New steroid produced by Periconia pseudobyssoides K5 isolated from Toona sureni (Meliaceae) and its heme polymerization inhibition activity.

A new ergostane-type steroid named (22E)-3α,6α,9α-ergosta-7,22-diene-3,6,9-triol (1), along with six known steroids 5α,8α-epidioxy-24-ethyl-cholest-6-en-3ß-ol (2), ergosterol-5,8-peroxide (3), cerevisterol (4), isocyathisterol (5), 6ß-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one (6), 6ß-hydroxy-4-campesten-3-one (7), were isolated from the fermented unpolished rice media by Periconia pseudobyssoides K5 (Periconiaceae), an endophytic fungus from medicinal plant Toona sureni (Meliaceae). The fermentation takes at 28 ± 2 °C for 30 days. The structure of new steroid (1) was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic measurements (IR, HR-ESI-TOFMS, and 1D and 2D NMR) analyses. The isolated compounds (1-7) were evaluated for heme polymerization inhibition assay (HPIA). The IC50 HPIA value of 1 is 8.24 ± 0.03 mg/ml.

Tirucallane-type triterpenoid from the stem bark of Chisocheton lasiocarpus and its cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Chisocarpene A (1) is a new tirucallane-type triterpenoid together with odoratone (2) and 24-methylenecycloartanol (3), isolated from the stem bark of Chisocheton lasiocarpus. The chemical structures of compounds 1-3 were elucidated through a detailed analysis of their spectroscopic data (IR, MS, 1 D, and 2 D NMR). The isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line using a resazurin-based assay. Compound 1 showed the most potent activity (IC50 26.56 ± 1.01 µM) and was two-fold more active than the positive control.

Antimicrobial Activity of ß-Sitosterol Isolated from Kalanchoe tomentosa Leaves Against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> <i>Kalanchoe tomentosa</i> is identified and their different characteristics regarding the antibacterial and antioxidant properties have a vast effect. Fresh <i>K. tomentosa</i> leaves obtained from Bandung, Indonesia was extracted using n-hexane followed by serial dichloromethane maceration. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> N-hexane and ethyl acetate were used to separate the dichloromethane extract using vacuum liquid chromatography and the isolated compounds were recrystallized with n-hexane. <b>Results:</b> About 37 mg of dichloromethane extract was obtained from the extraction process. Recrystallized compound isolates were identified as stigmast-5-en-3-ol or ß-sitosterol. Both dichloromethane extract and ß-sitosterol isolated compounds showed strong bacteriostatic activity against <i>S. aureus</i> with MIC = 15.63 and 7.81 µg mL¹ and<i> K. pneumonia</i> with MIC = 7.81 and 31.25 µg mL¹, respectively. However, only dichloromethane extract exhibited a bactericidal effect (7.81 µg mL¹). <b>Conclusion:</b> The pure ß-sitosterol compound was isolated from<i> K. tomentosa</i> dichloromethane extract. Both the dichloromethane extract and the isolated ß-sitosterol compound had antibacterial effects against <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>K. pneumonia.</i>.

Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus Larvae to the Larvicidal Activity of Three Types of Derris elliptica Extract.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of <i>D. elliptica</i> root have high larvicidal activity against <i>Aedes aegypti</i> larvae, the primary vector of dengue but have not been understood their potential against <i>Ae. albopictus</i> larvae, the secondary vector of dengue that also transmits Chikungunya and Zika viruses. This <i>in vitro</i> study aims to understand the larvicidal activity of the 3 extract types of <i>D. elliptica </i>root against <i>Ae. albopictus</i> larvae. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The tuba root extract types were obtained from the sequential extraction process with 3 steps of liquid-liquid partition as described in the previous report. Six concentrations were occupied in this experiment ranging of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 10.0 and 15.0 mg L¹ each concentration was 5 times replicated and placed in 250 mL plastic cups. As many as 20 of 3rd instar larvae of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> were subjected in each treatment cup and larval mortality was observed after 24 and 48 hrs of exposure. <b>Results:</b> Larval mortality rates based on concentration range of 13.75-97.00 and 43,75-100%, 14.00-44.00, 34.00-90.00%, 12.00-47.00 and 28.00-88.00%, with the LC₅₀ after 24 and 48 hrs of exposure were 2.925 and 0.414, 16.184, 2.900, 15.789 and 4.380 mg L¹, respectively for methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts. <b>Conclusion:</b> The methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract of tuba root have high larvicidal activity against <i>Ae. albopictus</i> larvae. Further study on prototype formulation of larvicide and elucidation of the specific phytochemical compounds of the extracts were necessarily conducted.

Evaluation of Larvicidal Activity of Kaempferia galanga Extracts Against Aedes aegypti Larvae.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The resistance of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> larvae against temephos become an obstacle in controlling the arboviral vector. This condition triggered researchers to investigate the larvicidal activity of phytochemical compounds that are effective, safe, biodegradable and eco-friendly from various medicinal plants. This study evaluated the larvicidal activity of <i>Kaempferia galanga</i> extracts against <i>Ae. aegypti</i> larvae. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Four solvents with different polarities, namely ethanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and water were used in the sequential extraction. The final larvicidal bioassay test of the four extract types was designed in five replicates of five concentration ranges, namely 1.0, 8.75, 17.5, 35.0 and 70.0 ppm. A total of 20 3rd instar larvae of <i>Ae. aegypti</i> were contacted with each replicate in a plastic cup. Larval mortality and effective concentration of larvicide were calculated and determined after 24 and 48 hrs of exposure. <b>Results:</b> The average range of larval mortality according to the concentration of larvicide extracts of ethanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and water was 40-91, 2-36, 7-83 and 44-86% after 24 hrs and 88-100, 11-84, 12-99 and 77-100% after 48 hrs of exposure. The data yielded LC₅₀ for 24 and 48 hrs of exposure at 1,563 and 0.061 ppm, 206,739 and 7,623 ppm, 47,579 and 38,063 ppm and 1.33 and 0.300 ppm, respectively. <b>Conclusion:</b> The polar extract of <i>K. galanga</i> showed high effectiveness so it is necessary to design the right formulation for field application, potency stability and active period of this larvicide residue.

Larvicidal Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Derris elliptica Root against the Third-Instar Larvae of Cypermethrin-Resistant Aedes aegypti Offspring.

BACKGROUND: Derris elliptica extracts have a high larvicidal potential against the laboratory strain of Aedes aegypti larvae, but the effect on offspring larvae of pyrethroid-resistant strains of the species is lack understood. This study aimed to determine the larvicidal activity of the ethyl acetate extract of tuba root against the third-instar larvae of the Cypermethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti offspring. METHODS: The experimental study occupied four levels of ethyl acetate extract of D. elliptica namely 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm, and each level was four times replicated. As many as twenty of healthy third-instar larvae, offspring of Cypermethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti were subjected to each experiment group. Larval mortality rate and lethal concentration 50% subject (LC50) were calculated after 24 and 48 hours of exposure time. RESULTS: Mortality of larvae increased directly proportional to the increase of extract concentration. Larval mortality rates after 24 and 48 hours of exposure were 40-67.5% and 62.5-97.5%, and LC50 were 34.945 and 6.461ppm, respectively. CONCLUSION: The ethyl acetate extract of D. elliptica has the high effectiveness larvicidal potential against the third-instar larvae, offspring of the Cypermethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti. Isolation of the specific compound is necessarily done to obtain the active ingredient for larvicide formulation.

In-vitro study on the larvicidal activity of Manihot glaziovii peel extract against Aedes aegypti larvae

Use of chemical method to control Aedes aegypti population in the Dengue endemic areas caused the emergence of a resistant strain of this species to insecticide compounds, including temephos. Exploration of the alternative compounds that have larvicidal effects is needed, such as natural products derivate from plants. The current study was designed to evaluate the effective dosage of methanolic extract of Manihot glaziovii peel against the third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. Bioassay test was performed based on the WHO procedure to occupy the 24 hours exposure of five levels dosages of Manihot glaziovii peel extract, namely 1,800, 2,400, 3,000, 3,600 and 4,200 ppm respectively. As many as 25 of healthy Aedes aegypti larvae were subjected into each group, five-time replicated and compared with tap water control group. The mortality rate of Aedes aegypti larvae has increased due to the increase in treatment groups dosages, ranged from 44­97.6%. It is significantly different in larvae mortality rate between different treatment groups. There was no observation of killed larvae in the control group. LD50 and LD90 of methanolic extract of Manihot glaziovii peel were measured 2,027 ppm and 3,772 ppm, respectively. This result suggests the possible use as an ecofriendly larvicide against Aedes aegypti larvae. Further investigation is needed to obtain secondary metabolites of this plant.