Residual gastric volume evaluation with ultrasonography after ingestion of carbohydrate- or carbohydrate plus glutamine-enriched beverages: a randomized, crossover clinical trial with healthy volunteers / Avaliação do volume residual gástrico em voluntários saudáveis usando a ultrassonografia, após ingestão de solução líquida enriquecida com carboidrato e glutamina. Estudo clínico, randomizado, duplo cego e cruzado

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Abbreviation of preoperative fasting to 2 hours with maltodextrin (CHO)-enriched beverage is a safe procedure and may enhance postoperative recovery. Addition of glutamine (GLN) to CHO beverages may include potential benefits to the metabolism. However, by adding a nitrogenous source to CHO beverages, gastric emptying may be delayed and increase the risk of bronchoaspiration during anesthesia. OBJECTIVE In this study of safety, we aimed at investigating the residual gastric volume (RGV) 2 hours after the intake of either CHO beverage alone or CHO beverage combined with GLN. METHODS We performed a randomized, crossover clinical trial. We assessed RGV by means of abdominal ultrasonography (US) in 20 healthy volunteers (10 males and 10 females) after an overnight fast of 8 hours. Then, they were randomized to receive 600 mL (400 mL immediately after US followed by another 200 mL 2 hours afterwards) of either CHO (12.5% maltodextrin) or CHO-GLN (12.5% maltodextrin plus 15 g GLN). Two sequential US evaluations were done at 120 and 180 minutes after ingestion of the second dose. The interval of time between ingestion of the two types of beverages was 2 weeks. RESULTS The mean (SD) RGV observed after 8 hours fasting (13.56±13.25 mL) did not statistically differ (P>0.05) from the RGV observed after ingesting CHO beverage at both 120 (16.32±11.78 mL) and 180 minutes (14.60±10.39 mL). The RGV obtained at 120 (15.63±18.83 mL) and 180 (13.65±10.27 mL) minutes after CHO-GLN beverage also was not significantly different from the fasting condition. CONCLUSION The RGV at 120 and 180 minutes after ingestion of CHO beverage combined with GLN is similar to that observed after an overnight fast.

RESUMO CONTEXTO A abreviação do jejum pré-operatório com solução enriquecida com maltodextrina é segura, recomendada por sociedades de anestesiologia e acelera a recuperação pós-operatória. A associação de glutamina à maltodextrina resultaria em benefícios metabólicos, porém, esta associação pode alterar o volume do resíduo gástrico e consequentemente risco de broncoaspiração. OBJETIVO Avaliaremos, usando a ultrassonografia, o volume residual gástrico em jejum de 8 horas e após 120 e 180 minutos da ingestão de solução de maltodextrina isolada ou associada a 15 g de glutamina. MÉTODOS Estudo clínico, randomizado, duplo cego e cruzado. Vinte voluntários saudáveis, sendo 10 do sexo masculino e 10 do sexo feminino, foram submetidos a seguinte sequência de avaliação, independente da solução usada. Os voluntários foram avaliados em jejum de 8 horas, 120 e 180 minutos após a ingestão da solução de maltodextrina 12,5% e 120 e 180 após a ingestão da solução de maltodextrina 12,5% mais 15 g de glutamina. RESULTADOS Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os volumes obtidos após jejum de 8 horas (13,56 mL) e os obtidos após 120 (16,32 mL) e 180 minutos (14,60 mL) da ingestão da solução de maltodextrina 12,5% (P>0,05). Para a solução enriquecida com glutamina, os volumes obtidos após 120 minutos (15,63 mL) e 180 minutos (13,65 mL) também não demostraram diferença estatisticamente significativa quando comparados ao jejum (P>0,05). CONCLUSÃO O volume residual gástrico após 120 e 180 minutos da ingestão das soluções de maltodextrina a 12,5% isolada ou associada a 15 g de glutamina é semelhante ao observado em jejum.

Residual gastric volume evaluation with ultrasonography after ingestion of carbohydrate- or carbohydrate plus glutamine-enriched beverages: a randomized, crossover clinical trial with healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: - Abbreviation of preoperative fasting to 2 hours with maltodextrin (CHO)-enriched beverage is a safe procedure and may enhance postoperative recovery. Addition of glutamine (GLN) to CHO beverages may include potential benefits to the metabolism. However, by adding a nitrogenous source to CHO beverages, gastric emptying may be delayed and increase the risk of bronchoaspiration during anesthesia. OBJECTIVE: - In this study of safety, we aimed at investigating the residual gastric volume (RGV) 2 hours after the intake of either CHO beverage alone or CHO beverage combined with GLN. METHODS: - We performed a randomized, crossover clinical trial. We assessed RGV by means of abdominal ultrasonography (US) in 20 healthy volunteers (10 males and 10 females) after an overnight fast of 8 hours. Then, they were randomized to receive 600 mL (400 mL immediately after US followed by another 200 mL 2 hours afterwards) of either CHO (12.5% maltodextrin) or CHO-GLN (12.5% maltodextrin plus 15 g GLN). Two sequential US evaluations were done at 120 and 180 minutes after ingestion of the second dose. The interval of time between ingestion of the two types of beverages was 2 weeks. RESULTS: - The mean (SD) RGV observed after 8 hours fasting (13.56±13.25 mL) did not statistically differ (P>0.05) from the RGV observed after ingesting CHO beverage at both 120 (16.32±11.78 mL) and 180 minutes (14.60±10.39 mL). The RGV obtained at 120 (15.63±18.83 mL) and 180 (13.65±10.27 mL) minutes after CHO-GLN beverage also was not significantly different from the fasting condition. CONCLUSION: - The RGV at 120 and 180 minutes after ingestion of CHO beverage combined with GLN is similar to that observed after an overnight fast.

Enteral nutrition in critical patients; should the administration be continuous or intermittent? / Nutrición enteral en pacientes críticos; ¿su administración debería ser continua o intermitente?

Enteral nutrition therapy (ENT) is an essential part in the management of critically ill patients, having a significant impact on these patients’ clinical results. It can be administered on a continuous or intermittent basis using an infusion pump. There is a discussion on which of these techniques has the best performance, involving a number of factors such as nausea, diarrhea, and particularly the relationship between diet volume and the ratio of programmed calories to calories effectively supplied to the critical patients. Objectives: To compare the forms of continuous or intermittent infusion of enteral nutrition, using as primary outcome the level of estimated caloric needs daily supplied. Methods: Observational prospective randomized clinical study carried out in an intensive care unit on 41 patients divided into two groups, of intermittent (ENT during18 hours with a 6-hour nocturnal pause), or continuous(ENT during 24 hours continuously) administration. The secondary outcome variables measured in this study were bowel evacuation, distension, emesis, with the primary outcome variable being the relationship between infusion volume and the estimated-to-supplied ratio of caloric needs. The rejection index of the null hypothesis was established at 5% for all the tests. Results: Most of the patients received more than 60%infusion of enteral diet over the 5 days of study (p = 1.0),with no difference regarding the provision of caloric needs. No statistically significant difference between groups was found in the variables vomiting, abdominal distension or diarrhea. Conclusion: The administration modalities of continuous or intermittent enteral nutrition are similar in which regards the comparison of the variables included in this study (AU)

La terapia con nutrición enteral (TNE), una parte esencial del manejo de los pacientes críticos, tiene un impacto significativo en los resultados clínicos de estos pacientes. La TNE puede administrarse de forma continua o intermitente utilizando una bomba de infusión. Existe una discusión sobre cuál de estas dos técnicas tiene un mejor rendimiento, lo que implica una serie de factores como náuseas, diarrea y especialmente la relación entre el volumen de la dieta y la proporción entre calorías que se programan y las que realmente se proporcionan efectivamente a los pacientes críticos. Objetivos: Comparar las formas continua e intermitente de infusión de nutrición enteral, utilizando un nivel de necesidades calóricas estimadas suministradas diariamente como resultado principal. Métodos: Estudio clínico prospectivo y observacional, de distribución aleatoria, de 41 pacientes en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), divididos en dos grupos, intermitente (TNE durante 18 horas con una pausa nocturna de 6 horas) o continua (TNE durante 24 horas de forma continua). Evaluamos como variables secundarias de resultados la evacuación, distención, emesis y como variable principal de resultado la relación entre el volumen de infusión y el cociente entre necesidades calóricas estimadas a suministradas. Se estableció el índice de rechazo de la hipótesis nula en el 5% para todos los tests. Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes recibieron >60% de la infusión de la dieta enteral a lo largo de los 5días del estudio (p = 1,0), sin observarse diferencias enla provisión de las necesidades calóricas. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos con respecto a las variables vómitos, distensión abdominal o diarrea. Conclusión: Las modalidades intermitente o continua de administración de la nutrición enteral son similares en lo que respecta a la comparación de las variables de este estudio (AU)