Leadership Development in Pharmacy Students: A Literature Review.

Background: A deeper understanding of leadership competencies and development of these competencies in pharmacy students are essential to enable future pharmacists to take a more advanced role in patient care and serve as interdisciplinary team members and leaders. Such efforts are also needed to help guide succession planning. Objective: To identify and describe the competencies and experiences involved in leadership development for pharmacy students. Data Sources: A literature review was conducted using the MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases (from inception to November 2023), as well as syllabi from pharmacy leadership courses. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles discussing leadership competencies in a health care setting and during pharmacy education and training were included. Competencies and experiences related to leadership development were extracted and organized into categories, with each category given a single descriptor. Data Synthesis: A total of 34 resources were included in the analysis, which revealed the following 7 leadership competencies: leadership knowledge, self-awareness, collaboration, leading change, business skills, systems thinking, and lifelong learning. Conclusions: Pharmacy students can develop their leadership abilities through a variety of experiences and activities aligned with the core leadership competencies identified here. Pharmacy schools in Canada can design and offer leadership placements to help enhance students' leadership skills. This study has highlighted activities that may help prepare pharmacy students for leadership roles in the changing landscape of pharmacy practice.

Contexte: Une compréhension plus approfondie des compétences en leadership et le développement de celles-ci chez les étudiants en pharmacie sont essentiels pour permettre aux futurs pharmaciens de jouer un rôle plus avancé dans les soins aux patients et de servir de membres et de chefs d'équipes interdisciplinaires. De tels efforts sont également nécessaires pour aider à orienter la planification de la relève. Objectif: Identifier et décrire les compétences et les expériences à l'œuvre dans le développement du leadership pour les étudiants en pharmacie. Sources des données: Un examen de la littérature a été réalisé à l'aide des bases de données MEDLINE, PubMed et Google Scholar (depuis leur création jusqu'en novembre 2023), ainsi que des programmes de cours de leadership en pharmacie. Sélection des études et extraction des données: Des articles traitant des compétences en leadership dans un contexte de soins de santé et pendant la formation en pharmacie ont été inclus. Les compétences et les expériences liées au développement du leadership ont été extraites et organisées en catégories, chaque catégorie étant dotée d'un seul descripteur. Synthèse des données: Au total, 34 ressources ont été incluses dans l'analyse, qui a révélé les 7 compétences de leadership suivantes: connaissances en leadership, conscience de soi, collaboration, conduite du changement, compétences commerciales, pensée systémique et apprentissage continu. Conclusions: Les étudiants en pharmacie peuvent développer leurs capacités en matière de leadership grâce à différentes expériences et activités alignées sur les compétences de base en leadership recensées ici. Les écoles de pharmacie au Canada peuvent concevoir et offrir des stages de leadership pour aider à améliorer les compétences des étudiants en la matière. Cette étude a mis en évidence des activités qui peuvent aider à préparer les étudiants en pharmacie à des rôles de leadership dans le paysage changeant de la pratique pharmaceutique.

Novel method for collecting hippocampal interstitial fluid extracellular vesicles (EVISF ) reveals sex-dependent changes in microglial EV proteome in response to Aß pathology.

Brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an active role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), relaying important physiological information about their host tissues. The internal cargo of EVs is protected from degradation, making EVs attractive AD biomarkers. However, it is unclear how circulating EVs relate to EVs isolated from disease-vulnerable brain regions. We developed a novel method for collecting EVs from the hippocampal interstitial fluid (ISF) of live mice. EVs (EVISF ) were isolated via ultracentrifugation and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, immunogold labelling, and flow cytometry. Mass spectrometry and proteomic analyses were performed on EVISF cargo. EVISF were 40-150 nm in size and expressed CD63, CD9, and CD81. Using a model of cerebral amyloidosis (e.g., APPswe, PSEN1dE9 mice), we found protein concentration increased but protein diversity decreased with Aß deposition. Genotype, age, and Aß deposition modulated proteostasis- and immunometabolic-related pathways. Changes in the microglial EVISF proteome were sexually dimorphic and associated with a differential response of plaque associated microglia. We found that female APP/PS1 mice have more amyloid plaques, less plaque associated microglia, and a less robust- and diverse- EVISF microglial proteome. Thus, in vivo microdialysis is a novel technique for collecting EVISF and offers a unique opportunity to explore the role of EVs in AD.