Critically ill patients with COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury treated with kidney replacement therapy: Comparison between the first and second pandemic waves in São Paulo, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to compare the characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) who were treated with kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in the first and second waves of the pandemic in the megalopolis of Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study was conducted in 10 intensive care units (ICUs). Patients aged ≥18 years, and treated with KRT due to COVID-19-associated AKI were included. We compared demographic, laboratory and clinical data, KRT parameters and patient outcomes in the first and second COVID-19 waves. RESULTS: We assessed 656 patients (327 in the first wave and 329 in the second one). Second-wave patients were admitted later (7.1±5.0 vs. 5.6±3.9 days after the onset of symptoms, p<0.001), were younger (61.4±13.7 vs. 63.8±13.6 years, p = 0.023), had a lower frequency of diabetes (37.1% vs. 47.1%, p = 0.009) and obesity (29.5% vs. 40.0%, p = 0.007), had a greater need for vasopressors (93.3% vs. 84.6%, p<0.001) and mechanical ventilation (95.7% vs. 87.8%, p<0.001), and had higher lethality (84.8% vs. 72.7%, p<0.001) than first-wave patients. KRT quality markers were independently associated with a reduction in the OR for death in both pandemic waves. CONCLUSIONS: In the Sao Paulo megalopolis, the lethality of critically ill patients with COVID-19-associated AKI treated with KRT was higher in the second wave of the pandemic, despite these patients being younger and having fewer comorbidities. Potential factors related to this poor outcome were difficulties in health care access, lack of intra-hospital resources, delay vaccination and virus variants.

COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury patients treated with renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit: A multicenter study in São Paulo, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Multicenter studies involving patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with the disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) and treated with renal replacement therapy (RRT) in developing countries are scarce. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the demographic profile, clinical picture, risk factors for mortality, and outcomes of critically ill patients with AKI requiring dialysis (AKI-RRT) and with COVID-19 in the megalopolis of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective, observational study was conducted in the intensive care units of 13 public and private hospitals in the metropolitan region of the municipality of São Paulo. Patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit, aged ≥ 18 years, and treated with RRT due to COVID-19-associated AKI were included. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 375 patients (age 64.1 years, 68.8% male). Most (62.1%) had two or more comorbidities: 68.8%, arterial hypertension; 45.3%, diabetes; 36.3%, anemia; 30.9%, obesity; 18.7%, chronic kidney disease; 15.7%, coronary artery disease; 10.4%, heart failure; and 8.5%, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Death occurred in 72.5% of the study population (272 patients). Among the 103 survivors, 22.3% (23 patients) were discharged on RRT. In a multiple regression analysis, the independent factors associated with death were the number of organ dysfunctions at admission and RRT efficiency. CONCLUSION: AKI-RRT associated with COVID-19 occurred in patients with an elevated burden of comorbidities and was associated with high mortality (72.5%). The number of organ dysfunctions during hospitalization and RRT efficiency were independent factors associated with mortality. A meaningful portion of survivors was discharged while dependent on RRT (22.3%).

COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury patients treated with renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit: A multicenter study in São Paulo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Multicenter studies involving patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with the disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) and treated with renal replacement therapy (RRT) in developing countries are scarce. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the demographic profile, clinical picture, risk factors for mortality, and outcomes of critically ill patients with AKI requiring dialysis (AKI-RRT) and with COVID-19 in the megalopolis of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective, observational study was conducted in the intensive care units of 13 public and private hospitals in the metropolitan region of the municipality of São Paulo. Patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit, aged ≥ 18 years, and treated with RRT due to COVID-19-associated AKI were included. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 375 patients (age 64.1 years, 68.8% male). Most (62.1%) had two or more comorbidities: 68.8%, arterial hypertension; 45.3%, diabetes; 36.3%, anemia; 30.9%, obesity; 18.7%, chronic kidney disease; 15.7%, coronary artery disease; 10.4%, heart failure; and 8.5%, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Death occurred in 72.5% of the study population (272 patients). Among the 103 survivors, 22.3% (23 patients) were discharged on RRT. In a multiple regression analysis, the independent factors associated with death were the number of organ dysfunctions at admission and RRT efficiency. CONCLUSION: AKI-RRT associated with COVID-19 occurred in patients with an elevated burden of comorbidities and was associated with high mortality (72.5%). The number of organ dysfunctions during hospitalization and RRT efficiency were independent factors associated with mortality. A meaningful portion of survivors was discharged while dependent on RRT (22.3%).

Estudo comparativo entre traqueostomia precoce e tardia em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica / A comparative study between early and late tracheostomy in patients ongoing mechanical ventilation

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi calcular a incidência de traqueostomia em pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI) e comparar o tempo de internação, de VMI, APACHE II e a mortalidade entre os pacientes submetidos à traqueostomia, segundo o momento de sua realização (precoce ou tardia). MÉTODO: Através de estudo retrospectivo observacional tipo coorte, avaliou-se, de abril a outubro de 2005, 190 pacientes internados na UTI adulto do Hospital Estadual do Grajaú. RESULTADOS: Dos 190 pacientes, 32 (16,84 por cento) foram submetidos à traqueostomia, permanecendo maior período na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) (30,16 dias) quando comparados àqueles que não o foram (p < 0,001). A média do tempo de realização da traqueostomia foi de 13,5 dias de início da ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI). Sabe-se que ainda não existem diretrizes para o estabelecimento do período ideal de sua realização. Neste estudo, a prevalência de traqueostomia precoce (< 13 dias) foi 46,87 por cento (n = 15) e tardia (>13 dias) 53,13 por cento (n = 17). De maneira significativa, os pacientes com traqueostomia precoce obtiveram escore APACHE II superior àqueles com traqueostomia tardia (18,2 versus 13,47), no entanto, não houve diferença entre eles quanto à taxa de mortalidade, devendo-se lembrar que este índice leva em consideração apenas as primeiras 24h. Não houve diferenças quanto aos tempos de internação na UTI (28,9 versus 31,28 dias) e VMI (29,73 versus 32,23 dias) nos dois grupos. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de traqueostomia foi elevada, associando-se a menor mortalidade na UTI, mas com maior duração da internação e de complicações. Não houve diferença significativa quanto ao destino e tempo de VMI dos pacientes quando submetidos à traqueostomia precoce ou tardia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the incidence of tracheostomy in patients submitted to mechanic ventilation (MV); to compare the length of stay (LOS), duration of MV, APACHE II and mortality among patients submitted to tracheostomy, according to the moment of its application (early or late). METHODS: A retrospective observation study type cohort was done from April thru October 2005 including 190 patients at the adult intensive care unit (ICU) of Hospital Estadual do Grajaú. RESULTS: Among the 190 patients, 32 (16.84 percent) were submitted to tracheostomy with a longer LOS (30.16 days) as compared to those that were not (p < 0.001). The mean time of the tracheostomy procedure was 13.5 days from the starting of the MV. It is known that there still is no guidance for defining an ideal period for the operation. On this study, the prevalence of early tracheostomy (<13 days) was 46.87 percent (n = 15) and the late tracheostomy (> 13 days) was 53.13 percent (n = 17). In a meaningful way, the patients with early tracheostomy obtained APACHE II superior to those with late tracheostomy (18.2 versus 13.47), however there was no difference regarding the mortality rate. There was no difference regarding the time of ICU LOS (28.9 versus 31.28 days) and the MV time (29.73 versus 32.23 days) for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of tracheostomy was high, being associated to a smaller ICU mortality but with a longer LOS and more complications. There was no significant difference regarding the destination of the patients when submitted to early or late tracheostomy.

Acidentes por queda de laje na infância registrados no Hospital Estadual do Grajaú em 2005 / Roof fall cases in childhood recorded in Hospital Estadual do Grajaú during 2005

Os acidentes têm aumentado as taxas de morbimortalidade infantil, tornando-se importante problema de saúde pública. Pouco precisos, os dados epidemiológicos dificultam odirecionamento das medidas preventivas. A finalidade deste estudo é determinar a freqüência dos acidentes por queda de laje em menores de 13 anos internados no Hospital Estadual doGrajaú em 2005, e propor ações preventivas na região. Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo, avaliando-se os atendimentos infantis por trauma, em especial as quedas de laje, quecorresponderam a aproximadamente 9% do total de quedas, excluindo-se aquelas com traumatismo crânio encefálico grave. Cerca de 13% dos casos de queda internados foram porquedas de laje, o que é significativo pela possibilidade de prevenção. Esses acidentes ocorreram principalmente em finais de semana e férias, sendo os escolares os mais envolvidos. A maioria(78%) era do sexo masculino pela grande exposição à atividades de risco. As baixas condições sócio-econômicas, refletindo na construção das moradias e no cuidado com as crianças, podemter influenciado nos acidentes. Programas de prevenção baseados na educação devem ser adotados, conscientizando a comunidade da importância de alterações no comportamento e na área física das moradias, para se evitar tais ocorrências...

Accidents have increased childhood mortality rates turning it into an important problem in public health. As epidemiologic data is not so precise, preventive measures become even moredifficult. This study aims at determining the frequency of accidents involving cases of underage 13 who fell off roofs in the Hospital Estadual do Grajaú in 2005 as well as providing some preventive actions for the region. Some retrospective study was made in which childhood assistance, specially in cases of roof fall (which corresponded to 9% of the total number of falls) except those with encephalic traumatism, was assessed. About 13% of the cases were caused by roof falls, which is an important factor for the possibility of prevention. The accidents occurred mainly during weekends and holidays and schoolchildren were the most affected. Most of them (78%) weremales, which can be explained by the great exposure to risky activities. Low social economic conditions reflecting in housing and childcare may have influenced on the accidents. Preventiveprograms based on education must be adopted to make the population conscious of the importanceof behavior and housing alterations to avoid the occurrence of such accidents...

[A comparative study between early and late tracheostomy in patients ongoing mechanical ventilation]. / Estudo comparativo entre traqueostomia precoce e tardia em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the incidence of tracheostomy in patients submitted to mechanic ventilation (MV); to compare the length of stay (LOS), duration of MV, APACHE II and mortality among patients submitted to tracheostomy, according to the moment of its application (early or late). METHODS: A retrospective observation study type cohort was done from April thru October 2005 including 190 patients at the adult intensive care unit (ICU) of Hospital Estadual do Grajaú. RESULTS: Among the 190 patients, 32 (16.84%) were submitted to tracheostomy with a longer LOS (30.16 days) as compared to those that were not (p < 0.001). The mean time of the tracheostomy procedure was 13.5 days from the starting of the MV. It is known that there still is no guidance for defining an ideal period for the operation. On this study, the prevalence of early tracheostomy (<13 days) was 46.87% (n = 15) and the late tracheostomy (> 13 days) was 53.13% (n = 17). In a meaningful way, the patients with early tracheostomy obtained APACHE II superior to those with late tracheostomy (18.2 versus 13.47), however there was no difference regarding the mortality rate. There was no difference regarding the time of ICU LOS (28.9 versus 31.28 days) and the MV time (29.73 versus 32.23 days) for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of tracheostomy was high, being associated to a smaller ICU mortality but with a longer LOS and more complications. There was no significant difference regarding the destination of the patients when submitted to early or late tracheostomy.

Condições ambientais como fator de risco para doenças em comunidade carente na zona sul de São Paulo / Environmental conditions as risk factors for disease in a destitute community in the southern zone of the city of São Paulo

As condições de moradia e de saneamento básico encontram-se relacionadas com a qualidade de vida, tornando-se importante a avaliação desses aspectos numa população. Este estudo avaliou a comunidade de Jordanópolis (São Paulo) quanto a esses itens e quanto à suas condições de saúde. Foram encontrados valores elevados de indivíduos sem escolaridade e casas sem esgotamento sanitário. No entanto, aspectos positivos quanto ao tipo de construção das casas e ao serviço de abastecimento de água foram evidenciados. Das casas abordadas, 87,3 por cento possuíam pelo menos um indivíduo com algum tipo de doença, sendo a maioria crônica ou de causa respiratória. De forma estatisticamente significante, a primeira foi mais freqüente nos indivíduos mais velhos e a segunda, nas crianças. Além disso, foi encontrada, de forma estatisticamente significante, a relação entre o baixo nível de escolaridade dos pais e a má qualidade dos domicílios com presença de indivíduos doentes, sugerindo que quanto piores as condições do ambiente, maior a presença de doenças. Portanto, a otimização das condições ambientais nas famílias de baixa renda se torna essencial para a redução dos fatores de risco de muitas enfermidades, tornando-se indispensável para enfrentar os graves problemas de saúde pública dos país.(AU)