Ensayo clínico aleatorizado y controlado del efecto del consumo de cacao en pacientes con resistencia a la insulina / Randomized and controlled clinical trial of the effect of cocoa consumption in patients with insulin resistance

Resumen Objetivo: determinar el efecto del consumo de cacao en pacientes con sindrome metabólico. Diseño: se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, de grupos paralelos, controlado con placebo, prospectivo, doble enmascarado. Pacientes: personas entre 18 y 70 anos de edad, no diabéticos, con resistencia a la insulina. Intervención: durante ocho semanas se evaluó el efecto del consumo de 50 g de chocolate rico en polifenoles, el grupo control recibió placebo. Mediciones: al inicio y al final del estudio el índice HOMA-IR, circunferencia abdominal, índice de masa corporal (IMC), glucemia y perfil lipídico. Resultados: en el grupo experimental (n=37) hubo reducción del HOMA IR (3.24 inicial y 2.77 final, p= 0.02), reducción del peso corporal, en promedio 1.53 Kg (inicial 86.3 Kg y final de 84.8 Kg, p=0.002), disminución del IMC (34.3 Kg/m2 al inicio y 33.5 Kg/m2 al final, p= 0.0001) y disminución de la cintura abdominal (inicial 106.3 cm y final 102.5 cm, p= 0.0001). Al comparar los resultados del grupo tratado con chocolate negro con los del grupo control (n=38) hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la media de cintura abdominal al final entre ambos grupos (102.5 cm para el experimental y 108.0 cm para el control, p=0.01). Conclusiones: este ensayo sugiere que el consumo de 50 gramos diarios de chocolate rico en sólidos de cacao durante ocho semanas se asocia con una disminución de la circunferencia abdominal y el índice HOMA-IR. Además, aporta una evidencia de mayor calidad que los estudios observacionales sobre el uso de cacao en la reducción de la obesidad, la adiposidad y en la prevención de la enfermedad cardiometabólica en pacientes colombianos. (Acta Med Colomb 2017: 42: 90-96). Registro en Clinical Trials: NCT03034291

Abstract Objective: to determine the effect of cocoa consumption in patients with metabolic syndrome. Design: a randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, prospective, double-masked clinical trial was conducted. Patients: people between 18 and 70 years of age, non-diabetic, with insulin resistance. Intervention: the effect of consumption of 50 g of chocolate rich in polyphenols was evaluated for eight weeks. The control group received placebo. Measurements: at the beginning and at the end of the study, the HOMA-IR index, abdominal circumference, body mass index (BMI), blood glucose and lipid profile. Results: in the experimental group (n = 37) there was a reduction of HOMA IR (3.24 initial and 2.77 final, p = 0.02), reduction of body weight, on average 1.53 Kg (initial 86.3 Kg and final 84.8 Kg, p = 0.002), decreased BMI (34.3 at baseline and 33.5 at end, p = 0.0001) and decreased abdominal waist (initial 106.3 cm and final 102.5 cm, p = 0.0001). When comparing the results of the group treated with black chocolate with those of the control group (n = 38), there was a statistically significant difference in the mean abdominal waist at the end between both groups (102.5 cm for the experimental group and 108.0 cm for the control, p = 0.01). Conclusions: This study suggests that consumption of 50 grams of chocolate rich in cocoa solids daily for eight weeks is associated with a decrease in waist circumference and the HOMA-IR index. In addition, it provides evidence of higher quality than observational studies on the use of cocoa in the reduction of obesity, adiposity and in the prevention of cardiometabolic disease in Colombian patients. (Acta Med Colomb 2017: 42: 90-96). Register in Clinical Trials: NCT03034291

Prevalencia de caries dental en preescolares con dentición decidua área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá / Prevalence of dental caries in preschool children with primary dentition area Metropolitan of Valle the Aburra

Introducción y Objetivo: El diagnóstico de caries de la infancia temprana debe ser una prioridad en todos los sistemas de salud. El propósito del estudio fue describir la situación de caries dental en niños con dentición decidua completa, pertenecientes a un estrato socioeconómico 2 y 3 del área metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá. Materiales y Métodos: Se hizo un estudio descriptivo en 447 niños entre 2 y 4 años de edad, seleccionados de los registros de Susalud, con confiabilidad del 95%y un error de muestreo de 5%. Se realizó un examen clínico por 3 examinadores estandarizados en el Sistema Internacional de Evaluación y Detección de Caries Dental (ICDAS). (Kappa 0.73 – 0.85). Resultados: La prevalencia de niños con caries dental fue de 74.7% y un promedio de 7.3±9.1 superficies afectadas, la experiencia de caries fue 74.9% con un promedio ceo-s de 7.7±9.7 superficies afectadas. La prevalencia de niños con al menos una superficie afectada por lesión no cavitada fue del 73.4%. La prevalencia de caries dental fue significativamente mayor en la IPS La Playa (70.2%) que en Itagüí (62.8%). Conclusión: El uso de sistemas de diagnóstico de caries dental que incluyen la lesión no cavitada es de gran importancia, el elevado porcentaje de caries dental encontrado en este grupo de la población indica la necesidad de un diagnóstico precoz y al mismo tiempo de desarrollar actividades terapéuticas y preventivas específicas y oportunas para este grupo de edad.

Introduction and Objective: Dental caries diagnosis during early childhood should be a priorityin all health systems. The purpose of this study was to describe the initial dental caries situation in children with complete deciduous teeth, both genders, with lower and middle lower social-economic level from an urban area in Medellín. Materials and Methods: A randomly selected sample of 447children between 2 and 4 years old was calculated; the sample was taken from the Susalud database, with 95% reliability, power of 80% and an error of 5%. A clinical test was performed by 3 calibrated examiners according to the International Dental Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS)(Kappa 0.73 – 0.85). A WHO periodontal probe (11.5) was used for caries detection. Results: Treated and untreated dental caries prevalence of children was 74.7% with a specific mean of 9.7 ± 9.3 (SD), affected surfaces, prevalence of children having surfaces affected by non- treated dental decay was 74.9% while the dmf-s mean was 7.6 ± 7.7 (SD). 73.4% of children had at least one non-cavitated affected surface. Dental caries prevalence at “La Playa” Dental Clinic (70.2%) was higher than the“Itagúi” Dental Clinic (62.8%) with a significant statistical difference (p value = 0.01 chi). The dmf-smean according to Dental Clinic was 0.8 ± 2.7 (SD) in Itagui and 1.5 ± 3.9 at La Playa. Conclusions: The use of diagnostic systems that include non-cavited lesions is very important, the high percentage of decay at this age indicates the early presence of this illness, thus the importance of an early diagnosisand at the same time the implementation of specific treatment and prevention.

Strict glycaemic control in patients hospitalised in a mixed medical and surgical intensive care unit: a randomised clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Critically ill patients can develop hyperglycaemia even if they do not have diabetes. Intensive insulin therapy decreases morbidity and mortality rates in patients in a surgical intensive care unit (ICU) and decreases morbidity in patients in a medical ICU. The effect of this therapy on patients in a mixed medical/surgical ICU is unknown. Our goal was to assess whether the effect of intensive insulin therapy, compared with standard therapy, decreases morbidity and mortality in patients hospitalised in a mixed ICU. METHODS: This is a prospective, randomised, non-blinded, single-centre clinical trial in a medical/surgical ICU. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either intensive insulin therapy to maintain glucose levels between 80 and 110 mg/dl (4.4 to 6.1 mmol/l) or standard insulin therapy to maintain glucose levels between 180 and 200 mg/dl (10 and 11.1 mmol/l). The primary end point was mortality at 28 days. RESULTS: Over a period of 30 months, 504 patients were enrolled. The 28-day mortality rate was 32.4% (81 of 250) in the standard insulin therapy group and 36.6% (93 of 254) in the intensive insulin therapy group (Relative Risk [RR]: 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85 to 1.42). The ICU mortality in the standard insulin therapy group was 31.2% (78 of 250) and 33.1% (84 of 254) in the intensive insulin therapy group (RR: 1.06; 95%CI: 0.82 to 1.36). There was no statistically significant reduction in the rate of ICU-acquired infections: 33.2% in the standard insulin therapy group compared with 27.17% in the intensive insulin therapy group (RR: 0.82; 95%CI: 0.63 to 1.07). The rate of hypoglycaemia (< or = 40 mg/dl) was 1.7% in the standard insulin therapy group and 8.5% in the intensive insulin therapy group (RR: 5.04; 95% CI: 1.20 to 21.12). CONCLUSIONS: IIT used to maintain glucose levels within normal limits did not reduce morbidity or mortality of patients admitted to a mixed medical/surgical ICU. Furthermore, this therapy increased the risk of hypoglycaemia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifiers: 4374-04-13031; 094-2 in 000966421.