Correction: Combined use of principal component analysis/multiple linear regression analysis and artificial neural network to assess the impact of meteorological parameters on fluctuation of selected PM2.5-bound elements.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287187.].

Combined use of principal component analysis/multiple linear regression analysis and artificial neural network to assess the impact of meteorological parameters on fluctuation of selected PM2.5-bound elements.

Based on the data of the State of Global Air (2020), air quality deterioration in Thailand has caused ~32,000 premature deaths, while the World Health Organization evaluated that air pollutants can decrease the life expectancy in the country by two years. PM2.5 was collected at three air quality observatory sites in Chiang-Mai, Bangkok, and Phuket, Thailand, from July 2020 to June 2021. The concentrations of 25 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Br, Sr, Ba, and Pb) were quantitatively characterised using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Potential adverse health impacts of some element exposures from inhaling PM2.5 were estimated by employing the hazard quotient and excess lifetime cancer risk. Higher cancer risks were detected in PM2.5 samples collected at the sampling site in Bangkok, indicating that vehicle exhaust adversely impacts human health. Principal component analysis suggests that traffic emissions, crustal inputs coupled with maritime aerosols, and construction dust were the three main potential sources of PM2.5. Artificial neural networks underlined agricultural waste burning and relative humidity as two major factors controlling the air quality of Thailand.

Spatial distribution, sources and quantitative human health risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and suburban soils of Chile.

This work investigated the concentrations and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in Chilean soils for the first time. The urban and suburban soils were collected from 28 sampling sites in three regions of Chile: Magallanes (in Punta Arenas commune), Valparaíso and the Santiago metropolitan area. The PAH concentrations, fractions and their potential sources were studied. Statistical analyses using t tests (p < 0.01) showed that (a) PAH concentrations in the urban sites were higher than those in the suburban sites; (b) the presence of anthracene and chrysene was significantly greater in the urban sites than the suburban sites; and (c) the fraction of four-ring PAHs to total PAHs was larger in the urban sites than the suburban sites. The primary PAH source in urban soils was determined to be the combustion of gasoline, grass, wood and coal. In contrast, PAHs in suburban soils were possibly derived from pyrogenic sources (e.g. incomplete combustions). The total cancer risks (TCRs) and the total hazard index (HI) were quantified from 12 PAHs in both urban and suburban soils in terms of cancer and non-cancer risks, respectively. The average TCR of all sites was within an acceptable level (TCR < 10-6), and none of the HIs from any locations were deemed harmful (HI < 1).

Health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal soils of Koh Samed Island (Thailand) after the oil spill incident in 2013.

Health risks of human exposures to 12 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal soils of Koh Samed Island (KSI), Thailand, were evaluated after the coastal areas were cleaned up of the 2013 oil-spill contamination. The risk assessment quantified both total cancer and non-cancer risks for four groups of receptors using average PAHs concentrations. Two exposure pathways (incidental ingestion and dermal contact) were selected to evaluate the risks, and three methods were used to calculate the total cancer risks to determine an appropriate assessment method. The non-cancer risk was represented by the total Hazard Index (HI). The contributions of each PAH to the total cancer risk and total HI were also investigated. The total cancer risk (3.53×10-10 to 9.12×10-8) and total HI (4.35×10-6 to 2.13×10-3) from this work were relatively lower than the USEPA baselines (10-6 for the cancer risk and 1 for the HI) and were quite low when compared with other works in the literature. Benzo(a)pyrene made the highest contribution to the total cancer risk (61.82%), while benzo[g,h,i]perylene made the highest contribution to the total HI (62.41%). In regard to the contributions of the two exposure routes, dermal contact contributed the most to the total cancer risk, while incidental ingestion contributed the most to the total HI.

Zeolite formation from coal fly ash and its adsorption potential.

The possibility in converting coal fly ash (CFA) to zeolite was evaluated. CFA samples from the local power plant in Prachinburi province, Thailand, were collected during a 3-month time span to account for the inconsistency of the CFA quality, and it was evident that the deviation of the quality of the raw material did not have significant effects on the synthesis. The zeolite product was found to be type X. The most suitable weight ratio of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to CFA was approximately 2.25, because this gave reasonably high zeolite yield with good cation exchange capacity (CEC). The silica (Si)-to-aluminum (Al) molar ratio of 4.06 yielded the highest crystallinity level for zeolite X at 79% with a CEC of 240 meq/100 g and a surface area of 325 m2/g. Optimal crystallization temperature and time were 90 degrees C and 4 hr, respectively, which gave the highest CEC of approximately 305 meq/100 g. Yields obtained from all experiments were in the range of 50-72%.

Dynamic and equilibrium studies of the RDX removal from soil using CMC-coated zerovalent iron nanoparticles.

Rapid chemical degradation of toxic RDX explosive in soil can be accomplished using zerovalent nanoiron suspension stabilized in dilute carboxymethyl cellulose solution (CMC-ZVINs). The effect of operating conditions (redox-potential, Fe/RDX molar ratio) was studied on batchwise removal of RDX in contaminated soil. While anaerobic conditions resulted in 98% RDX removal in 3 h, only slightly over 60% RDX removal could be attained under aerobic conditions. The molar ratio did not have any influence on the intermediate and final RDX degradation products (methylenedinitramine, nitroso derivative, N(2), N(2)O, NO(2)(-)), however, their distribution changed. Dynamic studies were conducted using a flow-through short column packed with RDX-contaminated soil and fed with CMC-ZVINs. The column was operated at two interstitial velocities (2.2 and 1.6 cm min(-1)), resulting in the 76.6% and 95% removal of the initial RDX soil contamination load (60 mg kg(-1)), respectively. While the column operating conditions could be further optimized, 95% of the RDX initially present in the contaminated soil packed in the column was degraded when flushed with a CMC-ZVINs suspension in this work.

Batch and column studies of biosorption of heavy metals by Caulerpa lentillifera.

The biosorption of Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) by a dried green macroalga Caulerpa lentillifera was investigated. The sorption kinetic data could be fitted to the pseudo second order kinetic model. The governing transport mechanisms in the sorption process were both external mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion. Isotherm data followed the Sips isotherm model with the exponent of approximately unity suggesting that these biosorption could be described reasonably well with the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum sorption capacities of the various metal components on C. lentillifera biomass could be prioritized in order from high to low as: Pb(II)>Cu(II)>Cd(II). The sorption energies obtained from the Dubinin-Radushkevich model for all sorption systems were in the range of 4-6 kJ mol(-1) indicating that a physical electrostatic force was potentially involved in the sorption process. Thomas model could well describe the breakthrough data from column experiments. Ca(II), Mg(II), and Mn(II) were the major ions released from the algal biomass during the sorption which revealed that ion exchange was one of the main sorption mechanisms.

Biosorption of Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ using dried marine green macroalga Caulerpa lentillifera.

The sorption of Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ by a dried green macroalga Caulerpa lentillifera was investigated. The removal efficiency increased with pH. The analysis with FT-IR indicated that possible functional groups involved in metal sorption by this alga were O-H bending, N-H bending, N-H stretching, C-N stretching, C-O, SO stretching, and S-O stretching. The sorption of all metal ions rapidly reached equilibrium within 20min. The sorption kinetics of these metals were governed by external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion processes. The sorption isotherm followed the Langmuir isotherm where the maximum sorption capacities was Pb2+>Cu2+>Cd2+>Zn2+.