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2.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 39(10): 533-540, 2023 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37294209

RESUMO

Several patient-related factors that influence adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been described. However, studies that propose a practical and simple tool to predict nonadherence after ART initiation are still scarce. In this study, we develop and validate a score to predict the risk of nonadherence in people starting ART. The model/score was developed and validated using a cohort of people living with HIV starting ART at the Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, between 2012 and 2015 (derivation cohort) and between 2016 and 2018 (validation cohort),. Adherence was evaluated every 2 months using both pharmacy refills and patient self-reports. Nonadherence was defined as taking <90% of the prescribed dose and/or ART interruption for more than 1 week. Predictive factors for nonadherence were identified by logistic regression. Beta coefficients were used to develop a predictive score. Optimal cutoffs were identified using the bootstrapping methodology, and performance was evaluated with the C statistic. Our study is based on 574 patients: 349 in the derivation cohort and 225 in the validation cohort. A total of 104 patients (29.8%) of the derivation cohort were nonadherent. Nonadherence predictors were patient prejudgment; previous medical appointment failures; cultural and/or idiomatic barriers; heavy alcohol use; substance abuse; unstable housing; and severe mental illness. The cutoff point (receiver operating characteristic curve) for nonadherence was 26.3 (sensitivity 0.87 and specificity 0.86). The C statistic (95% confidence interval) was 0.91 (0.87-0.94). These results were consistent with those predicted by the score in the validation cohort. This easy-to-use, highly sensitive, and specific tool could be easily used to identify patients at highest risk for nonadherence, thus allowing resource optimization and achieving optimal treatment goals.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores de Risco , Autorrelato , Modelos Logísticos , Adesão à Medicação
4.
Rev. esp. quimioter ; 35(1): 71-75, feb.-mar. 2022. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-205311

RESUMO

Background. The health crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge in the dispensing of outpatient hospital medication (OHM). Models of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) based on community pharmacy support (ARTCP) have proven to be successful. The aim was to evaluate the degree of satisfaction, acceptability and limitations of the implementation of ARTCP, in the context of a pandemic, in our environment. Methods. Descriptive cross-sectional study carried out in a Barcelona hospital, during the months of July-November 2020. A telephone survey was carried out via a questionnaire on the quality dimensions of the model (degree of satisfaction, acceptability) and associated inconveniences. Data collected: demographics, antiretroviral treatment (ART), concomitant medication, drug interactions (DDIs), CD4 lymphocyte count and plasma viraemia. Data analysis included descriptive statistics. Results. A total of 533 (78.0%) HIV patients receiving ART were included. 71.9% (383/533) of these patients were very satisfied and 76.2% preferred attending the community pharmacy rather than the hospital. The mean satisfaction rating was 9.3 (DS: 1.4). The benefits reported were: 1) proximity to home (406: 76.1%); 2) lower risk of contagion of COVID-19 (318: 59.7%); 3) shorter waiting time (201: 37.1%); 4) time flexibility (104: 19.5%); 5) reduction of financial expenses (35: 6.57%). A total of 11 (2%) patients reported no benefit. Only 22.9% reported disadvantages associated with ARTCP: 1) lack of privacy (65: 12.2%); 2) lack of coordinationorganization (57: 10.7%). Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the provision of pharmaceutical care for HIV patients. The ARTPC model has proved efficient, with patients reporting a high degree of satisfaction. (AU)


Introducción. La crisis sanitaria por la pandemia COVID-19 plantea un desafío en la dispensación de la medicación hospitalaria de dispensación ambulatoria (MHDA). Los modelos de terapia antirretroviral basados en el apoyo de la farmacia comunitaria (TARFC) han demostrado tener éxito. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el grado de satisfacción, aceptabilidad y limitaciones de la implementación del TARFC, en contexto de pandemia, en nuestro entorno. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en un hospital de Barcelona, durante los meses de julio-noviembre del 2020. Se realizó una encuesta telefónica, mediante un cuestionario sobre dimensiones de calidad del modelo (grado de satisfacción, aceptabilidad) e inconvenientes asociados. Se recogieron datos: demográficos, tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR), medicación concomitante, interacciones farmacológicas (DDIs), recuento de linfocitos CD4 y viremia plasmática. El análisis de datos incluyó estadística descriptiva. Resultados. Se incluyeron 533 pacientes VIH adherentes al TAR. El 71,9% (383/533) de pacientes estaban muy satisfechos y el 76,2% preferían acudir a la farmacia comunitaria frente a la hospitalaria. La calificación de satisfacción media fue de 9,3 (DS: 1,4). Los beneficios reportados fueron: 1) cercanía al domicilio (406: 76,1%); 2) menor riesgo de contagio de COVID-19 (318: 59,7%) 3) menor tiempo de espera (201: 37,1%); 4) flexibilidad horaria (104: 19,5%); 5) reducción de gastos económicos (35: 6,57%). Un total de 11 (2%) pacientes no reportaron ningún beneficio. Únicamente el 22,9% reportaron desventajas asociadas al TARFC: 1) falta de privacidad (65:12,2%); 2) falta de coordinación-organización (57: 10,7%) Conclusión. La pandemia de COVID-19 tiene un impacto en la prestación de atención farmacéutica al VIH. El modelo TARFC ha resultado eficiente con un elevado grado de satisfacción por parte de los pacientes. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por Coronavirus , Epidemiologia , Pandemias , HIV , Assistência Farmacêutica , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais
5.
Farm. hosp ; 45(Suplemento 1): 64-76, 2021. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-218738

RESUMO

Objetivo: La terapia personalizada en el tratamiento de las infecciones esesencial para garantizar la optimización de los niveles de fármaco alcanzadosen el paciente tratado. Adicionalmente, esta estrategia, juntamente con el conocimiento de la actividad antimicrobiana de estos fármacos, disminuye la posibilidad de desarrollar resistencias bacterianas y mejora el perfil de seguridad deestos fármacos. Las terapias por vías alternativas, como la inhalada, y el soportede la información facilitada por modelos farmacocinéticos son esencialesdebido a la limitación de la actividad aportada por los nuevos antimicrobianos.Método: Se presenta una revisión no sistemática de la literatura comomedida de orientación de la problemática y soluciones a lo expuesto anteriormente. Se ha efectuado una búsqueda de artículos de alta calidadsobre el tópico planteado.Resultados: Se detectaron 231 artículos que sufrieron una selecciónposterior, en base a la calidad de los trabajos valorada por un equipode cinco farmacéuticos clínicos y un médico intensivista. Finalmente, seincluyeron 153 artículos que soportan la revisión que se ha desarrollado.Conclusiones: La población geriátrica y la integrada por pacientes críticospresenta la necesidad de utilización de los antimicrobianos con una estrechamonitorización. Vías de administración recomendadas en la primera, estándesaconsejadas en la segunda. La vía inhalada es una vía que suele relacionarse con elevadas concentraciones en pacientes con infecciones respiratorias. Los modelos farmacocinéticos son un soporte de gran valor parapoblaciones como la geriátrica debido a que es mayoritariamente excluidade los ensayos clínicos. (AU)


Objective: Personalized therapy in the treatment of infections is essentialto ensure optimization of antimicrobial drug levels. This strategy, togetherwith an understanding of the activity of these drugs, decreases the risk ofbacterial resistance and improves the drugs’ safety profile. Alternative routes of administration, such as inhalation, and the information provided bypharmacokinetic models, are essential given the limitation of antimicrobialactivity allowed by the new antimicrobials.Method: A non-systematic review of the literature is presented as a wayof tackling and finding solutions to the problem. A search for high-qualityarticles on the research topic was conducted.Results: A total of 370 articles were detected, which were subjected toa further selection to discard low quality papers by a team of five clinicalpharmacists and an intensivist. Finally, 153 articles were included in thereview.Conclusions: The geriatric and the critical care patient populationrequire the administration of antimicrobials with close monitoring. The routes of administration recommended for the first group are discouraged forthe second. The inhaled route often results in high plasma concentrationsin patients with respiratory infections. Pharmacokinetic models are a valuable tool in the treatment of geriatric patients, who are often excluded fromclinical trials. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Geriatria , Anti-Infecciosos , Farmacocinética
6.
Farm. hosp ; 41(2): 187-203, mar.-abr. 2017. graf, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-160949

RESUMO

Introduction: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Despite methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) having often been associated with nosocomial pneumonia, the condition of some MRSA CAP patients is severe enough to warrant their being admitted to ICU. Objective: The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the literature on antibiotic treatment of MRSA CAP in critically-ill patients. Material and methods: An online search was conducted for locating articles on MRSA CAP in critically ill patients. Relevant publications were identified in PUBMED, the BestPractice database, UpToDate database and the Cochrane Library for articles published in English within the December 2001 - April 2016 time frame. Results: A total of 70 articles were found to have been published, 13 (18.8%) having been included and 57 (81.4%) excluded. Cohort studies were predominant, having totaled 16 in number (20.7%) as compared to one sole cross-sectional study (3.5%). Conclusions: The experience in the treatment of MRSA CAP in patients requiring admission to ICU is quite limited. Vancomycin or linezolid seem to be the treatments of choice for MRSA CAP, although there not be any specific recommendation in this regard. It may be useful to use alternative routes, such as administration via aerosolized antibiotics, continuous infusion or in association with other antibiotics (AU)


Introducción: La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) está relacionada con unas tasas elevadas de morbi-mortalidad. A pesar de que Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM) se ha relacionado frecuentemente con la neumonía nosocomial, algunos pacientes con NAC por este microorganismo revisten la suficiente gravedad como para precisar su ingreso en la UCI. Objetivos: Efectuar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el tratamiento antibiótico de la NAC por SARM en pacientes críticos. Material y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos sobre NAC por SARM en el paciente crítico. Se identificaron las publicaciones pertinentes en PUBMED, BestPractice database, UpToDate database y Cochrane Plus Library para artículos publicados en inglés desde diciembre del 2001 hasta abril del 2016. Resultados: Se encontraron 70 publicaciones, incluyendo 13 (18,8%) y excluyendo 57 (81,4%). Predominaron los estudios de cohortes con un total de 6 (20,7%), frente a una única publicación en forma de estudio transversal (3,5%). Conclusiones: La experiencia en el tratamiento de la NAC por SARM en pacientes que precisen ingreso en la UCI es muy limitada. La vancomicina o el linezolid parecen ser las terapias en las que se dispone de una mayor experiencia, aunque no existe ninguna recomendación específica al respecto. Puede ser útil la utilización de vías alternativas como la nebulizada, administración en perfusión continua o en asociación con otros antibióticos (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/patogenicidade , Pneumonia Estafilocócica/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/epidemiologia , Cuidados Críticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos
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