 100 patient-years (1.3% strokes per 100 patient-years and 1.3% deaths per 100 patient-years) for AVR group and 4.7% per 100 patient-years (0.6% strokes per 100 patient-years and 4.0% deaths per 100 patient-years) for MVR group. No cases of MI, structural valve deterioration and prosthetic valve endocarditis were reported. The AVR and MVR groups achieved 89.6% and 79.7% MACE-free survival, respectively at 3-year follow-up. Conclusions: The Dafodil™-1 trial demonstrated satisfactory outcomes of clinical safety, hemodynamic performance, and quality-of-life metrics. Additionally, no incidence of structural valve deterioration and very low rates of valve thrombosis during the 3-year follow-up period of Dafodil™-1 first-in-human trial indicated acceptable valve durability up to three years and similar outcomes are warranted for longer follow-ups as a primary goal. Clinical Trial Registration Number: https://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=18377&EncHid=&userName=CTRI/2017/07/009008, CTRI/2017/07/009008.

Determinants of substance use among young people attending primary health centers in India.

Background: Substance use is a complex condition with multidimensional determinants. The present study aims to find the prevalence and determinants of substance use among young people attending primary healthcare centers in India. Methods: A multicentric cross-sectional study was conducted across 15 states in India on 1,630 young people (10-24 years) attending primary health centers. The Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) was used to capture data on substance use. The degree of substance involvement was assessed and multivariate regression analysis was conducted to determine the risk factors of substance use. Results: The prevalence of substance use was 32.8%, with a median substance initiation age of 18 years. Among the substance users, 75.5% began before completing adolescence. Tobacco (26.4%), alcohol (26.1%) and cannabis (9.5%) were commonly consumed. Sociodemographic determinants included higher age, male gender, urban residence, positive family history, northeastern state residence and lower socioeconomic class. Over 80% of users had moderate or high involvement. Conclusions: High substance use prevalence among young people in Indian healthcare centers underscores the urgency of targeted intervention. Insights on determinants guide effective prevention strategies for this complex public health issue.

Design and Fabrication of Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Porous Metallo-Polymeric Microsphere for Water Disinfection.

An expedient and efficient approach is used to synthesize a new class of metallo-polymeric microspheres (MPMs) as antimicrobials to succumb the wide range of bacteria from water. Three types of MPMs, that is, poly[Silver (I)-methacrylate-co-methylmethacrylate] (pAgMA), poly[Copper (II)-methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate] (pCuMA), and poly[Nickel (II)-methacrylate-co-methylmethacrylate] (pNiMA), are prepared via radical suspension polymerization technique in 3D shape with porous texture. The structural and morphological characterization of the prepared microspheres are examined by analytical techniques. The antimicrobial potentialities of prepared MPMs are investigated at the laboratory scale study, revealing that the MPMs exhibit strong antibacterial activity (≈99.9% killing) against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria [Enterobacter hormaechei (EH), Bacillus megatarium (BM), and Bacillus bataviensis (BB)]. The MacConkey agar medium test reveals that MPMs have substantial biocidal efficacy against broad-spectrum Gram-negative bacteria present in tap water. The MPMs exhibit significant antimicrobial efficacy via contact killing owe to the presence of integrated biocidal metal moiety, which represents that the MPMs are safe for water disinfection.

Performance Evaluation of No-Code Artificial Intelligence Models for the Detection of Acid-Fast Bacilli: A Comparative Analysis of Three Models.

Background Acid-fast bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae are the causative organisms behind two major diseases of developing nations, tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively. To efficiently tackle these diseases in developing nations, drugs must be augmented with improved detection modalities. This necessitates the development of enhanced tools that can aid the current detection modalities being used in high-incidence areas. A no-code artificial intelligence model based on image classification is one such tool that can be used in the identification of acid-fast bacilli. This study utilizes three such no-code artificial intelligence models that originate from three different platforms but share identical training, testing, and subsequent evaluation. Thereafter, the study is directed at comparing the three models created and identifying the one that can function as a promising support system for the detection of acid-fast bacilli. Methods To begin with, a total of 1000 images per class, i.e., positive and negative for each disease, were captured from the diagnosed slides of tuberculosis and leprosy, taken from the Department of Pathology. Subsequently, these slides were reviewed again by a pathologist to demarcate them as positive or negative for acid-fast bacilli. Once the required number of images was captured, 600 images of each class were selected as the training set, 300 images as the testing set, and the remaining 100 images as the evaluation set. Data augmentation was then performed using techniques such as rotating, mirroring, cropping, and position shifting. These designated data sets were then used to train the image classification software available on the following three platforms: Lobe (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, United States), Create ML (Apple Inc., Cupertino, California, United States), Python-based open-source software (PerceptiLabs, Stockholm, Sweden). The final evaluation was based on different parameters such as sensitivity, specificity, ease of use, learning curve, technological resources required, and feasibility of implementation. All parameters put together served the purpose of comparison to identify the most promising model. Results Out of the three models tested, the one built using Lobe is the most promising in terms of the evaluation parameters considered. For tuberculosis, the sensitivity and specificity values obtained were 96% each, while for leprosy, they were 100% and 96%, respectively. Also, the model built using Lobe had a near-negligible learning curve, in addition to being the most cost-effective and feasible model to implement. Furthermore, it had a unique real-time training feature, which constantly improved the model throughout the testing period, till the final sensitivity and specificity values were achieved. Conclusions In clinical situations where a high number of cases are encountered each day, a no-code artificial intelligence model built using Lobe would get exposed to a huge database, getting trained in real time. Subsequently, such a model would reach considerable levels of sensitivity and specificity and in turn, act as a promising support system for the detection of acid-fast bacilli.

Sublimed C60 for efficient and repeatable perovskite-based solar cells.

Thermally evaporated C60 is a near-ubiquitous electron transport layer in state-of-the-art p-i-n perovskite-based solar cells. As perovskite photovoltaic technologies are moving toward industrialization, batch-to-batch reproducibility of device performances becomes crucial. Here, we show that commercial as-received (99.75% pure) C60 source materials may coalesce during repeated thermal evaporation processes, jeopardizing such reproducibility. We find that the coalescence is due to oxygen present in the initial source powder and leads to the formation of deep states within the perovskite bandgap, resulting in a systematic decrease in solar cell performance. However, further purification (through sublimation) of the C60 to 99.95% before evaporation is found to hinder coalescence, with the associated solar cell performances being fully reproducible after repeated processing. We verify the universality of this behavior on perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells by demonstrating their open-circuit voltages and fill factors to remain at 1950 mV and 81% respectively, over eight repeated processes using the same sublimed C60 source material. Notably, one of these cells achieved a certified power conversion efficiency of 30.9%. These findings provide insights crucial for the advancement of perovskite photovoltaic technologies towards scaled production with high process yield.

48-hour Induction of Transdermal Buprenorphine to Extended-release Buprenorphine.

ABSTRACT: Buprenorphine extended-release (BUP-XR) provides sustained delivery of buprenorphine to control withdrawal and craving symptoms in the form of a monthly injectable and has been shown to improve health outcomes in patients with opioid use disorder. It is recommended that patients are stabilized with a transmucosal buprenorphine product, for at least 7 days per the product monograph; however, clinically, this timeline may be expedited. We report a case of a hospitalized patient with unregulated fentanyl use who underwent a successful transdermal buprenorphine induction for 48 hours to initiate BUP-XR with minimal levels of withdrawal and without precipitating opioid withdrawal. The approach described could provide a practical, patient-centered, accelerated induction strategy that, once independently validated, could considerably facilitate the use of BUP-XR.

Imbrication of Anterior Digastric with Advancement of the Posterior Digastric and Its Implications in Neck Aesthetics.

Background: To describe a novel technique to modify the proportional length of the anterior-to-posterior digastric muscles to improve neck aesthetics. Objective: To provide an objective measure to quantify neck rejuvenation and a novel technique to adjust the digastric ratio. Design: We retrospectively compared 52 patients who had neck rejuvenation with or without digastric manipulation. Preoperative and postoperative images were analyzed and compared with computer software using a novel analysis technique to measure the digastric ratio and neck height. Distances between the menton, cervical point (CP), and gonion were measured. Results: The anterior-to-posterior digastric ratio improved an average of 26.5% (p < 0.01) in the new technique group, 15.9% in the control group. Distance of the CP to the inferior edge of the mandible decreased an average of 13.9% using the new technique. Conclusion: The ratio of anterior-to-posterior digastric muscle appears to improve as well as the neck height with manipulation of the digastric muscles.

Construction of arsenic selective chelating resin with iron precursor for removal of low-concentration arsenic: Breakthrough modeling and field deployment.

The presence of exorbitant arsenic contamination in the aquatic environment causes astronomically immense health quandaries affecting millions of people, which may lead to death in the case of prolonged indigestion of arsenic-containing drinking water. Herein, we are reporting porous chelating resin with an iron precursor for the removal of arsenic ions from water. Weak acid cation resin was functionalized under varying experimental conditions to get a suitable resin with high arsenic uptake. The theoretical results revealed that the maximum Langmuir adsorption capacities of 3.27 mg g-1 and 1.13 mg g-1 were achieved for As(V) and As(III), respectively. The kinetics of adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model with a high determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9963 and 0.9895 for As(V) and As(III), respectively. The Adams-Bohart, Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and Pore diffusion models were used to identify the breakthrough curve in the fixed bed adsorption column. The column performance improved with a larger bed height (55 cm), low concentration of influent (0.25 mg L-1), and low flow rate of influent (80 mL min-1). Under this condition, the breakthrough time and exhaustion time were 314 min and 408 min for As(V) and 124 min and 185 min for As(III), respectively.

The future of mobility-as-a-service: trust transfer across automated mobilities, from road to sidewalk.

While trust in different types of automated vehicles has been a major focus for researchers and vehicle manufacturers, few studies have explored how people trust automated vehicles that are not cars, nor how their trust may transfer across different mobilities enabled with automation. To address this objective, a dual mobility study was designed to measure how trust in an automated vehicle with a familiar form factor-a car-compares to, and influences, trust in a novel automated vehicle-termed sidewalk mobility. A mixed-method approach involving both surveys and a semi-structured interview was used to characterize trust in these automated mobilities. Results found that the type of mobility had little to no effect on the different dimensions of trust that were studied, suggesting that trust can grow and evolve across different mobilities when the user is unfamiliar with a novel automated driving-enabled (AD-enabled) mobility. These results have important implications for the design of novel mobilities.

One-pot facile approach to design an efficient macro-porous polymeric matrix to remediate Hg(II)and Pb(II) from aqueous medium and its performance evaluation study by mathematical modelling.

In the present scenario discharge of heavy-metal ions into water bodies is a global threat that is causing serious health hazards even in low concentrations. Thus, in order to remediate the heavy-metal [Hg(II) and Pb(II)] toxicity, an organic-inorganic hybrid functional porous metallo-polymeric network i. e, poly(Zirconyl methacrylate-co-1-vinyl imidazole) (pZrVIm) was fabricated via one-pot facile synthesis approach. The pZrVIm architecture has shown high removal efficiency for Hg(II) and Pb(II) aqueous medium even in extremely low quantities. Advanced instrumental techniques were used to characterize the structural and morphological characteristics of pZrVIm. Different experimental variables i.e., reaction time, pH, initial feed concentration, co-ion effects etc. were explored to examine adsorption behaviour. The maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of pZrVIm5 were calculated as 168.06 and 162.34 mg g-1 for Hg(II) and Pb(II) respectively by the Langmuir isotherm model. Data from isotherms showed that monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface is the rate-limiting stage and followed pseudo-second-order kinetic process. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modelling was used to validate kinetics and isotherm data which revealed high accuracy of the model with correlation coefficient values (R = 0.99). Various types of isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, Toth and Koble-Corigen have been studied to determine the adsorption phenomena. The pore diffusion model revealed breakthrough time of 91 h and 84 h, Hg(II) and Pb(II) with the feed concentration of 15 mg L-1 respectively. The study revealed that pZrVIm5 has great potential for heavy metal ions remediation for water treatment.

48-hour Induction of Transdermal Buprenorphine to Sublingual Buprenorphine/Naloxone: The IPPAS Method.

Buprenorphine is an effective medication for the treatment of opioid use disorder. However, the traditional method of buprenorphine induction requires a period of abstinence and the development of at least moderate withdrawal, which can be barriers in starting treatment. We present the case of a hospitalized patient with opioid use disorder using unregulated fentanyl, who underwent a transdermal buprenorphine induction over 48 hours to initiate sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone on the third day. The patient experienced minimal levels of withdrawal and did not experience precipitated withdrawal. The ease of use of this novel induction method over previously published induction protocols can greatly improve the accessibility of buprenorphine for patients and healthcare staff.

Orbital inflammatory disease.

Orbital inflammatory disease (OID), commonly known as orbital pseudotumour, is an inflammatory disease of unknown cause. It has different forms of presentation and different degrees of severity. Its variable nature is the main cause for this disease to be misdiagnosed and misclassified. The prognosis of OID depends on the tissues affected and the histology. OID usually responds favourably to systemic steroid treatment. However, empiric steroids may mask other underlying diseases that respond well to this treatment as well, namely, IgG4-related disease or lymphoproliferative disorders. This fact has led to controversy among various authors as some recommend performing a biopsy in most of the cases, whereas others defend that this procedure should only be performed if the patient has not responded to empiric steroid treatment. Although steroids have been the mainstream treatment of OID, the side effects, relapse rates and lack of response in some cases have resulted in them being replaced by immunosuppressive and immunomodulator therapies that currently stand as a key steroid-sparing treatment option, in addition to radiotherapy and surgery. The aim of this review is to update the evidence on the diagnosis and treatment of OID.

Synchronous Removal of Arsenic and Fluoride from Aqueous Solution: A Facile Approach to Fabricate Novel Functional Metallopolymer Microspheres.

Concurrence of arsenic (As) and fluoride (F-) ions in groundwater is a serious concern due to their fatal effects. Herein, an attempt was made to fabricate quaternized poly(zirconyl dimethacrylate-co-vinylbenzyl chloride)] (ZrVBZ), a metallopolymeric microsphere in three-dimensional shape with a porous texture. The synthesized ZrVBZ was utilized for the synchronal removal of As and F- from water. Techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area were used to characterize the ZrVBZ. The maximum adsorption capacity of ZrVBZ for both fluoride and arsenic (q max F-: 116.5 mg g-1, q max As(V): 7.0 mg g-1, and q max As(III): 6.5 mg g-1) at given experimental conditions (adsorbents' dose: 0.250 g L-1, feed of F-: 50 mg L-1, As(V)/As(III): 2000 µg L-1, and pH: 7.0 ± 0.2) was ascribed to the porous spherical architecture with dual functional sites to facilitate adsorption. The adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics with a correlation coefficient of 0.996, 0.997, and 0.990 for F-, As(V), and As(III), respectively. The isotherm data fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum capacity was 121.5, 7.246, and 6.68 mg g-1 for F-, As(V), and As(III), respectively. The results of this study indicated that ZrVBZ could be used as an effective adsorbent for the simultaneous removal of F-, As(V), and As(III) from an aqueous medium.

Enfermedad inflamatoria orbitaria idiopática / Orbital inflammatory disease

La enfermedad inflamatoria orbitaria idiopática (EIOI), comúnmente conocida como pseudotumor orbitario, es una enfermedad inflamatoria de etiología desconocida. Sus síntomas pueden ser muy variables tanto en intensidad, gravedad, formas de presentación o gravedad. Esta heterogeneidad ha condicionado que sea una entidad difícil de definir y clasificar. El pronóstico de la EIOI depende de su localización, presentación e histología. La EIOI suele responder favorablemente a los corticoides sistémicos, sin embargo, este hecho puede hacer que la entidad sea confundida con otras enfermedades que también tienen buena respuesta a corticoides, como la enfermedad relacionada con la IgG4 y las enfermedades linfoproliferativas. Esta controversia ha alzado una polémica entre autores que defienden la realización de biopsia previa al tratamiento en la mayoría de los casos, frente a otros que afirman que la biopsia debe indicarse en lesiones que no responden adecuadamente al tratamiento médico empírico. Si bien los corticoides se sitúan como los protagonistas de la EIOI, los efectos secundarios, las tasas de recidivas y la falta de respuesta de algunos subtipos han permitido el paso a agentes inmunosupresores e inmunomoduladores que ocupan un escalón fundamental en la terapia combinada o ahorradora de corticoides, junto con la radioterapia y la cirugía. El objetivo de esta revisión es actualizar la evidencia sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la EIOI.

Orbital inflammatory disease (OID), commonly known as orbital pseudotumour, is an inflammatory disease of unknown cause. It has different forms of presentation and different degrees of severity. Its variable nature is the main cause for this disease to be misdiagnosed and misclassified. The prognosis of OID depends on the tissues affected and the histology. OID usually responds favourably to systemic steroid treatment. However, empiric steroids may mask other underlying diseases that respond well to this treatment as well, namely, IgG4-related disease or lymphoproliferative disorders. This fact has led to controversy among various authors as some recommend performing a biopsy in most of the cases, whereas others defend that this procedure should only be performed if the patient has not responded to empiric steroid treatment. Although steroids have been the mainstream treatment of OID, the side effects, relapse rates and lack of response in some cases have resulted in them being replaced by immunosuppressive and immunomodulator therapies that currently stand as a key steroid-sparing treatment option, in addition to radiotherapy and surgery. The aim of this review is to update the evidence on the diagnosis and treatment of OID.

Hydroxychloroquine PK and exposure-response in pregnancies with lupus: the importance of adherence for neonatal outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the impact of pregnancy physiology and medication non-adherence on serum hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) pharmacokinetics (PK) and exposure-response in SLE. METHODS: We conducted a PK analysis using data from two observational pregnancy registries. We enrolled pregnant women with SLE taking HCQ at least 3 months prior to, and throughout pregnancy, and excluded those with multiple gestations. Using the PK model, we conducted dosing simulations and imputed 0%/20%/40%/60% non-adherence to evaluate the impact of adherence versus physiological changes on HCQ concentrations. We compared the effect of pregnancy-average non-adherent concentrations (≤100 ng/mL vs >100 ng/mL) on preterm birth using adjusted logistic regression. RESULTS: We enrolled 56 women who had 61 pregnancies. By the third trimester, mean apparent HCQ clearance increased by 59.6%. At a dosage of 400 mg/day, fully adherent patients are expected to have HCQ concentrations ≤100 ng/mL only 0.3% of the time, compared with 24.2% when 60% of doses are missed. Persistently low HCQ concentrations throughout pregnancy were associated with a significantly higher odds of preterm birth, controlling for lupus nephritis and race (OR 11.2; 95% CI 2.3 to 54.2; p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: We observed significant changes in HCQ PK during pregnancy, resulting in a shortening in the drug's half-life by 10 days; however, medication non-adherence had a more pronounced effect on HCQ exposure compared with physiological changes alone. Moreover, pregnant women with non-adherent HCQ concentrations had significantly higher rates of preterm birth. Accordingly, optimising adherence in pregnancy may be more clinically meaningful than adjusting HCQ dosage to account for physiological changes. PK modelling indicates that serum HCQ concentrations ≤100 ng/mL are suggestive of non-adherence regardless of trimester and may help identify pregnancies at risk for poor outcomes.

Characterization of Ti/SnO2 Interface by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

The Ti/SnO2 interface has been investigated in situ via the technique of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thin films (in the range from 0.3 to 1.1 nm) of titanium were deposited on SnO2 substrates via the e-beam technique. The deposition was carried out at two different substrate temperatures, namely room temperature and 200 °C. The photoelectron spectra of tin and titanium in the samples were found to exhibit significant differences upon comparison with the corresponding elemental and the oxide spectra. These changes result from chemical interaction between SnO2 and the titanium overlayer at the interface. The SnO2 was observed to be reduced to elemental tin while the titanium overlayer was observed to become oxidized. Complete reduction of SnO2 to elemental tin did not occur even for the lowest thickness of the titanium overlayer. The interfaces in both the types of the samples were observed to consist of elemental Sn, SnO2, elemental titanium, TiO2, and Ti-suboxide. The relative percentages of the constituents at the interface have been estimated by curve fitting the spectral data with the corresponding elemental and the oxide spectra. In the 200 °C samples, thermal diffusion of the titanium overlayer was observed. This resulted in the complete oxidation of the titanium overlayer to TiO2 upto a thickness of 0.9 nm of the overlayer. Elemental titanium resulting from the unreacted overlayer was observed to be more in the room temperature samples. The room temperature samples showed variation around 20% for the Ti-suboxide while an increasing trend was observed in the 200 °C samples.