RESUMO
BACKGROUND: A novel corona virus is formally named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which results in causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is the latest prevalent pandemic worldwide when compared to other infectious diseases like Avian flu, Middle East respiratory syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). MAIN BODY: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently occurring pandemic over world. It was emerged in Wuhan, China, in the end of December 2019 and spreading across worldwide. As the coronavirus is spreading easily through direct contact with infected people droplets, inhalation, and also air droplets, it hit up a huge amount of population even reported with death. Still, with small amounts of asymptomatic transmission between people it spreads throughout the globe. People need special care to protect from the transmission of disease. However, there are no drugs so far that shows efficacy; there is an immediate need for the development of vaccines. In order to decrease the COVID-19 cases, organizations rapidly involve in the preparation of vaccine and many vaccines have been developed by various countries. The governments took safety measures to control the spread of virus and also to minimize morbidity and mortality rate to least possible. CONCLUSION: The purpose of this review article is to increase our understanding of COVID-19 and facilitate the people to take a move in facing challenges of the world.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of zinc (Zn) in preventing lead (Pb)-induced reproductive toxicity in Wistar rats. The rats were divided into four groups, namely, control group, Pb group, Zn group, and Pb + Zn group. Animals were exposed to Pb (819 mg of Pb/L) or Zn (71 mg of Zn/L) or both through drinking water for 65 days. Rats exposed to Pb showed decreased weights of testes and accessory sex organs. Significant decrease in the testicular daily sperm production, epididymal sperm count, motility, viability, and number of hypoosmotic tail coiled sperm was observed in Pb-exposed rats. Testicular 3ß- and 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity levels and circulatory testosterone levels were also decreased significantly in Pb-exposed rats. A significant increase in the lipid peroxidation products with a significant decrease in the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were observed in the testes and epididymis of Pb-exposed rats. Moreover, the testicular architecture showed lumens devoid of sperm in Pb-exposed rats. Supplementation of Zn mitigated Pb-induced oxidative stress and restored the spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in Pb-exposed rats. In conclusion, cotreatment of Zn is effective for recovering suppressed spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, elevated oxidative status, and histological damage in the testis of rats treated with Pb.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Epididimo/efeitos dos fármacos , Infertilidade Masculina/prevenção & controle , Intoxicação por Chumbo/prevenção & controle , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Zinco/uso terapêutico , 17-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenases/antagonistas & inibidores , 17-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenases/química , 17-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenases/metabolismo , 3-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenases/antagonistas & inibidores , 3-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenases/química , 3-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenases/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais/efeitos adversos , Epididimo/metabolismo , Epididimo/patologia , Infertilidade Masculina/etiologia , Intoxicação por Chumbo/metabolismo , Intoxicação por Chumbo/patologia , Intoxicação por Chumbo/fisiopatologia , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Organometálicos/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos Organometálicos/toxicidade , Substâncias Protetoras/efeitos adversos , Substâncias Protetoras/uso terapêutico , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Wistar , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatozoides/patologia , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/patologia , Testosterona/sangue , Doenças Transmitidas pela Água/metabolismo , Doenças Transmitidas pela Água/patologia , Doenças Transmitidas pela Água/fisiopatologia , Doenças Transmitidas pela Água/prevenção & controle , Zinco/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Lead was administered orally to adult male rats at exposure level of 273 or 819 mg/L (0.05% or 0.15% lead acetate, respectively) for 45 days via drinking water. At the end of the exposure period, control and experimental males were mated with untreated females. Of the females mated with treated males, 73.3% in the 0.05% group and 53.33% in the 0.15% group showed copulatory plugs. Significant decrease in number of implantations and pre- and post-implantation loss was also observed in females mated with treated males. Significant decrease in the weight of the reproductive organs, reduction in epididymal sperm count, motile sperm and viable sperm were observed in lead-exposed rats indicating decreased sperm production and deteriorated sperm quality. Significant decrease in serum testosterone levels were also observed in treated rats indicating decreased steroidogenesis. The decreased serum testosterone levels and deteriorated sperm quality might be responsible for the suppressed reproduction in rats after exposure to lead.
